RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and reads the coding region to produce mRNA. The mRNA exits the nucleus and binds to ribosomes in the cytoplasm where tRNA transfers amino acids guided by the mRNA to form a protein chain. The ribosome releases the full protein when it reaches a stop codon.
The document describes the processes of transcription and translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA at a promoter region and unzips the DNA strands. It reads the template strand and synthesizes a complementary mRNA strand, replacing thymine with uracil. The DNA then rebonds its strands. The mRNA exits the nucleus through pores into the cytoplasm. During translation, the mRNA binds to ribosomes where transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match their anticodons to the mRNA codons. This causes amino acids to attach to the growing polypeptide chain.
1. RNA polymerase in the nucleus reads the DNA and creates a complementary mRNA strand.
2. The mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm where ribosomes translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain using tRNAs.
3. The tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codons and link them together with peptide bonds to form a protein.
Translation, transcription, and transduction are processes involved in gene expression and DNA transfer. Translation is the process by which messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded by ribosomes to produce a polypeptide. Transcription is the process where DNA is copied into mRNA by RNA polymerase. Transduction is the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another mediated by bacteriophages through generalized or specialized transduction. These processes play important roles in protein production and genetic exchange.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation in cells. It involves:
1) RNA polymerase binding to DNA and transcribing mRNA using the DNA as a template.
2) The mRNA being released and leaving the nucleus.
3) The mRNA binding to ribosomes in the cytoplasm where translation occurs, with tRNAs bringing amino acids to form a protein chain until a stop codon is reached.
The document discusses the structure and function of eukaryotic transcription factors. It describes several common DNA-binding domains used by transcription factors, including the helix-turn-helix, zinc finger, and basic domains. It also discusses transcriptional activation domains, repressor domains, and dimerization domains. The document provides examples of how transcription is regulated by constitutive factors, phosphorylation, hormones, development factors, and viral proteins.
Translation in prokaryotes involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation begins with the small ribosomal subunit binding to the initiation codon on mRNA with the help of initiation factors. The first tRNA carrying methionine enters and assembly of the initiation complex is completed upon joining of the large ribosomal subunit. In elongation, aminoacyl-tRNAs enter the A site guided by elongation factors as the growing polypeptide is transferred from the P to A site. Termination occurs when a stop codon enters the A site and release factors cause dissociation of the ribosome and the complete protein.
1. The protein DPF3b recognizes acetylation marks on histones that are important for muscle growth and heart development. This discovery expands our understanding of epigenetic regulation of genes.
2. RNA polymerase plays a key role in transcription by unwinding DNA and forming a transcription bubble to access the DNA sequence. The process of transcription initiation occurs in three steps and is conserved across organisms.
3. Understanding the mechanisms of gene expression could lead to new treatments for diseases and predictive biomarkers by discovering novel regulatory proteins.
1. RNA plays many roles in cells including functioning as biological catalysts and carrying genetic information.
2. RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template through the process of transcription. In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and synthesizes RNA in a 5' to 3' direction complementary to the DNA template.
3. Transcription is regulated through the use of promoters, which are DNA sequences that signal the start of transcription, as well as other transcriptional control elements.
The document describes the processes of transcription and translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA at a promoter region and unzips the DNA strands. It reads the template strand and synthesizes a complementary mRNA strand, replacing thymine with uracil. The DNA then rebonds its strands. The mRNA exits the nucleus through pores into the cytoplasm. During translation, the mRNA binds to ribosomes where transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match their anticodons to the mRNA codons. This causes amino acids to attach to the growing polypeptide chain.
1. RNA polymerase in the nucleus reads the DNA and creates a complementary mRNA strand.
2. The mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm where ribosomes translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain using tRNAs.
3. The tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codons and link them together with peptide bonds to form a protein.
Translation, transcription, and transduction are processes involved in gene expression and DNA transfer. Translation is the process by which messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded by ribosomes to produce a polypeptide. Transcription is the process where DNA is copied into mRNA by RNA polymerase. Transduction is the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another mediated by bacteriophages through generalized or specialized transduction. These processes play important roles in protein production and genetic exchange.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation in cells. It involves:
1) RNA polymerase binding to DNA and transcribing mRNA using the DNA as a template.
2) The mRNA being released and leaving the nucleus.
3) The mRNA binding to ribosomes in the cytoplasm where translation occurs, with tRNAs bringing amino acids to form a protein chain until a stop codon is reached.
The document discusses the structure and function of eukaryotic transcription factors. It describes several common DNA-binding domains used by transcription factors, including the helix-turn-helix, zinc finger, and basic domains. It also discusses transcriptional activation domains, repressor domains, and dimerization domains. The document provides examples of how transcription is regulated by constitutive factors, phosphorylation, hormones, development factors, and viral proteins.
Translation in prokaryotes involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation begins with the small ribosomal subunit binding to the initiation codon on mRNA with the help of initiation factors. The first tRNA carrying methionine enters and assembly of the initiation complex is completed upon joining of the large ribosomal subunit. In elongation, aminoacyl-tRNAs enter the A site guided by elongation factors as the growing polypeptide is transferred from the P to A site. Termination occurs when a stop codon enters the A site and release factors cause dissociation of the ribosome and the complete protein.
1. The protein DPF3b recognizes acetylation marks on histones that are important for muscle growth and heart development. This discovery expands our understanding of epigenetic regulation of genes.
2. RNA polymerase plays a key role in transcription by unwinding DNA and forming a transcription bubble to access the DNA sequence. The process of transcription initiation occurs in three steps and is conserved across organisms.
3. Understanding the mechanisms of gene expression could lead to new treatments for diseases and predictive biomarkers by discovering novel regulatory proteins.
1. RNA plays many roles in cells including functioning as biological catalysts and carrying genetic information.
2. RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template through the process of transcription. In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and synthesizes RNA in a 5' to 3' direction complementary to the DNA template.
3. Transcription is regulated through the use of promoters, which are DNA sequences that signal the start of transcription, as well as other transcriptional control elements.
The document summarizes the process of transcription and translation in protein synthesis. During transcription, RNA polymerase in the nucleus copies DNA to produce mRNA. The mRNA exits the nucleus and binds to ribosomes in the cytoplasm during translation. tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA code, linking the amino acids together to form a protein chain. Once a stop codon is reached, the protein is complete and released. This two-step process explains how genetic code in DNA is used to synthesize proteins.
The document summarizes the process of transcription and translation in protein synthesis. During transcription, RNA polymerase in the nucleus copies DNA to produce mRNA. The mRNA exits the nucleus and binds to ribosomes in the cytoplasm during translation. tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA code, linking the amino acids together to form a protein chain. Once a stop codon is reached, the protein is complete and released. This two-step process explains how genetic code in DNA is used to synthesize proteins.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase transcribes mRNA from DNA in the nucleus. The mRNA strand passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm where it is translated into amino acids to make proteins.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase copies the DNA into an mRNA strand, which passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. There, the mRNA code is read to produce a chain of amino acids specified by the DNA.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase copies the DNA into an mRNA strand, which passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. There, the mRNA code is read to produce a chain of amino acids specified by the DNA.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase transcribes mRNA from DNA in the nucleus. The mRNA strand passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm where it is translated into amino acids to make proteins.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase copies the DNA into an mRNA strand, which passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. There, the mRNA code is read to produce a chain of amino acids specified by the DNA.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase transcribes mRNA from DNA in the nucleus. The mRNA strand passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm where it is translated into amino acids to make proteins.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase copies the DNA into an mRNA strand, which passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. There, the mRNA code is read to produce a chain of amino acids specified by the DNA.
RNA polymerase binds to DNA and transcribes the mRNA. The mRNA is then exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Ribosomes form from rRNA and bind to the mRNA. tRNA transfers amino acids specified by the mRNA to form a protein through peptide bonds until a stop codon is reached.
The document is a flipbook that summarizes the process of transcription and translation. It shows RNA polymerase binding to DNA and unwinding it to access the template strand. It then moves along the DNA, reading the promoter region and creating mRNA. The mRNA exits the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes. Transfer RNA molecules match their anticodons to the mRNA codons and add amino acids to form a protein chain. RNA polymerase eventually reaches a stop codon and protein synthesis is complete.
The document describes the process of transcription. It shows RNA polymerase binding to DNA and unzipping it to access the template strand. RNA polymerase then reads the DNA and creates a complementary mRNA molecule. The mRNA is released once it reaches a stop codon and exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore.
Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase unwinding DNA and reading its base pairs to produce mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, where ribosomes use the mRNA code to assemble amino acids into a protein chain. First, rRNA forms ribosomes which mRNA binds to. tRNA then checks the mRNA and transfers amino acids to link with peptide bonds until a stop codon signals completion.
Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase unwinding DNA and reading its base pairs to produce mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, where ribosomes use the mRNA to assemble amino acids brought by tRNAs into a protein chain. tRNAs check for mistakes and bind amino acids to the growing protein via peptide bonds until a stop codon signals completion.
The document is a flipbook that summarizes the process of transcription and translation. It shows how DNA in the nucleus is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA is then able to travel through the nucleus into the cytoplasm where it is translated into a protein with the help of tRNA and ribosomes. The mRNA codes for a protein with the amino acid sequence START ALA LEU SER VAL ARG TRP HIS TYR STOP.
1. RNA polymerase binds to DNA and unwinds it to form an initiation bubble, then binds to the promoter region to begin transcription.
2. RNA is created from the DNA template and exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
3. During translation, mRNA binds to ribosomes which recruit tRNAs matching mRNA codons to add amino acids and build a polypeptide chain until reaching a stop codon.
Translation with jake but still no coltonpunxsyscience
The document describes the process of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. 1) Ribosomal RNA forms the ribosome. 2) Messenger RNA binds to the ribosome and is read. 3) Transfer RNA proofreads the mRNA and transfers amino acids. 4) Amino acids attached to tRNA bind with peptide bonds to form a protein chain. 5) The ribosome hits a stop codon and completes the protein.
The document describes the process of protein synthesis through transcription and translation. It shows RNA polymerase binding to DNA and transcribing mRNA using the DNA as a template. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm where translation occurs. Amino acids are joined together based on the mRNA codons to form a protein.
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA in the nucleus. It unwinds the DNA and reads the coding regions to create a complementary mRNA strand. The mRNA then passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm.
In the cytoplasm, the ribosome binds to the mRNA. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA codons. The amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds to form a protein chain. Once a stop codon is reached, the ribosome releases the completed protein.
1. RNA polymerase binds to DNA and unwinds it to create an initiation bubble, then binds to the promoter region.
2. RNA polymerase reads the DNA and creates mRNA, which exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm when it reaches a stop codon.
3. During translation, the mRNA binds to a ribosome and tRNAs bring complementary anticodons, attaching amino acids to form a protein chain until a stop codon causes the ribosome to detach.
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who is considered the father of genetics. He conducted experiments with pea plants in which he studied 7 different traits. Through his experiments, Mendel discovered the principles of heredity, including that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes, and that some genes are dominant while others are recessive. When Mendel crossed plants with different traits, he found that the offspring expressed the traits of only one parent, not a blend, and that recessive traits could reappear in later generations. This led Mendel to propose that genes segregate and assort independently during the formation of gametes.
The document describes the process of protein synthesis. It explains that RNA polymerase first breaks the hydrogen bonds of DNA to copy it and make an mRNA strand. The mRNA strand then leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA binds to a ribosome where tRNA reads its bases and adds complementary amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
The document summarizes the process of transcription and translation in protein synthesis. During transcription, RNA polymerase in the nucleus copies DNA to produce mRNA. The mRNA exits the nucleus and binds to ribosomes in the cytoplasm during translation. tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA code, linking the amino acids together to form a protein chain. Once a stop codon is reached, the protein is complete and released. This two-step process explains how genetic code in DNA is used to synthesize proteins.
The document summarizes the process of transcription and translation in protein synthesis. During transcription, RNA polymerase in the nucleus copies DNA to produce mRNA. The mRNA exits the nucleus and binds to ribosomes in the cytoplasm during translation. tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA code, linking the amino acids together to form a protein chain. Once a stop codon is reached, the protein is complete and released. This two-step process explains how genetic code in DNA is used to synthesize proteins.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase transcribes mRNA from DNA in the nucleus. The mRNA strand passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm where it is translated into amino acids to make proteins.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase copies the DNA into an mRNA strand, which passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. There, the mRNA code is read to produce a chain of amino acids specified by the DNA.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase copies the DNA into an mRNA strand, which passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. There, the mRNA code is read to produce a chain of amino acids specified by the DNA.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase transcribes mRNA from DNA in the nucleus. The mRNA strand passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm where it is translated into amino acids to make proteins.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase copies the DNA into an mRNA strand, which passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. There, the mRNA code is read to produce a chain of amino acids specified by the DNA.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase transcribes mRNA from DNA in the nucleus. The mRNA strand passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm where it is translated into amino acids to make proteins.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase copies the DNA into an mRNA strand, which passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. There, the mRNA code is read to produce a chain of amino acids specified by the DNA.
RNA polymerase binds to DNA and transcribes the mRNA. The mRNA is then exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Ribosomes form from rRNA and bind to the mRNA. tRNA transfers amino acids specified by the mRNA to form a protein through peptide bonds until a stop codon is reached.
The document is a flipbook that summarizes the process of transcription and translation. It shows RNA polymerase binding to DNA and unwinding it to access the template strand. It then moves along the DNA, reading the promoter region and creating mRNA. The mRNA exits the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes. Transfer RNA molecules match their anticodons to the mRNA codons and add amino acids to form a protein chain. RNA polymerase eventually reaches a stop codon and protein synthesis is complete.
The document describes the process of transcription. It shows RNA polymerase binding to DNA and unzipping it to access the template strand. RNA polymerase then reads the DNA and creates a complementary mRNA molecule. The mRNA is released once it reaches a stop codon and exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore.
Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase unwinding DNA and reading its base pairs to produce mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, where ribosomes use the mRNA code to assemble amino acids into a protein chain. First, rRNA forms ribosomes which mRNA binds to. tRNA then checks the mRNA and transfers amino acids to link with peptide bonds until a stop codon signals completion.
Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase unwinding DNA and reading its base pairs to produce mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, where ribosomes use the mRNA to assemble amino acids brought by tRNAs into a protein chain. tRNAs check for mistakes and bind amino acids to the growing protein via peptide bonds until a stop codon signals completion.
The document is a flipbook that summarizes the process of transcription and translation. It shows how DNA in the nucleus is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA is then able to travel through the nucleus into the cytoplasm where it is translated into a protein with the help of tRNA and ribosomes. The mRNA codes for a protein with the amino acid sequence START ALA LEU SER VAL ARG TRP HIS TYR STOP.
1. RNA polymerase binds to DNA and unwinds it to form an initiation bubble, then binds to the promoter region to begin transcription.
2. RNA is created from the DNA template and exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
3. During translation, mRNA binds to ribosomes which recruit tRNAs matching mRNA codons to add amino acids and build a polypeptide chain until reaching a stop codon.
Translation with jake but still no coltonpunxsyscience
The document describes the process of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. 1) Ribosomal RNA forms the ribosome. 2) Messenger RNA binds to the ribosome and is read. 3) Transfer RNA proofreads the mRNA and transfers amino acids. 4) Amino acids attached to tRNA bind with peptide bonds to form a protein chain. 5) The ribosome hits a stop codon and completes the protein.
The document describes the process of protein synthesis through transcription and translation. It shows RNA polymerase binding to DNA and transcribing mRNA using the DNA as a template. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm where translation occurs. Amino acids are joined together based on the mRNA codons to form a protein.
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA in the nucleus. It unwinds the DNA and reads the coding regions to create a complementary mRNA strand. The mRNA then passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm.
In the cytoplasm, the ribosome binds to the mRNA. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA codons. The amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds to form a protein chain. Once a stop codon is reached, the ribosome releases the completed protein.
1. RNA polymerase binds to DNA and unwinds it to create an initiation bubble, then binds to the promoter region.
2. RNA polymerase reads the DNA and creates mRNA, which exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm when it reaches a stop codon.
3. During translation, the mRNA binds to a ribosome and tRNAs bring complementary anticodons, attaching amino acids to form a protein chain until a stop codon causes the ribosome to detach.
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who is considered the father of genetics. He conducted experiments with pea plants in which he studied 7 different traits. Through his experiments, Mendel discovered the principles of heredity, including that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes, and that some genes are dominant while others are recessive. When Mendel crossed plants with different traits, he found that the offspring expressed the traits of only one parent, not a blend, and that recessive traits could reappear in later generations. This led Mendel to propose that genes segregate and assort independently during the formation of gametes.
The document describes the process of protein synthesis. It explains that RNA polymerase first breaks the hydrogen bonds of DNA to copy it and make an mRNA strand. The mRNA strand then leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA binds to a ribosome where tRNA reads its bases and adds complementary amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus where DNA is unzipped and RNA polymerase adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the DNA template strand, forming mRNA. The mRNA is processed - a cap and tail are added and introns are removed. The completed mRNA contains codons of three nucleotides that code for amino acids. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where the mRNA binds to ribosomes and tRNA molecules with matching anticodons deliver amino acids specified by mRNA codons, assembling the polypeptide chain specified by the mRNA.
This flip book depicts the process of protein synthesis, showing how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. The flip book steps through transcription, where RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, then translation, where the mRNA passes through the ribosome and interacts with tRNA and rRNA to add amino acids in the correct order specified by codons until a full protein is synthesized.
This document is a flip book that summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It shows how DNA is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase in the nucleus. The mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus through the nuclear pore and binds to the ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome reads the mRNA codons and binds transfer RNA (tRNA) with complementary anticodons. The tRNA brings amino acids to form peptide bonds and a polypeptide chain, which eventually folds into a functional protein.
This flip book depicts the process of protein synthesis, showing how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. The flip book steps through transcription, where RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, then translation, where the mRNA passes through the ribosome and interacts with tRNA and rRNA to add amino acids in the correct order specified by codons until a full protein is synthesized.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation in a cell. RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and creates an mRNA strand in the nucleus. The mRNA strand then moves to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA strand binds to a ribosome where tRNA brings amino acids to add to a growing polypeptide chain based on the mRNA codons. The polypeptide chain then folds into the final 3D protein structure.
The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is unwound and an mRNA strand is created using nucleotides. In translation, the mRNA strand is sent to the cytoplasm where it binds to a ribosome. tRNA molecules then bind to the ribosome and add amino acids specified by the mRNA code, forming a peptide bond between amino acids and creating a protein chain.
The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is unwound and an mRNA strand is created using nucleotides. The mRNA strand is then released and the DNA strands rebind. In translation, the mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and binds to ribosomes. tRNA molecules bind to the ribosome according to the mRNA code, and each tRNA connects to a specific amino acid. Translation begins as tRNA molecules form base pairs with the mRNA, and peptide bonds form between the amino acids, creating a protein.
The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. Transcription takes place in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase copying genetic information from DNA to mRNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes, where the mRNA code is used to assemble amino acids in the correct order to produce a protein. The start codon on mRNA pairs with a complementary tRNA to initiate translation.
DNA replication begins at the origin of replication where DNA helicase unwinds and unzips the double helix. DNA polymerase reads the bases on one strand and adds complementary bases to the other strand. The leading strand is replicated continuously while the lagging strand is replicated discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments. DNA primase adds primers to fill in the lagging strand, and DNA ligase seals the fragments together with phosphodiester bonds.
This protein synthesis flip book illustrates the process of transcription and translation. It shows DNA being transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase in the nucleus. The mRNA is then transported to the cytoplasm where it passes through ribosomes. During this process, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match to the mRNA codons and add amino acids to form a polypeptide chain through peptide bonds. Eventually a full protein is synthesized from the mRNA instructions.
The document outlines the process of protein synthesis which has two main parts - transcription and translation. In transcription, mRNA strands are created in the nucleus from a DNA template with the help of RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores. In translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm, ribosomes read the mRNA to produce a protein. Transfer RNA molecules match their anticodons to mRNA codons and bring corresponding amino acids. The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain, which becomes a protein when translation is complete.
Protein synthesis flipbook @yoloswagginator24punxsyscience
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It describes how RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and copies it to mRNA. The mRNA strand then exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and moves to ribosomes. At the ribosomes, the mRNA is read and translated to form a polypeptide chain of amino acids.
The document outlines the process of protein synthesis which has two main parts - transcription and translation. In transcription, mRNA strands are created in the nucleus from a DNA template with the help of RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores. In translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm, ribosomes read the mRNA to produce a protein. Transfer RNA molecules match their anticodons to mRNA codons and bring corresponding amino acids. The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain, which becomes a protein when translation is complete.
The document shows the process of protein synthesis:
1) In the nucleus, RNA polymerase unzips DNA and copies its sequence into a messenger RNA (mRNA) strand.
2) The mRNA exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and enters the cytoplasm.
3) In the cytoplasm, the mRNA binds to a ribosome which reads its sequence in groups of three bases (codons).
4) Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules matching these codons bring specific amino acids to the ribosome.
5) The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain, which later folds into a functional protein.
The document is a flip book that summarizes the key steps of protein synthesis: 1) DNA is unwound in the cell nucleus and an mRNA strand is produced, 2) the mRNA strand moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where ribosomes are located, 3) ribosomes read the mRNA strand and amino acids are attached through peptide bonds to form a protein, which then folds into its tertiary structure.
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. DNA in the nucleus is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome reads the mRNA and uses transfer RNA molecules to add amino acids to form a protein chain. The protein folds into its final shape.
The document discusses protein synthesis in cells. It explains that RNA polymerase in the cell nucleus reads DNA and synthesizes mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores and binds to ribosomes. At the ribosomes, tRNA matches codons on the mRNA and releases amino acids, forming peptide bonds between amino acids to create a polypeptide chain. When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, the polypeptide releases and folds into its tertiary structure to become a functional protein.
The process of transcription begins in the cell nucleus, where RNA polymerase breaks apart DNA and uses it as a template to create mRNA strands. During this process, thymine is replaced with uracil to form RNA. The mRNA strand then exits the nucleus through a nuclear pore. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, where the mRNA is read by ribosomes in groups of three codons. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome based on codon-anticodon base pairing. As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, the growing polypeptide chain is released once a stop codon is reached.
3. 1.RNA polymerase binds to and unwinds the DNA.
2.RNA polymerase is sent to promoter region.
3.RNA polymerase reads the DNA to create mRNA
4.RNA polymerase reaches the stop codon and
releases the mRNA
5.mRNA leaves nucleus and enters the cytoplasm
4. DNA strand
G C A T G G T T A G C C C T T A A G T C C T C G G A A TC
C G T A C C A A T C G G G A A T T C A G G A G C C T T A G
G= Guanine
The promoter region activates the
C= Cytosine DNA
T= Thymine
A= Adenine
5. A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
erase
Coding region- reads the single strand and makes a
mRNA copy
6. A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
RNA
Polymerase
U A C
7. A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
RNA
Polymerase
U A C A C C
8. A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
RNA
mRNA Polymerase
U A C A C C A A U
9. A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
RNA
mRNA Polymerase
U A C A C C A A U C G G
10. A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
RNA
mRNA Polymerase
U A C A C C A A U C G G G A A
11. A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
RNA
mRNA Polymerase
U A C A C C A A U C G G G A A U U C
12. A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
RNA
mRNA Polymerase
U A C A C C A A U C G G G A A U U C A G G
13. A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
RNA
mRNA Polymerase
U A C A C C A A U C G G G A A U U C A G G A G C
14. A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
RNA
mRNA Polymerase
U A C A C C A A U C G G G A A U U C A G G A G C C U U
15. A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
RNA
mRNA Polym
U A C A C C A A U C G G G A A U U C A G G A G C C U U A G
21. 1.rRNA forms ribosomes
2.mRNA binds to ribosome and is read
3.tRNA proof reads mRNA and transfers amino acids
4.amino acids attached to tRNA bind with peptide bond
5.ribosmes hit the stop codon and completes the
protein
22. ribosome
A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
24. ribosome
A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
UAC
Tyrosine
25. ribosome
A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
UAC AC C
Peptide
bond
Tyrosine Threonine
26. ribosome
A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
UAC AC C AA U
Peptide
bond
Tyrosine Threonine Asparagine
27. ribosome
A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
UAC AC C AA U CG G
Peptide
bond
Tyrosine Threonine Asparagine Arginine
28. ribosome
A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
UAC AC C AA U CG G G AA
Peptide
bond
Tyrosine Threonine Asparagine Arginine Glutamic
acid
29. ribosome
A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
UAC AC C AA U CG G G AA U UC
Peptide
bond
Tyrosine Threonine Asparagine Arginine Glutamic Lysine
acid
30. ribosome
A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
UAC AC C A A U CG G G AA U UC A G G
Peptide
bond
Tyrosine Threonine Asparagine Arginine Glutamic Lysine Arginine
acid
31. ribosome
A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
UAC AC C A A U CG G G AA U UC A G G A G C
Peptide
bond
Tyrosine Threonine Asparagine Arginine Glutamic Lysine Arginine Senine
acid
32. ribosome
A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
UAC AC C A A U CG G G AA U UC A G G A G C C U U
Peptide
bond
Tyrosine Threonine Asparagine Arginine Glutamic Lysine Arginine Senine Leucine
acid
33. riboso
A U G U G G U U A G C C C U U A A G U C C U C G G A A UC
UAC AC C A A U CG G G AA U UC A G G A G C C U U AG
Peptide
bond
Tyrosine Threonine Asparagine Arginine Glutamic Lysine Arginine Senine Leucine Senine
acid
Ribosome hits the stop
codon and amino acids
become a protein
34.
35. 1.RNA polymerase binds to and unwinds the DNA.
2.RNA polymerase is sent to promoter region.
3.RNA polymerase reads the DNA to create mRNA
4.RNA polymerase reaches the stop codon and releases the mRNA
5.mRNA leaves nucleus and enters the cytoplasm
6.rRNA forms ribosomes
7.mRNA binds to ribosome and is read
8.tRNA proof reads mRNA and transfers amino acids
9.amino acids attached to tRNA bind with peptide bond
10.ribosmes hit the stop codon and completes the protein