Passive fire protection (PFP) provides thermal protection for steel structures during fires. PFP includes fireproofing materials like cementitious concrete or intumescent paint applied to steel to prevent heat transfer. The fireproofing zone (FPZ) defines where fireproofing is required. Hydraulic calculations size accidently oily contaminated (AOC) drainage pipes to convey firewater and stormwater flows. Liquid-filled fire traps and vent pipes prevent fire propagation in oily sewers by maintaining a liquid seal.

1. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS)
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Fire Related Design in
Civil Engineering
Jun 2022
Open
Ir. Lim Chin Chiat

2. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Content
Passive Fire Design for Steel Structure
Firewater Demand for Oily Sewer Design
Fire Trap in Oily Sewer Design
01.
02.
03.
2
Open

3. Passive Fire Design for Steel
Structure

4. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Fire Protection for Steel Structures
Fire
Protection
Active
Passive
Common Types of
Structures
Reinforced
Concrete
Steel
Covered with Fireproofing material
Note:
At 550oC, Steel:
 Loses half strength
 Starts collapsing
Extract from PTS16.73.01 Fire Safety for Onshore Facilities

5. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Steel Strength vs Temperature

6. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Notes on Passive Fire Protection (PFP)
1. PFP offers protection against the adverse thermal effects
of fire for a defined period and a defined degree of
exposure.
2. PFP should not be considered as a replacement for
active firefighting or lead to relaxation of normal design
requirements (spacing and layout considerations) or
precautions in operation and maintenance.

7. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Type of Fire Proofing Materials
Cementitious
Concrete
Proprietary
Intumescent Paint
• Fendolite
• Pyrocrete
light-weight cement/
vermiculite based materials
expand and form an insulation layer
when the temperature increases
Thickness
(mm)
UL 1709
rating
50 2 hr
65 3 hr
75 4 hr
API RP 2218

8. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Cementitious Fireproof

9. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Intumescent Paint
A coating which reacts to heat by swelling in a controlled manner to many
times its original thickness to produce a carbonaceous foam, which acts as
an insulating layer to protect the steel substrate.

10. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Intumescent Paint

11. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Comparison Between Fireproof Materials
Criteria Concrete Proprietary Intumescent Paint
Weight Heavy
Density =
2400kg/m3
Thickness = 50mm
(normally used)
Medium
Density = 750kg/m3 –
1200kg/m3
Thickness = 15-30mm
(depends on product
and Hp/A)
Light
Thickness = 150 –
300 µm
(depends on
number of layers)
Cost Low Medium High
Constructability Medium Medium Easy

12. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Extent of Fireproofing - Fireproofing Zone (FPZ)
FPZ
Extent of Fireproofing
Plan
Elevation

13. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Fireproofing Zone (FPZ)
(Extracted from PTS 16.73.01 Fire Safety for Onshore Facilities)

14. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Fireproofing Zone (FPZ)
(Extracted from API 2218 Fireproofing Practices in Petroleum and Petrochemical
Processing Plant)

15. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Fireproofing Zone (FPZ)
(Extracted from API 2218 Fireproofing Practices in Petroleum and Petrochemical
Processing Plant)

16. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Fireproofing Zone (FPZ)
(Extracted from API 2218 Fireproofing Practices in Petroleum and Petrochemical
Processing Plant)

17. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Fireproofing Zone (FPZ)
(Extracted from API 2218 Fireproofing Practices in Petroleum and Petrochemical
Processing Plant)

18. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Rules of Thumb

19. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Fireproofing Details
For section smaller than 203x203
1. Install pins
2. Install wire mesh
3. Spray fireproof

20. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Typical Piperack PFP

21. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Determination of Fireproofing Thickness
𝐻𝐻𝑝𝑝
𝐴𝐴
Refer to Manufacturer’s Design
Appraisal Document

22. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |

23. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
PFP – Execution
Installation of Pins

24. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
PFP – Execution
Installation of Wire Mesh

25. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
PFP – Execution
Spraying of PFP

26. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Codes and References
Code Title
API 2218 Fireproofing Practices in Petroleum and
Petrochemical Processing Plants
ASTM E119 Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of
Building Construction and Materials
UL 1709 Rapid Rise Fire Tests of Protection
Materials for Structural Steel
BS 476 Fire Tests on Building Materials and
Structures
ISO 834 Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of
Building Construction and Materials

27. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Summary of Passive Fire Proofing Design for Steel
Structures
FPZ Where to Fireproofed
Include FP load in
Structural Design
Produce Structural
Drawing
Produce:
• FP Specification
• ITP
• Mockup Test

28. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Fire Resistant Design for Structural Steel
Fireproofing Design Fire Resistant Design
Delay the accidental fire
(unknown) damage to steel
structure
Incorporate “known” fire in
steel design

29. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Fire Resistant Design for Structural Steel
Fire Resistant Steel FRS275N

30. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Fire Resistant Design for Structural Steel
Section Moment Resistance,
Buckling Moment Resistance,
Shear Resistance,
For Class 1 and Class 2 Steel Section:
Tension Resistance,
Compression Resistance,
Verification for combined bending and axial compression.

31. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Fire Resistant Design for RC Firewall
EN1992-1-2

32. Firewater Demand in Oily
Sewer Design

33. Drainage & Oily Sewerage System in Oil & Gas
Drainage
&
Oily Sewerage
Clean Water
Contaminate Water
Domestic Waste
Accidentally Oily Contaminate (AOC)
Closed Drain System (by Process)
Continuously Oily Contaminate (COC)
Process
Drain
System
Stormwater Drainage
OPEN DRAIN SYSTEM (BY CIVIL)

34. Equipment
Process
System
Closed Drain
Drum
Waste Water
Treatment Plant
First Flush
Basin
Closed Drain System
Recovery
Vacuum Truck/WWTP
COC
AOC
Open Drain System
FW/RW/WW
Kerb Concrete Slab

35. Terminology
Concrete Slab
Catch Basin / Sump
(Open Grating Cover)
Manhole
(Closed with Sealed Cover)
AOC
COC
Funnel/
Tundish/
Drip Pan

36. 36
Sample of Funnel

37. Sample of Drip Pan
37

38. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
AOC Design Philosophy
I) Source:
• Rainwater
• Firewater
• Wash water  not govern
II) Design Scenario:
1) Rainwater + Minimum Dry Weather Flow
2) Firewater
3) Rainwater + Firewater (Very rare case, depends on project
requirement)
From Firewater Demand Study

39. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Firewater Demand Study
• Fire Zone
• Firewater Demand
Assumption:
Fire incident only
occurs within one Fire
Zone at one time.

40. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
AOC Hydraulic Calculation Flowchart
MH No. MH No. Catchment Runoff Coeff. of Discharge ΣQ Design Length, Diameter Full Velocity Gradient Weir Top of Pipe
U/S D/S Area @ Coeff. Sump Q Q L D Vfull i Width, B i*L f*V2
/2g Weir Loss Total U/S D/S U/S D/S
U/S (m
2
) Loss, f (m
3
/s) (m
3
/s) (m
3
/s) (m) (mm) (m/s) (%) (m)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23)
Σ 0 0
Remarks
Liquid Level
Ground Level
Manhole and Level Computation
Flow Computation Pipe Computation
Head Loss (mm)
Hide Unhid
FW = 110m3/s
FW = 110m3/s
FW = 110m3/s
Manhole
Catch Basin
Firewater Discharge
from
Firewater Demand Study
Design:
• Size of Pipe
• Gradient of Pipe
Velocity, Hydraulic Loss
Fire Zone

41. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Basis of Hydraulic Calculation
Discharge < Pipe Capacity
1. Manning
2. Colebrook-
White
3. Hazen-
William
(Qin) (Qcap)
Control Flow
Velocity
QFW
• Size of Pipe
• Gradient of Pipe

42. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Manning Formula
𝑉𝑉 =
1
𝑛𝑛
𝑅𝑅 �
2
3𝑆𝑆 �
1
2
where:
Q = discharge
V = velocity
S = hydraulic gradient (m/m)
R = hydraulic radius
n = roughness coefficient
P
A
R =
Wetted perimeter
Cross section area of flow
4
4
/
2
D
D
D
R =
=
π
π
Qcap = VA
Design:
• Size of Pipe
• Gradient of Pipe
Qin <
QFW

43. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Drainage & Sewerage Design Philosophy

44. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Summary of AOC System in respect to Firewater
Zone 2
QFW QFW
AOC
Stormwater Drain
Firewater Pond
First Flood Basin
ETP
Process
Drainage
Philosophy
Firewater
Demand
Study
Zone 1

45. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Summary of AOC System (Overall)
Zone 2
QFW QFW
AOC
Stormwater Drain
Firewater Pond
First Flood Basin
ETP Process
Drainage
Philosophy
Firewater
Demand
Study
Zone 1
Rainwater
Scenario
QRW
MSMA
(Manual Saliran Mesra Alam)

46. Fire Trap in Oily Sewer Design

47. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
STOP FIRE PROPAGATION
FIRE TRAP
LIQUID-FILLED
aka
Liquid Seal
Hydraulic Seal
Objective
Method
Concept

48. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Horizontally Laid Liquid-Filled
Clean Water
AOC (Oily Water) + Fire
Fire put out by Water
Weir to keep the water
in the pipe
Water Level

49. Liquid-Filled for Pipe Laid with Gradient

50. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Vent Pipe
SAFE
DISTANCE
15m

51. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) |
Gas Trap
LIQUEFIED GAS
SPILLAGE
OPEN DITCH
COLLECTION
BASIN
AOC AOC

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