2. WHAT IS FIRE?
•Fire is the rapid oxidation of a
material (the fuel) in the
exothermic chemical process of
combustion, releasing heat,
light, and various reaction
products.
3. Characteristics of FIRE?
FAST
DARK
HOT
Doubles its size every 30 seconds.
A small fire can produce enough smoke to
fill a building in minutes.
Air temperature in a burning room can
reach 300 degrees Celsius.
5. (Reducing Agent)- Fuel is the material or substance being
burned in the combustion process.
6. (Oxidizing agent)- Oxidizing agent are those materials that
yield oxygen or other oxidizing gases during the process of
chemical reaction. Oxidizers are not themselves combustible,
but they support combustion when combined with a fuel.
7. IGNITION SOURCE
(Temperature)- Heat is the energy
component of the fire
tetrahedron. When heat comes in
contact with a fuel, the energy
supports the combustion process.
8. Fire Tetrahedron- The
fourth element of the
tetrahedron explanation
is known as chemical
reactivity, or chemical
reaction.
9. STAGES OF FIRE
IGNITION STAGE
Point wherein the fire
start, plenty of oxygen,
little heat and smoke.
10. GROWTH STAGE
Temperature and smoke level
increases, hot gasses rise to the
ceiling and spreads outward the
walls, smoke layer is getting
thicker and fire is starting to
spread.
11. FULLY DEVELOPED STAGE
Maximum amount of heat is
released, volume of fire is
dependent of the number
and size of ventilation
openings.
13. TypesofHeattransmission
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3. Convection – the transmission of heat by the
moving currents of liquid gas.
1. Conduction – transmission of heat through an
object/medium or conductor, such as pipe, metal, or
even wall.
2. Radiation – the transmission through the discharge
and spread of heat from a heated or burning source. This
radiation takes place through the air or through space
that cause another flammable object to ignite.
4. Flame Contact – heat maybe conducted from
one body to another by direct flame contact.
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FOURMETHODS OFFIREEXTINGUISHMENT
Cooling - The cooling process uses an
extinguishing agent whose primary
characteristic is heat absorption.
Smothering - excludes the oxygen from the
fuel so that the gases or vapours of the fuel
cannot ignite and continue the combustion.
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Chemical Chain Reaction - the fourth
method of extinguishment is known as
inhibition or the interruption of chemical
reaction.
Separation – the removal of the fuel, as
in the example of turning off a value in
a gas line prevents the fuel and oxygen
from coming together.
21. Remember,
only fight a FIRE
when:
The fire is small and contained;
21
You are safe from toxic smoke;
You have a means of escape;
22. 22
• Fight fire with your back to safe escape route.
• Your extinguisher is rated for the type of fire
you are fighting and is in good working order.
• Had training and confident that you can
operate it effectively.
23. 1. Identify and report fire hazards and unsafe work practices.
2. Unplug all electrical equipment when not in operation, unless
necessary.
3. Maintain proper housekeeping.
4. Familiarize and keep emergency exits marked, lighted and
free from any obstruction.
5. Familiarize location of fire alarm, fire extinguishers
and other fire fighting equipment.
24. 6. Enforce “No Smoking” policy.
7. Avoid overloading of electrical circuits by plugging
many appliances.
8. Do not store large volume of combustible liquids
without proper clearance/permit and fire protection.
9. Ensure complete attendance of ALL fire brigade
members during Fire Safety Seminars and Drills.
10. Regularly conduct emergency drills (internal).
25. 25
PLAN YOUR ESCAPE
Planning and anticipation are important aspect of FIRE SAFETY.
KNOWING WHAT TO DO BEFORE THE EMERGENCY ARISES
IS THE BEST WAY TO PREVENT PANIC AND CONFUSION.
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TYPICAL SAFETY EVACUATION PROCEDURE
If fire is detected, the person who detects the fire
immediately shouts or alerts everybody.
If the fire is still small, the nearest and most competent
person should put out the fire.
If the fire has already progressed to a bigger stage that
would merit evacuation, designate a specific assembly are
outside the building.
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IN A FIRE, CRAWL LOW UNDER SMOKE
Smoke and heat rise, so during a fire there’s cleaner,
cooler air near the floor. Always try another exit if
you encounter smoke when you are escaping a fire.
But if you have to escape through smoke, crawl on
your hands and knees with your head 1 to 2 feet
above the floor.
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If your clothing catches fire, remember:
STOP, DROP, AND ROLL
STOP : Moving immediately.
DROP : To the ground or floor.
ROLL : Cover your face with your hands and
roll over to smother the flames.
Cool the burn with cool water for 10-15 minutes. Call for help.
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WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF FIRE?
1. Do not panic. Be calm, but act quickly.
2. When your frying pan burst into flame, cover the flame
with any metal cover at hand to shut off the oxygen from
the air.
3. Do not pour water because it may spread the fire or even
scald you.
4. If it is just small fire you can extinguish it using any of the
following: a rug, a heavy garment, a pail water or an
extinguisher. The best is an “ABC” fire extinguisher.
30. 5. Call for help immediately. Phone the Fire Department at
once. Be sure to give the exact address.
6. If the fire is beyond control, warn the family and go to the
nearest and safest exit. Do not attempt to save your
belongings, you might get trapped inside the burning
house. Your life is more important than your things.
7. If fire starts in any electrical wire or device inside the house,
cut-off the current first whenever possible at the switch or at
the plug.
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HOW TO GET OUT OF A BURNING BUILDING?
It is always dangerous to remain in a burning building. Fires
often spread rapidly and cut-off escape and are likely to
generate poisonous gases.
If you are trapped inside the burning building, do not open a
door that feel warm.
Superheated air might quickly kill you. Try to get out some
other way.
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ACTION TAKEN WHEN FIRE STRIKE
If fire break out, immediately correct action gives
the best change of putting it out quickly, reducing
the danger to life and keeping damage to a
minimum, if there is fire remember these six
steps to safety:
Reducing Agent. The material or substance being burned in the combustion process.
Oxidizing agent. These are those materials that yield oxygen or other oxidizing gases during the process of chemical reaction. Oxidizers are not themselves combustible, but they support combustion when combined with a fuel.
The temperature. The energy component of the fire tetrahedron. When heat comes in contact with a fuel, the energy supports the combustion process.
