The document discusses a study examining the anaerobic co-digestion of algae and sewage sludge. Researchers grew filamentous algae from a wastewater treatment plant using a culture medium. They then pretreated the algae using heat and added it in varying ratios to sewage sludge in an anaerobic digester. Over 60 days, the researchers monitored methane production, solids reduction, and other factors. Based on previous studies showing co-digestion can increase biogas yields, the researchers aim to determine an optimum algae-sewage ratio for producing methane as a renewable energy source.
Research: A new process to remove salt and organic compounds from frack waste...Marcellus Drilling News
A new process was developed by researchers at University of Colorado Boulder to treat frack wastewater using a "simpler" yet effective method. The research explaining the process is published as the cover story in the journal Environmental Science Water Research & Technology, January 2015 issue.
Research: A new process to remove salt and organic compounds from frack waste...Marcellus Drilling News
A new process was developed by researchers at University of Colorado Boulder to treat frack wastewater using a "simpler" yet effective method. The research explaining the process is published as the cover story in the journal Environmental Science Water Research & Technology, January 2015 issue.
This presentation talks about biological treatment of leachate & domestic wastewater. Treatment process involves upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor. Efficiency achieved was around 90% by using different proportions.
[ABSTRACT] Community CompostToilet and Urine Diversion System Using IAPMO WE...Kimberly L. King
Safely reducing the volume of municipal sewage sludge typically sent for processing by sewer avoidance via separation at the source/on-site remediation of humanure using compost toilets with urine diversion AKA humus (top soil factories). This sanitary compost schema uses the 2018 IAPMO WE-Stand Guidance rubric. Ultimately, a rich resource is generated that can be used as a soil amendment to grow food by tiny house stewards managing hyper-intense farming on tax-defaulted, urban lots.
Conducted over four years, performance of a humanure batch compost processor, clearly demonstrates that high temperatures were reliably achieved with subsequent pathogen elimination to acceptable levels prior to distribution of high quality humus to the local garden environment. Additionally, urine diversion has also allowed the community to reclaim nitrogen and other nutrients otherwise lost in conventional sewage systems. The system has resulted in large savings of potable water, and significant carbon sequestration.
NYC DEP update on Ribbed Mussel potential for treating pathogens in water bodiesecowatchers
John Mcloughlin managing director of NYC DEP office of Ecosystem services and Green infrastructure research gives updates on the research they have done on using natural features such as ribbed mussels to remove pathogens from water bodies
The effect of reduction of aeration period on organic pollutants removal in s...SophieShi7
The authors investigated the possibility to reduce aeration time in one of the cycles of sequencing batch activated sludge reactors. It is known that there are microorganisms in activated sludge which can store organic materials temporarily in such forms as polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA). It was expected that removal of organic materials in the cycle with reduced aeration was supplemented by the microbial activities to store organic materials temporarily. The authors operated sequencing batch reactors with 6 cycles/day with synthetic wastewater, and reduced aeration in one of the cycles. Short-term experiments were conducted to see the effects of aeration reduction for one time, and long-term experiments were conducted to see the effect of long term implementation of operation with aeration reduction. In both experiments, removal of DOC was greater than 92%, and no significant adverse effect was observed. The more aeration was reduced, the more PHA was carried over to the following cycles. It was estimated that about 17% to 50 % of PHA was carried over to the cycles following the cycles in which aeration was reduced. The operation with one-cycle reduced aeration was successfully implemented in the experiments. There is a big room to explore wastewater treatment technologies in the direction to flexibly control energy consumption.
Performance Evaluation of the Effect of pH and Temperature on the Biogas Yiel...ijtsrd
In this research work, the effect of pH and temperature on the biogas yield of co-digestion of Pig manure and water hyacinth were investigated experimentally in laboratory scale anaerobic bioreactors. The co-digestion was run for a Hydraulic Retention Time thirty six days. The volumetric yield of biogas was noted once there is biogas build up at regular intervals using water displacement method. A total of ten evacuations were made and the data obtained was used to evaluate the effect of the aforementioned anaerobic digestion parameters. The experimental results revealed that a neutral pH value of 7 yielded optimum biogas yields compared to a pH value above and below 7. Moreover, from all the experimental mesophilic temperature used in this research work, an optimum mesophilic temperature of 37 oC favoured the optimum biogas yield. Nse Peter Essang "Performance Evaluation of the Effect of pH and Temperature on the Biogas Yield of Co-Digestion of Pig Manure and Water Hyacinth" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21410.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/gas-engineering/21410/performance-evaluation-of-the-effect-of-ph-and-temperature-on-the-biogas-yield-of-co-digestion-of-pig-manure-and-water-hyacinth/nse-peter-essang
his study investigated the microbial community in a full scale anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor system for oil-produced water treatment in summer and winter. The community structures of fungi and bacteria were analyzed through polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and Illumina high-throughput sequencing, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand effluent concentration achieved lower than 50 mg/L level after the system in both summer and winter, however, chemical oxygen demand removal rates after anaerobic baffled reactor treatment system were significant higher in summer than that in winter, which conformed to the microbial community diversity. Saccharomycotina, Fusarium, and Aspergillus were detected in both anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor during summer and winter. The fungal communities in anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor were shaped by seasons and treatment units, while there was no correlation between abundance of fungi and chemical oxygen demand removal rates. Compared to summer, the total amount of the dominant hydrocarbon degrading bacteria decreased by 10.2% in anaerobic baffled reactor, resulting in only around 23% of chemical oxygen demand was removed in winter. Although microbial community significantly varied in the three parallel sulfide reducing bacteria, the performance of these bioreactors had no significant difference between summer and winter.
This presentation talks about biological treatment of leachate & domestic wastewater. Treatment process involves upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor. Efficiency achieved was around 90% by using different proportions.
[ABSTRACT] Community CompostToilet and Urine Diversion System Using IAPMO WE...Kimberly L. King
Safely reducing the volume of municipal sewage sludge typically sent for processing by sewer avoidance via separation at the source/on-site remediation of humanure using compost toilets with urine diversion AKA humus (top soil factories). This sanitary compost schema uses the 2018 IAPMO WE-Stand Guidance rubric. Ultimately, a rich resource is generated that can be used as a soil amendment to grow food by tiny house stewards managing hyper-intense farming on tax-defaulted, urban lots.
Conducted over four years, performance of a humanure batch compost processor, clearly demonstrates that high temperatures were reliably achieved with subsequent pathogen elimination to acceptable levels prior to distribution of high quality humus to the local garden environment. Additionally, urine diversion has also allowed the community to reclaim nitrogen and other nutrients otherwise lost in conventional sewage systems. The system has resulted in large savings of potable water, and significant carbon sequestration.
NYC DEP update on Ribbed Mussel potential for treating pathogens in water bodiesecowatchers
John Mcloughlin managing director of NYC DEP office of Ecosystem services and Green infrastructure research gives updates on the research they have done on using natural features such as ribbed mussels to remove pathogens from water bodies
The effect of reduction of aeration period on organic pollutants removal in s...SophieShi7
The authors investigated the possibility to reduce aeration time in one of the cycles of sequencing batch activated sludge reactors. It is known that there are microorganisms in activated sludge which can store organic materials temporarily in such forms as polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA). It was expected that removal of organic materials in the cycle with reduced aeration was supplemented by the microbial activities to store organic materials temporarily. The authors operated sequencing batch reactors with 6 cycles/day with synthetic wastewater, and reduced aeration in one of the cycles. Short-term experiments were conducted to see the effects of aeration reduction for one time, and long-term experiments were conducted to see the effect of long term implementation of operation with aeration reduction. In both experiments, removal of DOC was greater than 92%, and no significant adverse effect was observed. The more aeration was reduced, the more PHA was carried over to the following cycles. It was estimated that about 17% to 50 % of PHA was carried over to the cycles following the cycles in which aeration was reduced. The operation with one-cycle reduced aeration was successfully implemented in the experiments. There is a big room to explore wastewater treatment technologies in the direction to flexibly control energy consumption.
Performance Evaluation of the Effect of pH and Temperature on the Biogas Yiel...ijtsrd
In this research work, the effect of pH and temperature on the biogas yield of co-digestion of Pig manure and water hyacinth were investigated experimentally in laboratory scale anaerobic bioreactors. The co-digestion was run for a Hydraulic Retention Time thirty six days. The volumetric yield of biogas was noted once there is biogas build up at regular intervals using water displacement method. A total of ten evacuations were made and the data obtained was used to evaluate the effect of the aforementioned anaerobic digestion parameters. The experimental results revealed that a neutral pH value of 7 yielded optimum biogas yields compared to a pH value above and below 7. Moreover, from all the experimental mesophilic temperature used in this research work, an optimum mesophilic temperature of 37 oC favoured the optimum biogas yield. Nse Peter Essang "Performance Evaluation of the Effect of pH and Temperature on the Biogas Yield of Co-Digestion of Pig Manure and Water Hyacinth" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21410.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/gas-engineering/21410/performance-evaluation-of-the-effect-of-ph-and-temperature-on-the-biogas-yield-of-co-digestion-of-pig-manure-and-water-hyacinth/nse-peter-essang
his study investigated the microbial community in a full scale anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor system for oil-produced water treatment in summer and winter. The community structures of fungi and bacteria were analyzed through polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and Illumina high-throughput sequencing, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand effluent concentration achieved lower than 50 mg/L level after the system in both summer and winter, however, chemical oxygen demand removal rates after anaerobic baffled reactor treatment system were significant higher in summer than that in winter, which conformed to the microbial community diversity. Saccharomycotina, Fusarium, and Aspergillus were detected in both anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor during summer and winter. The fungal communities in anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor were shaped by seasons and treatment units, while there was no correlation between abundance of fungi and chemical oxygen demand removal rates. Compared to summer, the total amount of the dominant hydrocarbon degrading bacteria decreased by 10.2% in anaerobic baffled reactor, resulting in only around 23% of chemical oxygen demand was removed in winter. Although microbial community significantly varied in the three parallel sulfide reducing bacteria, the performance of these bioreactors had no significant difference between summer and winter.
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Institui o Plano de Cargos, Carreiras e Remuneração (PCCR) dos servidores do quadro de pessoal do Poder Executivo do Município de Condado, Estado de Pernambuco, composto pelos ocupantes de cargos efetivos e servidores que ingressaram no serviço público sem concurso, dispõe sobre a criação, transformação e extinção de cargos na Administração Direta, e dá outras providências.
Encontro Eu quero Uma Igreja em Balneario CamboriuAKEL Edin
Encontro Eu quero Uma Igreja em Balneario Camboriu - Igreja Orgânica, Caminho da Graça e Eu quero Uma Igreja em SANTA CATARINA, Janeiro de 2014. Prepare-se!
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Cultivation of an Aquaponic Culture with Qualitative Estimates of Growth and ...Augustine Jaeger
ABSTRACT. An aquaponic system has the essential characteristics to become a popular trend. The research in hydroponics and aquaculture are extensive.5, 8 The combination offers niche market goods which can be highly advantageous to an agricultural setting. Water safety is a concern in the process of aquaponics and EPA standards allow 240CFU/100mL (Colony Forming Units) in an open water source such as the rearing tank of the aquaculture.9 An examination of water using methods based on EPA tests was performed for the Total Coliform. The MPN (Mean Probable Number) of CFU was determined to be lower than EPA standards for winter 2014. Growth measured in the hydroponic component gave expected seasonal results.
Electricity Generation from Biogas Produced in a Lab-Scale Anaerobic Digester...inventionjournals
The sludge produced during wastewater treatment should be stabilized in order to minimize the damage to the environment. This study includes the evaluation of sludge stabilization and biogas formation by anaerobic digestion in order to generate electricity using stirling motor.The study was carried out with the raw sludge form the thickener of the wastewatertreatment plant. The main aim of the study is to provide sludge stabilization resulting biogas production by reduction of organic matter and to generate electricity. Anaerobic digestion studies were carried out using a laboratory scale anaerobic reactor with a volume of 7L.Under themesophilic condition, the sludge age was maintained at 10 days during the first 20 days of operation, while the reactor was operated for 90 days until the end of the run, with a sludge age of 20 days.The results have changed in the range of 42-52% after the organic matter reduction obtained from the anaerobic digestion. Concentrations of 3735.7300 ppm, 5060.5768 ppm, and 6951.4013 ppm biogas were obtained. Biogas was turned on by mechanical energy with a Stirlingmotor and then turned to direct current and the lamps with 3V 20mA each were run for 60 minutes
Concentration Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aroma...Scientific Review SR
The ecological risk assessment of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in water and sediments of Kolo creek, Niger Delta Nigeria was assessed the samples were collected from November, 2018 to June, 2019 from seven locations (A-G) along the creek. The samples were extracted using standard methods and analyzed using gas chromatography (model: HP5890 S). The concentrations of the PAHs in the water and sediment samples ranged between 0.000 - 9.239 µ/L and .002 – 374.35µg/Kg respectively. All the compounds analyzed were detected in all the sampling places, even area far from the flow stations. Hence, the urban runoffs, sewage discharges, and agricultural activities are implicated. Four rings hydrocarbon were present in higher concentration when compared to other PAHs in all sampling sites, with benz (a)anthracene having the highest values in both matrixes. Similarly, lower molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were present in lower concentrations in all sampling sites and they are known to exhibit higher lethal toxicity than the larger PAHs. HMW were present in high concentrations than LMW and are persistent in the environment as a result of their increase resistance to oxidation, reduction and vaporization as molecular weight increases. Similarly, The PAFs of the investigated creek is less than 5%, suggesting existences of minor ecological risks that are insignificance. However, the TEQs detected in high molecular weight showed that there is possibility of cancer to those who may be exposed to the bottom sediment. The indices measured in this habitat may put more pressures to the aquatic organisms and cause drastic changes to their ecosystem which may lead to species extinction.
Impact of Improved Aeration on Decomposition Rate of Enriched Compostijtsrd
Agricultural activities tend to generate a substantial volume of animal and crop residues. Composting is the most economical and ecologically sustainable option to manage farmyard waste. However, it takes approximately three months to complete decomposition and contains lower plant nutrient percentages than inorganic fertilisers. This study aimed to reduce the decomposition time and improve the nutrient content of compost. Aerobic decomposition was enhanced by aeration inside the pile using a blower with 0.5 l min kg airflow. Paddy straw, poultry manure, goat manure, cattle manure and paddy husk ash were mixed in 3 1 1 1 1 ratio respectively as the raw materials and 3 of Eppawala Rock Phosphate was added to the mixture in weight basis. Six piles 150 X 100 X 80 cm were prepared, and three piles were aerated for six hours per day while other three piles were left to decompose under the ambient condition as the control. According to the results, aerated and control piles took 35 days and 65 days to complete the decomposition. Total N, available P, exchangeable K, C N ratio, pH, EC and CEC were analysed in compost samples from aerated after 35 days and controls, and the results were, 20.5 g kg 1, 1.8 g kg 1, 10.4 g kg 1, 7, 8.8, 4.3 mS cm 1, 19.3 cmol kg 1 and 17.8 g kg 1, 1.5 g kg 1, 9.9 g kg 1, 8.5, 8.8, 3.64 mS cm 1, 21.3 cmol kg 1 respectively. Data were analysed using SAS 9.0 software with a 95 confidence interval. The results revealed a significant increment in total N, exchangeable K, C N ratio, EC and CEC in aerated piles compared to controls. And the nutrient composition of both methods was significantly higher than the commercial compost. Therefore, it can be concluded that decomposition time can be effectively reduced and the nutrient level can be increased by artificial aeration and nutrient enrichment, respectively. However, further studies are recommended to study the economic feasibility. D. M. S. H. Dissanayaka | V. P. T. Dhananjaya | E. J. Kosgollegedara | S. Karthigayini "Impact of Improved Aeration on Decomposition Rate of Enriched Compost" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38557.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/38557/impact-of-improved-aeration-on-decomposition-rate-of-enriched-compost/d-m-s-h-dissanayaka
primary productivity, photosynthesis, the primary producers in the aquatic environment. the factors affecting primary productivity in water, gross and net primary productivity, methods of measuring primary productivity based on measurements of oxygen evoution, carbohydrate estimation and chlorophyll method. the methods include radiocarbon(C14) method, C13 method , dark and light bottle method chlorophyll method, remote sensing and also incubation
1. INTRODUCTION
• Due to the impending energy crisis,
affordable and abundant alternative energy
sources are needed. Current forms of
renewable energy, such as solar and wind
energy, can be very expensive to install
and require upkeep.
• Algae has been studied as an important
component of bioenergy production
because of its high productivity, high oil
yield, and ability to grow in wastewater.
• In anaerobic digesters in municipal
wastewater treatment facilities all over the
country, sewage sludge is being broken
down into methane and carbon dioxide. By
adding a new ingredient into the anaerobic
digester with the sewage, the methane
yield can increase and be used as a form
of energy.
PREDICTED RESULTS
• The Modified Bold’s Basal Medium should
continue to grow filamentous algae from
wastewater samples.
• TSS, VSS, COD, TS, and VS values should
decrease overtime as the septic tank sewage
breaks down.
• Based on previous research, sewage and
algae mixtures made up of 11% and 41%
algae should produce the greatest gas yields
and improve the solids reduction and
dewatering rate.
Creating Energy from our Waste
Michaela Fitzgerald, Dingnan Lu, Professor Xiaoqi Zhang
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
1 Wang, W., Sahu, A. K., Rusten, B., Park, C., 2013. Anaerobic co-digestion of microalgae Chlorella sp. and waste activated sludge. Bioresource Technology, 142, 585-590.
2Yen, H., Brune, D. E., 2007. Anaerobic co-digestion of algal sludge and waste paper to produce methane. Bioresource Technology. 98(1), 130-134.
3"What Is Anaerobic Digestion?" Renewable Energy Alternatives ,LLC - Digester Basics. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 July 2014.
APPROACH
• In our experiment, we will grow cultivate
algae using samples obtained from the
Lowell Wastewater Treatment Plant
(WWTP). Then, we will pre-treat the algae
samples and add them to the anaerobic
digester with 5L of sewage sludge from the
Lowell WWTP.
• Over the course of 60 days, we will monitor
methane gas production and try to
determine an optimum algae-to-sewage
ratio.
DATAPROCEDURE:
Algae samples were collected from the primary and secondary clarifier
tanks at the Lowell WWTP. These samples were combined with a media
known as Modified Bold’s Basal Medium in a 500 mL Erlenmeyer Flask.
The samples were supplied with light and sparged with air for 14 days.
After analyzing the algae samples under a microscope, we determined
that we grew primarily 2 species of filamentous algae known as
spirogyra and oedogonium. Since chlorella could not compete with these
large algae species, we believed that there was no chlorella in our
samples. However, we decided to continue with our experiment using
our cultivated algae samples.
Since most algae have strong cell walls they tend to digest very slowly.
A pre-treatment method known as the Cambi Process will be used to
speed up the process. The algae samples will be heated at 165˚C for
30 minutes.
In this step, the treated algae will be combined with 5L of septic tank
sludge in an anaerobic digester. It will be continuously mixed for 60
days. Several tests, such as total suspended solids (TSS), volatile
suspended solids (VSS), total and soluble chemical oxygen demand
(COD), total solids (TS), and volatile solids (vs) will be done daily. pH is
also monitored daily and adjusted to around 7 if needed.
The process of anaerobic digestion will produce biogas. Over the course
of the 60 day digestion process, several gas samples will be collected
from gas bags connected to the digester and analyzed by a gas
chromatograph. The volume and percentage of methane (CH4) and
carbon dioxide (CO2) will be recorded.
14 days into Algae Cultivation
The Anaerobic Digester with
5L septic tank sewage
SIMILAR RESEARCH
•The University of Massachusetts Amherst:
cultivated Chlorella sp. from local WWTP and
combined it with varying percentages of waste
activated sludge also from the local WWTP.
Results showed that co-digesting Chlorella with
the sludge increased biogas yield by 70%.1
•Tunghai University, Taiwan: the goal of their
experiment was to produce high levels of
methane by co-digesting algal sludge and high
carbon content waste paper. They recognized
that anaerobic digestion is directly affected by
the Carbon to Nitrogen (C/N) ratio. At 50%
waste paper and 50% sludge, the C/N ratio
was 20:1 and the methane production peaked
at 1170 ml/ 1 day.2
The Control Module for the
Anaerobic Digester
3
Anaerobic
Digestion
Process
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5
pH (am) 6.89 6.78 6.9 6.78 6.98
pH (pm) 6.3 6.16 6.33 6.16 6.5
COD
(Total
mg/L)
6350 6300 6150 5500 5610
COD
(Soluble
mg/L)
990 960 900 890 855
TS
(mg/L)
5990 5870 5830 5740 5610
VS
(mg/L)
5260 5230 5190 5200 5120
TSS
(mg/L)
3900 3750 3500 3538 3160
VSS
(mg/L)
3300 3140 3050 2938 2790
Anaerobic Digestion of Septic-tank Sludge
The digester is Bioflo 110, New Brunswick Scientific
Co., with 5 L working volume under 37ºC
consistently stirred at 50 rpm.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
1 2 3 4 5
mg/L
Parameters of Anaerobic Digestion of
Septic-tank Sludge
COD (Total mg/L) COD (Soluble mg/L)
TS (mg/L) VS (mg/L)
TSS (mg/L) VSS (mg/L)
Day
Key:
