SEMINAR PRESENTED BY DR VISHAL PATIL ,IN THE DEPT OF TRAUMA SURGERY AND CRITICAL CARE, AIIMS RISHIKESH
INCLUDES-INTRODUCTION-CLASSIFICATIONS OF FLAP-COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO FLAP COVERAGE- FLAP USED IN HAND AND UPPER EXTREMITY SOFT TISSUE RECONSTRUCTION WITH PICTURES OF IT
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
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Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. Introduction
• A flap is a vascularized block of tissue that is mobilized
from its donor site and transferred to another location,
adjacent or remote, for reconstructive purposes.
3. A flap is used
• To reconstruct a large primary defect
• Replace tissue loss during trauma or surgical excision.
• Provide padding over bony prominences.
• Bring in better blood supply to poorly vascularized bed.
• Improve sensation to an area
5. Classification
CONGRUITY
• local
• Regional
• Distant
1.Pedicled
2. Free flap
• Island
CIRCULATION
• Axial pattern
• Random pattern
ANATOMICAL
COMPONENT
• Skin
• Muscle and
myocutaneous
• Fascia and
fasciocutaneous
6. • Free flap option is a versatile single stage procedure
facilitating simultaneous reconstruction of other critical
structures. It also allows postoperative mobilization and early
discharge and return to work
King EA, Ozer K. Free skin flap coverage of the upper extremity. Hand
Clin.2014;30:201e209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hcl.2014.01.003.
.
7. • Pedicled flaps have been the workhorse flaps for
reconstruction of the upper limb in many centers across the
world. Though the procedure includes multiple surgery,
prolonged immobilization, and joint stiffness.
Sabapathy SR. Refinements of pedicle flaps for soft tissue cover in the upper limb.
In: Venkataswami R, ed. Surgery of the Injured Hand. New Delhi (India):Jaypee
Brothers; 2009:
8. HAND SOFT TISSUE RECONSTRUCTION
• Local flap
1. Advancement flap
2. Transposition flap
3. Island flap
• Regional flap
1. Radial forearm flap
2. Posterior interosseous artery flap
9. Volar V-Y advancement flap
•The volar V-Y flap is a triangular shaped volar advancement
flap outlined with its tip at the distal interphalangeal crease.
•Applicable for transverse and dorsal avulsions
10. Cross finger (transposition flap)
•The flap is elevated from the adjacent finger dorsum in the
plane above the peritenon to allow for grafting of the donor
site
•The flap is opened like a book cover, turned 180°, and inset
into the fingertip defect
•At 2-3 weeks the flap is divided
11. Island flap
Kite Flaps
(1st Dorsal MCA)
• Island pedicle flap proximally based on the first dorsal
metacarpal artery and veins.
• Courses over 1st dorsal interosseous muscle from the radial
artery as it courses distal to snuffbox
13. Thenar flap
• A 2 cm x 4 cm thenar flap can be harvested from the MCP
crease
• Primary closure of the donor site with thumb flexion.
• Avoid injury to the neurovascular bundles and flexor pollicis
longus tendon
15. Radial forearm flap
• Most reliable and versatile flap for upper limb reconstruction
• Based on the radial artery and the accompanying
venaecomitans.
• Advantages -provision of up to 8 x 10 cm of thin, pliable and
hairless skin and ease of harvest
• Disadvantage- radial artery is sacrificed and poor donor site
morbidity with this flap
• An Allen’s test should always be performed prior
17. Posterior interosseous artery flap
• A classic fasciocutaneous flap, ideal for coverage of dorsum of
hand without compromising the two main artery of hand.
• The flap is usually designed on the emergence of the artery in
the posterior compartment of the proximal forearm.
• The limits of the flap are distally 3-4 cm above the wrist
crease, medially not to extend subcutaneous border of the
ulnar and radially not extend 3-4 cm beyond the epicondylar-
ulnar line
19. ELBOW AND ARM SOFT TISSUE
RECONSTRUCTION
• Lateral arm flap
• Latissimus dorsi flap
20. Lateral arm flap
• It is local pedicled fasciocutaneous flap.
• Based on the posterior radial collateral artery (PRCA) and the
septocutaneous perforators
• The flap provides the skin from the distal posterior lateral
aspect of the lateral arm, between the deltoid insertion and
the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
• This flap provides thin, pliable skin with the donor site being
primarily closed completely or partially.
22. Latissimus dorsi flap
• It is pedicled myocutaneous flap supplied by the
thoracodorsal artery and perforators. .
• Provide a large skin coverage particularly for the anterior or
posterior arm and elbow
• Has low donor site morbidity .
25. Groin flap
• Axial pattern flap
• Supplied from superficial circumflex iliac artery at the level of
the inguinal ligament
• Advantages -adequate skin thickness and minimal donor site
morbidity
• Disadvantages-short pedicle
27. Superficial inferior epigastric artery
flap
• Flap based on the superficial inferior epigastric artery
• It is based just proximal to the ipsilateral inguinal ligament
and centred on the femoral artery and vein
• This flap is useful as it provides minimal hair and thin flap
28. Scapular free flap
• This fasciocutaneous flap based on the circumflex scapular
artery
• This flap is useful because it offers the opportunity for a flap
with latissimus or serratus muscles or bone (scapula)
29. Antero lateral thigh flap
• This flap is based on the lateral femoral circumflex artery
• Commonly used in hand reconstruction.
• Advantages-provides a large skin paddle and minimal donor
site morbidity
• With the lateral femoral cutaneous nerves of the thigh it can
be used to provide innervation to the wound site
30.
31. Criteria of flap selection
• Patient age and health
• Condition of skin defects
• Location and size of defects
• Damage of deep structure
• Cosmetic demands
• Surgeon’s technical skill
32. Postoperative flap monitoring:
• The gold standard of postoperative flap monitoring is clinical
observation. It includes:
1.Flap color
2.Capillary refilling time
3.Surface temperature monitoring
4.Blanching assesment
34. Causes of flap failure:
• Poor anatomical knowledge when raising the flap(such that
the blood supply is deficient from the start)
• Flap inset with too much tension.
• Local sepsis .
• The dressing applied too tightly around the pedicle
37. 1. Lateral arm free flap is based on:
A. The posterior radial collateral artery
B. The anterior radial collateral artery
C. The posterior ulnar collateral artery
D. The anterior ulnar collateral artery
38.
39. 2. Flap acheives its 90% of circulation
A. In 72 hr
B. With in 3-7 days
C. 2 weeks
D. 3 weeks
40. Pathophysiology
chronologic changes of a flap and the recipient site after
elevation and transfer:
• After 10-24 hours - Decreased arterial supply; congestion and
edema; dilation of arterioles and capillaries
• After 1-3 days - Increased number and quality of anastomoses
between flap and recipient bed; increased number of small
vessels in pedicle
• After 3-7 days - Reorientation of vessels along the long axis of
the flap; anastomoses created at 1-3 days now functionally
significant
• After 1 week - Circulation well established between flap and
recipient bed
• After 2 weeks - Continuous maturation of anastomoses
• After 3 weeks - Flap achieves 90% of its final circulation
41. 3. According to MATHES AND NAHAI classification
radial forearm flap is
A. Type A
B. Type B
C. Type C
D. Type D
42.
43. 4. A Z- plasty is an example of:
A. an advancement flap
B. an island pedical flap
C. a rotation flap
D. a transposition flap
44. • Z-plasty transposes two interdigitating triangular flaps without
tension to use lateral skin to produce a gain in length along
the direction of the common limb of the Z.
45. 5.Which of the following statement is true regarding
groin flap-
A. It is type of island flap
B. It is based on superficial epigastric artery
C. It has short pedicle
D. It has maximal donor site morbidity
46. Groin flap
• Axial pattern flap
• Supplied from the superficial femoral artery at the level of the
inguinal ligament
• Advantages -adequate skin thickness and minimal donor site
morbidity
• Disadvantages-short pedicle