The document outlines the key components of a financial plan for a new enterprise, including operating and capital budgets, pro forma income statements, cash flow projections, and a projected balance sheet. It discusses preparing sales, production, and operating budgets to project costs and revenues. It emphasizes the importance of conservative estimates and cash flow management given the likelihood of early negative cash flows for new ventures. Projections should cover the first three years of operation.
Civil v-hydrology and irrigation engineering [10 cv55]-notesSuryenn Edwie Mon
WRE: UNIT–I:
Surface Water Hydrology: Water Resources in India, Hydrology in water Resources Planning –Precipitation – Types,
Measurement of rainfall, Average depth of rainfall over an area, Mean annual rainfall, consistency of rainfall record, Double
mass curve; Infiltration – Factors affecting and its determination, Evaporation and Evapo-Transpiration. Runoff – factors
affecting runoff, methods of determination of runoff, stream gauging.
UNIT-II:
Hydrograph analysis: Base flow separation, Unit Hydrograph – Hydrograph of different durations, applications of unit
hydrograph, S-hydrograph, Flood Forecasting Techniques.
Ground Water Hydrology: Mechanics of interstitial flow, definitions, sub surface distribution of water, types of aquifers,
ground water movement, Darcy’s law, Well hydraulics – steady flow into wells in Un-confined and confined aquifers,
determination of hydraulic properties of aquifer, pumping test and recuperation test methods for determination of yield of
open well.
UNIT-III:
Reservoir Planning: Types of reservoir investigations for reservoir planning, selection of site for a reservoir, zones of
storage in a reservoir, reservoir yield, mass curve and demand curve, determination of reservoir capacity, yield from a
reservoir of given capacity, operating schedules, guide curve for reservoir operation, apportionment of total cost of a multi
purpose project, reservoir sedimentation, control of reservoir sedimentation, useful life of a reservoir.
UNIT-IV:
Irrigation: Definition of irrigation, types of irrigation systems – direct and indirect, lift and inundation irrigation system,
methods of irrigation – surface and sprinkler methods, drip irrigation, Soil moisture constants, depth of water held by soil in
root zone. Water requirements of crops, Duty, Delta, Base period and their relationship, crop seasons, factors affecting duty
and methods of improving duty, consumptive use of water, determination of canal capacities for cropping patterns.
UNIT-V:
Canal Systems: Classification of irrigation canals – canal alignment, design of unlined canals, regime theories – Kennedy’s
and lacey’s theories, tractive - force method, design problems – balancing depth of canal.
irrigation water management deals with various management aspects such as canal management, designing irrigation systems, irrigation efficiency, scheduling and water quaility etc.
Civil v-hydrology and irrigation engineering [10 cv55]-notesSuryenn Edwie Mon
WRE: UNIT–I:
Surface Water Hydrology: Water Resources in India, Hydrology in water Resources Planning –Precipitation – Types,
Measurement of rainfall, Average depth of rainfall over an area, Mean annual rainfall, consistency of rainfall record, Double
mass curve; Infiltration – Factors affecting and its determination, Evaporation and Evapo-Transpiration. Runoff – factors
affecting runoff, methods of determination of runoff, stream gauging.
UNIT-II:
Hydrograph analysis: Base flow separation, Unit Hydrograph – Hydrograph of different durations, applications of unit
hydrograph, S-hydrograph, Flood Forecasting Techniques.
Ground Water Hydrology: Mechanics of interstitial flow, definitions, sub surface distribution of water, types of aquifers,
ground water movement, Darcy’s law, Well hydraulics – steady flow into wells in Un-confined and confined aquifers,
determination of hydraulic properties of aquifer, pumping test and recuperation test methods for determination of yield of
open well.
UNIT-III:
Reservoir Planning: Types of reservoir investigations for reservoir planning, selection of site for a reservoir, zones of
storage in a reservoir, reservoir yield, mass curve and demand curve, determination of reservoir capacity, yield from a
reservoir of given capacity, operating schedules, guide curve for reservoir operation, apportionment of total cost of a multi
purpose project, reservoir sedimentation, control of reservoir sedimentation, useful life of a reservoir.
UNIT-IV:
Irrigation: Definition of irrigation, types of irrigation systems – direct and indirect, lift and inundation irrigation system,
methods of irrigation – surface and sprinkler methods, drip irrigation, Soil moisture constants, depth of water held by soil in
root zone. Water requirements of crops, Duty, Delta, Base period and their relationship, crop seasons, factors affecting duty
and methods of improving duty, consumptive use of water, determination of canal capacities for cropping patterns.
UNIT-V:
Canal Systems: Classification of irrigation canals – canal alignment, design of unlined canals, regime theories – Kennedy’s
and lacey’s theories, tractive - force method, design problems – balancing depth of canal.
irrigation water management deals with various management aspects such as canal management, designing irrigation systems, irrigation efficiency, scheduling and water quaility etc.
Budgetary Considerations in Governmental AccountingNeveenJamal
The main purpose of government is to provide a variety of services to their citizens.
Most of governmental resources are derived from those who pay taxes, but most tax payer do not pay taxes.
Therefore, It can be said that the various services provided by government must compete with each other for scarce resources.
Budget is a process that provides for accumulating resources and for allocating them among competing programs.
Budgetary Considerations in Governmental AccountingNeveenJamal
The main purpose of government is to provide a variety of services to their citizens.
Most of governmental resources are derived from those who pay taxes, but most tax payer do not pay taxes.
Therefore, It can be said that the various services provided by government must compete with each other for scarce resources.
Budget is a process that provides for accumulating resources and for allocating them among competing programs.
Health and Society (Chapter 11, "You May Ask Yourself")Emily Coffey
A review of the social issues surrounding health, wellness and access to healthcare, particularly in America. Appropriate for 100-level sociology courses. If you like it, feel free to use it!
----
"You May Ask Yourself" second edition (2011), D. Conley, W.W. Norton - Chapter 11
----
*** This is only my "reworking" of pre-packaged PPT files included textbook published by W.W. Norton. Some materials copyright by W.W.Norton.
This project was the final project for the Marketing Management 2 course at McGill university. We represented team MAC, and "battled" against team Make Up Forever, a competing cosmetics brand. This project resulted in our team winning the battle, as well as top marks in the class.
The full video of the workshop can be viewed at http://goo.gl/r1nnvn. .
TThe MSA Launch (http://bit.ly/1yhQPZV) is a 5-day event aiming to provide an introduction to MaGIC Academy. It is presented as a condensed version of how MaGIC Academy is going to contribute to you and the startup community. You will be able to experience a series of workshops, skill and sharing knowledge opportunity, and mentoring with our selected network of mentors.
Website : www.mymagic.my
Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/magic.cyberjaya
Twitter : https://twitter.com/magiccyberjaya
Youtube : http://goo.gl/HvrRLa
SlideShare : http://slidesha.re/1BfSncP
Email : enquiries@mymagic.my
FinanceTest ISummer 20191. Using the following data, prepare a .docxericn8
FinanceTest ISummer 2019
1. Using the following data, prepare a three-stage ROE decomposition (DuPont Analysis) for Home Depot.
Return on equity (ROE)
12%
Sales
$5,000
Current ratio
2.29
Dividend payout ratio
25%
Dividends paid
$100
Total liabilities
$4,000
Accounts payable
$600
My work:
1) ROE = Net Income/Sales x Sales/ Equity (or 12%)
2) ROE = Net Income/ Sales x Sales/Assets x Assets/Equity
or …….(400/5,000) (5,000/ Assets) (Assets/Equity)
3) ROE = (Net Profit Margin) (Asset Turnover) (Equity Multiple)
Side notes:
(Accounts Payable) (Current Ratio) = 1,374/ 600 = 2.29
Current assets = 1,374
Current Liability or Accounts payable = 600
Current ratio = 2.29
2. Your task is to update your firm’s long-term financial model (that was originally prepared last year). In financial modeling, a key assumption involves the firm’s dividend policy, as typically specified by the firm’s payout ratio.
You recognize many differences between today and last year.
Last year, the Treasury Yield Curve was upward sloping. Today, the Treasury Yield Curve is inverted. Last year, the Fed was expected to raise interest rates. Today, the Fed is expected to lower interest rates. We also know the following:
TodayLast year
Forward P/E
16
20
Equity Multiplier
2.50
1.95
Based on the differences described above, would you expect the payout ratio in this year’s financial model to be higher or lower than it was last year? Briefly explain.
Based on the differences above, I expect that the payout ratio in this year’s financial model to be lower along with short term headwinds. The earnings per share is going down and the price is taking a hit. Also, assets are leaning towards the heavier side.
3. Glencore will need to have $3,000 on June 20, 2023 (four years from now) to purchase new equipment. To accumulate this money, it will make four equal investments, with the first of the equal investments beginning one year from now.
a. If Glencore can earn an annual interest rate of 10%, how much must it invest per year?
My work:
P1 = 646.41 x 1.10
P2 = 646.41 x 1.10
P3 = 646.41 x 1.10
P4 = 646.41 x 1.10
Invest per year = $646.41
=PMT (10%,4,0,3000,0)
b. After presenting your findings from the above calculation, Glencore’s CFO asks you to consider an alternative scenario. Both changes are to occur today and will continue throughout the four years. You are to consider both changes simultaneously.
1. The interest rate will increase today and remain at that higher level.
2. There will still be four equal investments, but the first investment will occur immediately.
Without doing any calculations, how would these changes (considered simultaneously) affect your answer in part a? Using no more than 50 words, carefully justify your response. Do not write more 50 words.
My response:
With a higher rate (ex: 12%) Glencore’s money is working harder. If less money is put down, then more money will result in t.
Solution Manual Accounting 7th Edition by Birt & Chalmers.pdfabashari1298
This is a sample from "Solution Manual Accounting 7th Edition by Birt & Chalmers".
Full Complete Solutions are available too.
I can send full complete Solution Manual for anyone who contact me on E. M ail.
"Accounting: Business Reporting for Decision Making" by Jacqueline Birt, Keryn Chalmers, and Suzanne Maloney is a widely used textbook that covers key concepts in accounting and financial reporting. The seventh edition builds upon previous editions to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of accounting principles and their application in real-world business contexts.
The book covers topics such as financial accounting, management accounting, corporate governance, ethics, and the role of accounting information in decision-making processes. It is designed to cater to the needs of both accounting majors and non-accounting majors, offering a balance between theoretical concepts and practical applications.
Throughout the text, the authors emphasize the importance of accounting information in helping businesses make informed decisions. Case studies, examples, and exercises are included to help reinforce key concepts and encourage critical thinking.
Overall, "Accounting: Business Reporting for Decision Making" is a valuable resource for students studying accounting, finance, or business, as well as professionals who want to deepen their understanding of financial reporting practices and their implications for decision making within organizations.
Introducing The Business Brains-- How to create a perfect business plan and save years of frustration. You can explore business plan basics, the executive summary, the mission statement, exploring financial needs, evaluating the competition and the troubles you face during your journey through the path.
Evaluating Financial PerformanceIn this section, we will learn a.docxturveycharlyn
Evaluating Financial Performance
In this section, we will learn about one of the primary analytical tools commonly used to evaluate the financial performance of the firm—financial ratio analysis. Its use provides a financially sound, analytically powerful, and widely accepted approach for evaluating many critical aspects of a firm's financial performance.
Over the years, many standard financial ratio formulas have been developed and employed to evaluate various and specific aspects of a firm's financial performance. The art of this technique now rests in organizing these ratios for effective implementation, properly applying them in practice, and knowing the limitation of this technique. Because most textbooks cover this subject in detail and adequately develop the theory behind each financial ratio, in this section we will concentrate on two supplemental topics: (1) organizing the key financial ratios according to their application and (2) providing some additional perspectives regarding the uses and limitations of these techniques.
Organizing Financial Ratios by Application
The purpose of a financial ratio is to define a theoretically meaningful relationship between selected activities of the firm's financial statements that can provide insight into the firm's financial performance. Different practitioners and textbooks sometimes group the financial ratios differently. There are at least 15–20 standard financial ratios plus variations of some of them. Therefore, it is easy to lose sight of the forest for the trees.
Also, different practitioners and textbooks often group the financial ratios differently. One of the more logical and useful ways to group these ratios is by their ability to answer the following four key questions related to financial performance evaluation.
1. How liquid is the firm?
2. How effective is the firm in generating profits on its assets?
3. How is the firm financing its assets?
4. Are the shareholder returns adequate?
Using these four questions, the financial ratios can be grouped by category and be readily available to analyze a firm according to four different perspectives. Here is a detailed chart that organizes 10 key standard financial ratio formulas by the above four perspectives.
The Uses and Limitations of Financial Ratios
Who Uses Financial Ratio Analysis?
In addition to the management of the firm, a wide variety of individuals and organizations, for a variety of purposes, use financial ratios to evaluate the financial statements of publicly traded firms. The following is a list of some of the major users of financial ratios and their general purposes for doing so.
1. Investors and investment brokers use analysis to
· evaluate alternative investments' risks versus returns
· identify trends as indicators of a firm's future performance
· identify opportunities and risks in future investment
1. Banks use analysis to
· evaluate loans to firms
· evaluate loans to individuals (personal financial statements.
BCO114 ACCOUNTING I Task brief & rubrics Task Final Ass.docxjasoninnes20
BCO114 ACCOUNTING I Task brief & rubrics
Task: Final Assignment (40% of the Final grade)
You must answer all the questions in the proposed business case.
This task assesses the following learning outcomes:
• Critically understand the differences between the methods of valuation of the inventory
• Knowing how to properly elaborate an income statement and determine the ending inventory balance.
LAUNCH: WEEK 10 / DELIVERY: MAY 10th, 2020, 23:59HRS ON MOODLE
Submission file format: Excel document with all the answers, clearly identifying all steps, results, journals and including comments besides each answer.
BUSINESS CASE (100 points)
Jim has recently opened a dry fruits wholesale company dedicated to the sale of peanuts, almonds and pistachios.
During its first month of activity, the company has made the following transactions:
February 2: Purchase of Pistachios: [email protected]$/Kg $ 25.000
Purchase of Almonds: 4.000Kg @ 5$/Kg $ 20.000
Purchas of Peanuts: 6.000Kg @ 3$/ Kg $ 18.000
February 3: Purchase of Pistachios: [email protected]$/Kg $18.000
Purchase of Almonds: 2.000Kg @ 6$/Kg $ 12.000
Purchas of Peanuts: 2.000Kg @ 4$/ Kg $ 18.000
mailto:[email protected]$/Kg
mailto:[email protected]$/Kg
February 6: Sold to several clients:
Pistachios: [email protected] 20$/Kg $40.000
Almonds: 2.500Kg @ 11$/Kg $ 27.500
Peanuts: 3.000Kg @ 7$/ Kg $ 21.000
February 6: Sold to Fruits Lovers Inc.:
Pistachios: 500Kg @20$/Kg. $ 10.000
Almonds: 1.000Kg @ 11$/Kg $ 11.000
Peanuts: 1.500Kg @ 8$/ Kg $ 12.000
February 12 Purchase of Pistachios: [email protected]$/Kg $ 21.000
Purchase of almonds: 2.000Kg @ 8$/Kg $ 16.000
February 13: Sale of peanuts to Peanuts Lovers Inc.: 3.500Kg @8$/kg $ 28.000
February 14: Purchase of Peanuts 6.000 Kg @4$/Kg $24.000
February 19: Sold to several clients:
Pistachios: [email protected] 21$/Kg. $ 21.000
Almonds: 1.500Kg @ 13$/Kg $ 19.500
Peanuts: 3.000Kg @ 9$/ Kg $ 27.000
February 25: Purchased from various suppliers:
Pistachios: [email protected]$/Kg. $ 13.000
mailto:[email protected]$/Kg
mailto:[email protected]$/Kg
Almonds: 1.000Kg @ 9$/Kg $ 9.000
Peanuts: 1.000Kg @ 4$/ Kg $ 4.000
Besides these transactions, the company has had the following expenses:
Salaries: $3500
Electricity bill: $300
Renting of equipment: &800
Rent of warehouse and office: $1.500
Miscellaneous: $1.200
Jim’s accountant recommended that he should use the average cost method in order to determine the cost of the inventory sold but he is not sur e about the
consequences it nay have on his financial situation
Relying on your accounting knowledge, Jim asks you the following questions:
1: Why in your opinion did Jim’s accountant recommend the average cost method and what difference is there whit the three other methods? Explain the main
c ...
BCO114 ACCOUNTING I Task brief & rubrics Task Final Ass.docxgarnerangelika
BCO114 ACCOUNTING I Task brief & rubrics
Task: Final Assignment (40% of the Final grade)
You must answer all the questions in the proposed business case.
This task assesses the following learning outcomes:
• Critically understand the differences between the methods of valuation of the inventory
• Knowing how to properly elaborate an income statement and determine the ending inventory balance.
LAUNCH: WEEK 10 / DELIVERY: MAY 10th, 2020, 23:59HRS ON MOODLE
Submission file format: Excel document with all the answers, clearly identifying all steps, results, journals and including comments besides each answer.
BUSINESS CASE (100 points)
Jim has recently opened a dry fruits wholesale company dedicated to the sale of peanuts, almonds and pistachios.
During its first month of activity, the company has made the following transactions:
February 2: Purchase of Pistachios: [email protected]$/Kg $ 25.000
Purchase of Almonds: 4.000Kg @ 5$/Kg $ 20.000
Purchas of Peanuts: 6.000Kg @ 3$/ Kg $ 18.000
February 3: Purchase of Pistachios: [email protected]$/Kg $18.000
Purchase of Almonds: 2.000Kg @ 6$/Kg $ 12.000
Purchas of Peanuts: 2.000Kg @ 4$/ Kg $ 18.000
mailto:[email protected]$/Kg
mailto:[email protected]$/Kg
February 6: Sold to several clients:
Pistachios: [email protected] 20$/Kg $40.000
Almonds: 2.500Kg @ 11$/Kg $ 27.500
Peanuts: 3.000Kg @ 7$/ Kg $ 21.000
February 6: Sold to Fruits Lovers Inc.:
Pistachios: 500Kg @20$/Kg. $ 10.000
Almonds: 1.000Kg @ 11$/Kg $ 11.000
Peanuts: 1.500Kg @ 8$/ Kg $ 12.000
February 12 Purchase of Pistachios: [email protected]$/Kg $ 21.000
Purchase of almonds: 2.000Kg @ 8$/Kg $ 16.000
February 13: Sale of peanuts to Peanuts Lovers Inc.: 3.500Kg @8$/kg $ 28.000
February 14: Purchase of Peanuts 6.000 Kg @4$/Kg $24.000
February 19: Sold to several clients:
Pistachios: [email protected] 21$/Kg. $ 21.000
Almonds: 1.500Kg @ 13$/Kg $ 19.500
Peanuts: 3.000Kg @ 9$/ Kg $ 27.000
February 25: Purchased from various suppliers:
Pistachios: [email protected]$/Kg. $ 13.000
mailto:[email protected]$/Kg
mailto:[email protected]$/Kg
Almonds: 1.000Kg @ 9$/Kg $ 9.000
Peanuts: 1.000Kg @ 4$/ Kg $ 4.000
Besides these transactions, the company has had the following expenses:
Salaries: $3500
Electricity bill: $300
Renting of equipment: &800
Rent of warehouse and office: $1.500
Miscellaneous: $1.200
Jim’s accountant recommended that he should use the average cost method in order to determine the cost of the inventory sold but he is not sur e about the
consequences it nay have on his financial situation
Relying on your accounting knowledge, Jim asks you the following questions:
1: Why in your opinion did Jim’s accountant recommend the average cost method and what difference is there whit the three other methods? Explain the main
c.
BSBFIM601
Manage finances
DESCRIBE RESPONSIBILITY ACCOUNTING
The process of measuring and reporting
operating data by areas of responsibility.
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
RELATING TO A BUDGET IS NOT TRUE?
It is a detailed plan
It is a management tool
It provides many of the performance targets used
in responsibility accounting
It is prepared on a historical basis
It identifies certain financial and operating
targets
DETAIL 4 DIFFERENT TYPES OF BUDGETS, AND
THEIR PURPOSES.
REVENUE BUDGETS
The revenue budget is a forecast because it is
based on projecting future sales. Managers must
take into consideration their competitors,
advertising budget, sales force effectiveness and
other relevant factors, and they must make an
estimate of sales volume. Then, based on
estimates of demand at various prices, managers
must select an appropriate sales price. The result
is the revenue budget.
EXPENSE BUDGETS
Found in all units within a firm and in not-for-
profit and profit-making organisations alike.
Expense budgets list the primary activities
undertaken by a unit to achieve its goals and
allocate a dollar amount to each. Managers give
particular attention to those that remain
relatively unchanged regardless of volume. As
production drops, the variable expenses tend to
control themselves because they fall with volume.
CASH BUDGETS
Cash budgets are forecasts of how much cash the
organisation will have on hand and how much it
will need to meet expenses. This budget can
reveal potential shortages or the availability of
surplus cash for short-term investments.
CAPITAL EXPENDITURE BUDGETS
Investments in property, buildings and major
equipment are called capital expenditures. These
are typically substantial expenditures both in
terms of magnitude and duration. The magnitude
and duration of these investments can justify the
development of separate budgets for these
expenditures. Such capital expenditure budgets
allow management to forecast future capital
requirements, to keep on top of important capital
projects, and to ensure that adequate cash is
available to meet these expenditures as they
become due
INFORMATION WOULD YOU REQUIRE TO PLAN
AND PREPARE A BUDGET FOR A NEW BUSINESS
Identify
what do we want to achieve?
how will we go about it?
what resources will we need?
how many people?
how much time?
what rates of pay?
what can go wrong and how can we plan for
emergencies
Talk with managers, supervisors, customers,
banks, etc
EXTERNAL FACTORS
Direct costs
Salaries and Wages
Contract Teaching
Casual Staff Costs
Overheads
Consumables
Other Contract & Consultants
Non Capitalised Equipment
Entertainment
Scholarships
Repairs & Maintenance
Travel
Other Direct Costs
TERMS
CAPITAL INVESTMENT
...
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population aging
Financial plan for new enterprise
1. 9/3/2011 6:04:45 AM by Dr.Rajesh Patel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com 1 The Financial Plan For New Enterprise
2. 9/3/2011 6:04:49 AM 2 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com I. THE FINANCIAL PLAN A. The financial plan provides a complete picture of: 1. How much and when the funds are coming into the organization. 2. Where the funds are going. 3. How much cash is available. 4. The projected financial position of the firm. B. The financial plan provides the short-term basis for budgeting and helps prevent a common problem—lack of cash. C. The financial plan must explain how the entrepreneur will meet all financial obligations and maintain its liquidity. D. In general, the financial plan will need three years of projected financial data for outside investors.
3. 9/3/2011 6:04:49 AM 3 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com II. OPERATING AND CAPITAL BUDGETS A. Before developing the pro forma income statement, the entrepreneur should prepare operating and capital budgets. 1. If the entrepreneur is a sole proprietor, he or she will be responsible for the budgeting decisions. 2. In a partnership, or where employees exist, the initial budgeting process may begin with one of these individuals. 3. Final determination of budgets will ultimately rest with the owners or entrepreneurs.
4. 9/3/2011 6:04:49 AM 4 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com B. In the preparation of the pro forma income statement, the entrepreneur must first develop a sales budget, an estimate of the expected volume of sales by month. 1. From sales forecasts, the entrepreneur will determine the cost of these sales. 2. Estimated ending inventory needed as a buffer will also be included.
5. 9/3/2011 6:04:49 AM 5 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com C. Production or Manufacturing Budget. 1. This budget provides a basis for projecting cash flows for the cost of goods produced. 2. The actual production required each month and the needed inventory to allow for changes in demand are important. 3. This budget reflects seasonal demand or marketing programs which can increase demand and inventory. 4. The pro forma income statement will only reflect the actual costs of goods sold as a direct expense. 5. The budget can be a valuable tool to assess cash needs.
6. 9/3/2011 6:04:49 AM 6 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com D. Operating Budget. 1. The next focus is on operating costs. 2. Fixed expenses (those incurred regardless of sales volume) include rent, utilities, salaries, interest, depreciation, and insurance. 3. The entrepreneur will need to calculate variable expenses, which may change from month to month depending on sales volume, such as advertising and selling expenses. 4. This budget provides the basis for the pro forma statements.
7. 9/3/2011 6:04:49 AM 7 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com E. Capital budgets are used for evaluating expenditures that will impact the business for more than one year. 1. A capital budget may project expenditures for new equipment, vehicles, computers, or new facilities. 2. These decisions can include computing of cost of capital and anticipated return on investment using present value methods. 3.The entrepreneur should enlist the assistance of an accountant.
8. 9/3/2011 6:04:49 AM 8 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com III. PRO FORMA INCOME STATEMENTS A. Sales are the major source of revenue; since other activities relate to sales, it is usually the first item defined. B. In preparing the pro forma incomestatement, sales by month must be calculated first. 1. Market research, industry sales, and trial experience might provide the basis for these figures. 2. It may be possible to find financial data on similar start-ups. 3. Forecasting techniques, such as a survey of buyers’ intentions or expert opinions, can also be used. 4. The costs for achieving increases in sales can be higher in early months.
9. 9/3/2011 6:04:51 AM 9 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com C. Sales revenues for an Internet start-up are often more difficult to project. 1. Expensive advertising is needed to attract visitors to the site. 2. There will be little sales revenue until site traffic increases. 3. A giftware Internet start-up could project the number of average hits expected per day or month based on industry data. 4. From the number of “hits” it is possible to project the number of consumers who will buy products and the average dollar amount per transaction.
10. 9/3/2011 6:04:51 AM 10 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com D. The pro forma income statements also provide projections of all operating expenses for each month of the first year. 1. Selling expenses as a percentage of sales may also be higher initially. 2. Salaries and wages reflect the number of personnel employed and their roles in the organization. 3. Any unusual expenses, such as those for a key trade show, should be flagged and explained at the bottom.
11. 9/3/2011 6:04:51 AM 11 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com E. In addition to the monthly pro forma income statement for the first year, projections should be made for years 2 and 3. 1. Investors generally prefer to see three years of income projections. 2. Some expenses will remain stable over time, like depreciation, utilities, rent, insurance, and interest. 3. Selling expenses, advertising, salaries and wages, and taxes may be represented as a percentage of projected net sales. 4. When calculating the projected operating expense, it is important to be conservative for initial planning purposes.
12. 9/3/2011 6:04:51 AM 12 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com F. For the Internet start-up, capital budgeting and operating expenses will involve equipment purchasing or leasing, inventory, and advertising expenses.
13. 9/3/2011 6:04:51 AM 13 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com IV. PRO FORMA CASH FLOW A. Cash flow is not the same as profit. 1. Profit is the result of subtracting expenses from sales. 2. Cash flow is the difference between actual cash receipts and cash payments. 3. Cash flows only when actual payments are made or received. 4. Depreciation is an expense, which reduces profit, not a cash outlay.
14. 9/3/2011 6:04:59 AM 14 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com B. For an Internet start-up, transactions would involve the use of a credit card—1-3% of the sale would be paid as a fee to the credit card company.
15. 9/3/2011 6:04:59 AM 15 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com C. On many occasions, profitable firms fail because of lack of cash; therefore, using profit as a means of success may be deceiving.
16. 9/3/2011 6:04:59 AM 16 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com D. There are two standard methods used to project cash flow. 1. In the indirect method some adjustments are made to the net income based on the fact that actual cash may not have actual been receive or disbursed. 2. The direct method, a simple determination of cash in less cash out, gives a fast indication of the cash position of the new venture at a point in time.
17. 9/3/2011 6:05:00 AM 17 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com E. It is important for the entrepreneur to make monthly projections of cash, pro forma cash flow. 1. If disbursements are greater than receipts in any time period, funds will have to be borrowed or cash reserve tapped. 2. Large positive cash flows may need to be invested in short-term sources. 3. Usually the first few months of start-up will require external cash in order to cover cash outlays. 4. Negative cash flows are very likely for a new venture.
18. 9/3/2011 6:05:00 AM 18 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com F. The most difficult problem with projecting cash flows is determining the exact monthly receipts and disbursements. 1. Assumptions should be conservative so enough funds can be maintained to cover the negative cash months. 2. Using conservative estimates, cash flow can be determined for each month. 3. These cash flows will also help determine how much money will need to be borrowed.
19. 9/3/2011 6:05:00 AM 19 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com The pro forma cash flow is based on best estimates and may need to be revised to ensure accuracy. H. It is useful to provide several scenarios, each based on different levels of success.
20. 9/3/2011 6:05:00 AM 20 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com V. PRO FORMA BALANCE SHEET A. The entrepreneur should also prepare a projected balance sheet depicting the condition of the business at the end of the first year. 1. The pro forma balance sheet reflects the position of the business at the end of the first year. 2. Every business transaction affects the balance sheet. 3. The balance sheet is a picture of the business at one moment in time and does not cover a period of time. B. Assets. 1. Assets represent everything of value that is owned by the business. 2. Value is not necessary replacement cost—it is the actual cost expended for the asset. 3. The assets are categorized as current or fixed.
21. 9/3/2011 6:05:00 AM 21 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com C. Liabilities. 1. Liabilitiesaccounts represent everything owed to creditors. 2. Current liabilities are due within a year. 3. Others are long-term debts. 4. It is often necessary to delay payments of bills in order to more effectively manage cash flow. 5. During recessions many firms hold back payment of their bills to better manage cash flow.
22. 9/3/2011 6:05:00 AM 22 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com D. Owners equity is the excess of all assets over all liabilities. 1. Owner equity represents the net worth of the business. 2. Any profit from the business will also be included in the net worth as retained earnings.
23. 9/3/2011 6:05:00 AM 23 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com VI. BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS
24. 9/3/2011 6:05:00 AM 24 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com A. The entrepreneur should know when a profit may be achieved. 1. Break-evenanalysisis a technique for determining how many units must be sold in order to break even. 2. The firm has fixed cost obligations that must be covered by sales volume in order for a company to break even. 3. Breakeven is that volume of sales at which the business will neither make a profit nor incur a loss. 4. The break-even sales point is the volume of sales needed to cover total variable and fixed expenses.
25. 9/3/2011 6:05:00 AM 25 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com B. The break-even formula is: B/E (Q) = TFC SP-VC/unit (marginal contribution) 1. As long as the selling price is greater than the variable costs per unit, some contribution can be made to cover fixed costs. 2. The major weakness in calculating breakeven is determining whether a cost is fixed or variable. 3. Costs such as depreciation, salaries and wages, rent, and insurance are usually fixed costs. 4. Materials, selling expenses, and direct labor are most likely variable costs.
26. 9/3/2011 6:05:00 AM 26 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com C. When the firm produces more than one product, break-even may be calculated for each product. D. The entrepreneur can try different states of nature, such as different selling prices, to see the impact on breakeven and profits.
27. 9/3/2011 6:05:00 AM 27 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com PRO FORMA SOURCES AND APPLICATIONS OF FUNDS
28. 9/3/2011 6:05:00 AM 28 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com A. The pro forma sources and applications of funds statement illustrates the disposition of earnings from operations and from financing. 1. Its purpose is to show how net income and financing were used. 2. It is often difficult for the entrepreneur to understand how the net income was disposed of. B. Typical sources of funds are from operations, new investments, long term borrowing, and sale of assets. C. The major uses or applications of funds are to increase assets, retire long term liabilities, reduce owner equity, and pay dividends. D. This statement emphasizes the interrelationship of these items to working capital.
29. 9/3/2011 6:05:00 AM 29 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com VIII. SOFTWARE PACKAGES A. There are several financial software packages that can track financial data and generate any important financial statement. 1. The easiest way to complete pro forma statements is to use a spreadsheet program. 2. Microsoft Excel is the most widely used spreadsheet software. 3. Using a spreadsheet for financial projections in the start-up phase helps present different scenarios and assess their impact on the pro forma statements.
30. 9/3/2011 6:05:01 AM 30 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com B. In the start-up stage where the venture is very small and resources and time limited, the software selected should be very simple and easy to use. 1. Most packages allow check writing, payroll, invoicing, inventory management, bill paying, credit management, and taxes; they can be purchased locally or online. 2. The most popular software packages are QuickBooks, Peachtree, MYBO, and Vision Point. 3. Other packages go beyond accounting functions to include inventory, manufacturing, order entry, and billing. a. Examples: Small Business Manager, Business Works, and Business Suite. b. These need to be purchased directly from the company. C. The entrepreneur may want to discuss the options with a friend or associate who is familiar with the entrepreneur’s needs and the benefits of each software package.
31. 9/3/2011 6:05:01 AM 31 by Dr.RajeshPatel,NRV MBA,email:1966patel@gmail.com Thank You!!!