Financial concepts
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Assignment for my macroeconomics class covering fiancial markets, financial intermediaries & institutions, the federal government deficit as well as time value money concepts.
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The document summarizes the Loanable Funds theory, which describes how household savings are made available to borrowers through financial institutions and markets. According to the theory, savings are the source of loanable funds that are supplied to the loanable funds market. Demand for loanable funds comes from borrowing by firms, individuals, and the government. When the supply and demand for loanable funds is in equilibrium, it guarantees that total spending in the economy will match total income, according to Say's Law. The interest rate adjusts to clear the loanable funds market.
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The document summarizes concepts related to interest rates, including:
1) Interest rates are determined by the equilibrium between the demand for and supply of loanable funds. The demand comes from those wanting to borrow, while the supply comes from savings.
2) Nominal interest rates do not account for inflation, while real interest rates are adjusted for expected inflation.
3) In bond markets, the demand for bonds is negatively related to interest rates, while the supply is positively related. Equilibrium occurs where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.
4) According to Keynes, interest rates are determined by liquidity preference and the demand for and supply of money, not loanable funds. Higher income or
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Bonds.pdf
A government bond is a debt security issued by a government to raise funds for spending and obligations. Government bonds can pay periodic interest payments and are considered low-risk investments as the issuing government backs them. Individual and institutional investors can purchase government bonds directly from the Treasury or in secondary markets. The main types of government bonds discussed are zero-coupon bonds, which do not pay interest but offer full face value at maturity, and floating-rate notes, which have variable interest rates tied to a benchmark. Corporate bond yields are influenced by macroeconomic factors like economic growth, inflation, and interest rates, as well as company-specific metrics. Periods of economic growth and low inflation tend to lower yields while rising rates or slowing growth increase yields
Bond valuation
- Bond valuation involves discounting future cash flows from bonds like coupon payments and principal repayment to calculate the present value, which is the bond price.
- Zero-coupon bonds pay the full face value at maturity with no interim coupon payments, while coupon bonds pay regular interest payments and repay the principal.
- Bond prices are inversely related to interest rates - they fall when rates rise and vice versa. Longer-term bonds are more sensitive to interest rate changes.
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This document defines key financial terms related to interest rates, bonds, and capital budgeting. It provides formulas for calculating simple and compound interest, present value, future value, real and nominal interest rates, yield to maturity, net present value, and internal rate of return. Examples are given for coupon bonds, zero-coupon bonds, treasury bonds, and consol bonds. Factors that can shift the supply and demand of bonds and money are also outlined.
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The document summarizes the Loanable Funds theory, which describes how household savings are made available to borrowers through financial institutions and markets. According to the theory, savings are the source of loanable funds that are supplied to the loanable funds market. Demand for loanable funds comes from borrowing by firms, individuals, and the government. When the supply and demand for loanable funds is in equilibrium, it guarantees that total spending in the economy will match total income, according to Say's Law. The interest rate adjusts to clear the loanable funds market.
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The document discusses liability-driven investing (LDI), which matches investment assets to future liabilities. It describes how splitting assets into multiple sub-portfolios for different purposes like bonds for income and stocks for growth can help clients better understand their allocation strategy. Individual bonds are preferable to bond funds for LDI because they are not subject to interest rate risk and can more accurately match targeted cash flows. The document compares LDI to other income strategies like annuities and dividend stocks.
The behaviour of interest rates
The document summarizes concepts related to interest rates, including:
1) Interest rates are determined by the equilibrium between the demand for and supply of loanable funds. The demand comes from those wanting to borrow, while the supply comes from savings.
2) Nominal interest rates do not account for inflation, while real interest rates are adjusted for expected inflation.
3) In bond markets, the demand for bonds is negatively related to interest rates, while the supply is positively related. Equilibrium occurs where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.
4) According to Keynes, interest rates are determined by liquidity preference and the demand for and supply of money, not loanable funds. Higher income or
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The document discusses various types of banking and financial services institutions and products. It describes commercial banks, savings and loans associations, credit unions, and other non-deposit institutions. It also explains different financial services offered, the history and structure of the Federal Reserve system, and its roles in monetary policy and bank supervision. Various savings alternatives like savings accounts, certificates of deposit, money market accounts, and US savings bonds are also outlined and compared in terms of risk, return, liquidity, and suitability for different savings goals.
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This document discusses macroeconomic concepts including the real and monetary sectors of the economy, the interaction of consumers, savers, lenders, borrowers and monetary authorities in determining national income and interest rates. It presents a basic model of how equilibrium income and interest rates are determined by the balance of money demand and supply. It then discusses applications of the model including the effects of fiscal and monetary policy changes.
Bonds.pdf
A government bond is a debt security issued by a government to raise funds for spending and obligations. Government bonds can pay periodic interest payments and are considered low-risk investments as the issuing government backs them. Individual and institutional investors can purchase government bonds directly from the Treasury or in secondary markets. The main types of government bonds discussed are zero-coupon bonds, which do not pay interest but offer full face value at maturity, and floating-rate notes, which have variable interest rates tied to a benchmark. Corporate bond yields are influenced by macroeconomic factors like economic growth, inflation, and interest rates, as well as company-specific metrics. Periods of economic growth and low inflation tend to lower yields while rising rates or slowing growth increase yields
Bond valuation
- Bond valuation involves discounting future cash flows from bonds like coupon payments and principal repayment to calculate the present value, which is the bond price.
- Zero-coupon bonds pay the full face value at maturity with no interim coupon payments, while coupon bonds pay regular interest payments and repay the principal.
- Bond prices are inversely related to interest rates - they fall when rates rise and vice versa. Longer-term bonds are more sensitive to interest rate changes.
Interest rates
This document defines key financial terms related to interest rates, bonds, and capital budgeting. It provides formulas for calculating simple and compound interest, present value, future value, real and nominal interest rates, yield to maturity, net present value, and internal rate of return. Examples are given for coupon bonds, zero-coupon bonds, treasury bonds, and consol bonds. Factors that can shift the supply and demand of bonds and money are also outlined.
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The document discusses the key factors that influence changes in interest rates. It explains that interest rates are determined by the supply and demand of funds in the market. A rise in interest rates occurs when demand for borrowing increases or supply of savings decreases, while a fall happens in the reverse situation. It then analyzes how savings behaviors, central bank actions, and economic conditions of countries can impact supply and demand in the market. Specifically, wealthy nations save more so have lower rates, while central banks use tools like bond purchases and lending rates to influence market rates.
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The document defines coupon rate as the interest rate stated on a bond, expressed as a percentage of the principal. The coupon rate is used to calculate the periodic interest payments made to bondholders until maturity. There is an inverse relationship between bond prices and interest rates - as interest rates rise, bond prices fall and vice versa. Calculating the yield to maturity accounts for the time value of money and all expected future coupon payments. Key risks for bond investors include interest rate risk, reinvestment risk, and credit/default risk if the bond issuer is unable to repay the debt.
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The document discusses interest rates and bond yields. It covers two main theories of how interest rates are determined: the loanable funds theory and liquidity preference theory. The loanable funds theory states that interest rates are determined by the supply and demand of loanable funds in the market. The liquidity preference theory argues that interest rates are determined by the supply of money and demand to hold money. The document also discusses how various economic factors can influence interest rate movements. It defines bond yields and the yield to maturity calculation.
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The document provides an introduction to bonds, including how they are issued, their key features and types. It defines a bond as a debt security where the issuer owes the holder principal plus interest. Bonds are issued through underwriting by banks or firms. Their main features include the coupon rate, maturity date and issuer. The riskiness of a bond depends on the issuer, with government bonds being lowest risk.
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The Cypriot bank deposit crisis has put a modern spin on Mark Twain's "It's not the return on my money but the return OF my money that counts." The unthinkable possibilities ahead emanate from the epic gap between a government's financing needs and its ability to sell debt. This has prompted politicians to consider options that were previously considered unthinkable.
You will learn —
The magnitude of the shortfalls in government funding
The adverse effects of the monetary fixes that are already underway
The means that governments use to confiscate private wealth
The protections being devised by private citizens
The possibility of new reserve currencies and global wealth reallocation
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This document discusses bond returns and valuation. It defines key bond concepts like coupon rate, interest rate risk, and default risk. It then explains different ways to measure bond returns: holding period return calculates gains from price changes and coupon payments; current yield is the annual coupon payment divided by market price; yield to maturity equates the present value of future cash flows to the current price. The document also covers bond value theorems and defines duration as a measure of interest rate risk.
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The document discusses various topics related to the international financial system including:
- Types of foreign exchange rate interventions and their impact on monetary bases
- Components and purpose of a country's balance of payments
- Fixed and floating exchange rate regimes and how central banks intervene to maintain fixed rates
- Challenges of large current account deficits and the euro's challenge to the US dollar's global reserve status.
Definition
The document defines coupon rate as the interest rate stated on a bond, expressed as a percentage of the principal. The coupon rate is used to calculate the periodic interest payments made to bondholders until maturity. There is an inverse relationship between bond prices and interest rates - as interest rates rise, bond prices fall and vice versa. Calculating the yield to maturity accounts for the time value of money and all expected future coupon payments. Key risks for bond investors include interest rate risk, reinvestment risk, and credit/default risk if the bond issuer is unable to repay the debt.
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The document discusses interest rates and bond yields. It covers two main theories of how interest rates are determined: the loanable funds theory and liquidity preference theory. The loanable funds theory states that interest rates are determined by the supply and demand of loanable funds in the market. The liquidity preference theory argues that interest rates are determined by the supply of money and demand to hold money. The document also discusses how various economic factors can influence interest rate movements. It defines bond yields and the yield to maturity calculation.
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"Updates on Labor Law and Jurisprudence (Philippines)". These are the presentation slides used by Atty. Apollo X.C.S. Sangalang in his lecture delivered on February 15, 2013 at the AIM Conference Center, Makati City, Philippines at the event sponsored by Ariva! Events Management, Inc. and the Rotary Club of Makati McKinley, RI District 3830.
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What are the financial markets and what purposes do they serve?
A financial market is a broad term describing any marketplace where buyers and sellers
participate in the trade of assets such as equities, bonds, currencies and derivatives. Financial
markets are typically defined by having transparent pricing, basic regulations on trading, costs
and fees, and market forces determining the prices of securities that trade.
Financial markets can be found in nearly every nation in the world. Some are very small, with
only a few participants, while others - like the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the forex
markets - trade trillions of dollars daily.
Investors have access to a large number of financial markets and exchanges representing a vast
array of financial products. Some of these markets have always been open to private investors;
others remained the exclusive domain of major international banks and financial professionals
until the very end of the twentieth century.
What are financial intermediaries? How do these intermediaries function in the economy?
Financial intermediaries channel funds from people who have extra money or surplus savings
(savers) to those who do not have enough money to carry out a desired activity (borrowers). A
financial intermediary is typically an institution that facilitates the channeling of funds between
lenders and borrowers indirectly. That is, savers (lenders) give funds to an intermediary
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the financial markets, which is known as financial disintermediation.
Financial intermediaries help circulating money in the system. If money is staying idle (e.g.
under your bed pillow or as gold in your locker) then it is not good for the economy. Money
must keep changing hands. If you look at this from a different angle: if nobody buys skin
whitening creams then who will feed the families of those chemists who work there And the
businessman who supplies raw material to that factory? They promote the habit of savings.
Individual can use that saved money in bad times / emergency and earn profit in between. A
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existing business, hire more employees, increase production of goods / services = GDP
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The document provides an overview of several topics in economics and finance through a series of lecture summaries:
1. It discusses business cycles, markets, financial institutions, and the various types of markets.
2. It then covers the flow of funds between different entities, the role of financial intermediaries, and foreign markets.
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Have you ever wondered why the stock market jumps on news about inflation, or why a government's decision to change interest rates sends the financial world into a frenzy? It's a complex dance, but at the heart of it lies the relationship between interest rates and the stock market. Understanding this connection is like decoding a secret language that can help you make smarter investment decisions. Get ready to explore how interest rate shifts shape businesses, consumer behaviour, and ultimately, the prices of stocks you see on the ticker.
From global economic trends to your own portfolio, interest rates hold surprising sway. Let's start with a timeline of major turning points in interest rate history – those moments that sent shockwaves through the markets…
Imagine you've taken out a loan to buy a house. The interest rate on that loan is essentially the extra cost you pay for borrowing the money. Let's say your interest rate increases. Now, your monthly payments go up, leaving you with less disposable income to spend elsewhere. This is just one-way interest rates touch our lives.
The Bigger Picture
At its core, an interest rate is the "price" of borrowing money. Banks charge interest on loans they give out, and they may offer interest on money you deposit with them. Governments even charge interest on bonds they issue! It's a crucial lever in the financial system, influencing how much businesses and consumers spend, save, and invest.
A truly unique example comes from Sweden. In 2009, to encourage borrowing and boost the economy during a financial crisis, the central bank implemented a negative interest rate policy. This meant people actually paid the bank to hold onto their money! While this might sound strange, it incentivized people to spend or invest their cash, which could stimulate economic activity. This policy wasn't without drawbacks, and Sweden eventually moved away from negative rates. But it serves as a fascinating illustration of how central banks can use interest rates as unconventional tools.
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You'll often hear terms like:
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• Reverse Repo Rate: The rate the central bank pays on banks' deposits with it. This helps manage the flow of money.
• Bank Lending Rates: Rates banks set on loans to businesses and individuals (mortgage rates, car loans, etc.)
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Now that we understand what interest rates are, let's explore how changes in these rates can send ripple effects through the stock market.
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Introduction: Financial Banks are very important in today’s economic it is a need for security it is first priority. It saves people hard earned money it is used for the future for the future. Bank’s are important to customers credit and reputation in the market. This risk management is required to confidential data and wrong doing. It is to save the credit and the trust of the customers. Therefore it is required by risk management to protect the customers rights. This paper will explain the financial risk management and the risk that the management factor’s such as credit, operational risk, and also commodity and increase the knowledge and understanding. This will help and increase the knowledge of future exploration of this topic.
Financial risk is a term including transaction from company loans that risk default.
The financial risk is a qualitative and utilized to solve issues as problems arise. The financial risk are specially focuses on how to use instruments to handle cost to exposure that is at risk. The financial risks not only identifies the risk that are potential but also it takes precautionary risk that reduce the risks.
If you make an investment by financial institution it itself is exposure to the risks internally and externally that is possible inflation and to the capital markets as well as bankruptcy and volatility as well as recession.
The Financial Risks and Analysis of Factors
The financial risks that pertains to industry that are the main aspects need to be considered, effectively and efficiently to resolve any order that ensures business success. The following will describe the three risk factors below.
Credit: This is basically related to the loss of the principal of the borrower’s loan that is repay to meet the contractual obligation of the bank. Its is credit that whenever a borrower is expecting to repay a debit. It is considered a credit risk that issuers or borrowers of debt obligation.
This shows the banks inability to return funds to the depositors also termed as risk to the credit. In most cases the insolvent banks shows that inability to return funds to the depositors also termed as a credit risk. In most cases the government grants bankruptcy and government grants.
It also gives protection to the customers for the business and insurances in the form of the mortgage and insurance of guarantees of third parties.
Commodity
It is substance that is grains, and metals that is interchangeable with other products, in which a investors buy or sells usually through futures contracts. Risk is actually reason exchange trading the basic agricultural products. It is also a product that trade on exchange for foreign currencies and instruments and indexes.
This is a risk that basically referring to the uncertainties in the future. Its affects the size a.
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The document discusses stocks and bonds as the two main types of marketable securities, noting that while they have some similarities as financial instruments that enable investment, they differ significantly in aspects such as ownership structure, cash flow predictability, and risk level. Stocks represent ownership in a company and have uncertain dividends and capital appreciation, while bonds are essentially loans that guarantee periodic interest payments and return of principal, making them generally less risky than stocks.
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Financial markets transfer funds from people who have excess available funds to people who have a shortage.
They promote grater economic efficiency by channeling funds from people who do not have a productive use for them to those who do.
Well functioning financial markets are a key factor in producing economic growth, where as, poor functioning financial markets are a major reason many countries in the world remain poor.
Financial Markets
A security or financial instrument is a claim on the issuer’s future income or assets.
A bond is a debt security (IOU) that promises to make payments periodically for a specified period of time.
The bond market is especially important economic activity because it enables businesses and the government to borrow and finance their activities and because it is where interest rates are determined.
An interest rate is the cost of borrowing money or the price to rent (use someone else’s) funds.
Because different interest rates tend to move in unison, economist frequently lump interest rates together and refer to the “interest rate”.
Interest rates are important on a number of levels:
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High interest rates induce saving.
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Information Asymmetry and Information costs
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In the neo-classical world economists have argued financial intermediaries are not necessary. Savers (investors) could manage their risks through diversification.
The logic rests on the perfect market assumption – that is investors can always through their own borrowing and lending compose their portfolios as they see fit, without costs. In such a world there are no bankruptcy costs.
In such a world if taken to the extreme, perfect and complete markets imply that there is no need for financial institutions to intermediate in the financial (capital markets) as every investor (saver) has complete information and can contract with the market at the same terms as banks. E.g. Information Asymmetry
Why Financial Intermediaries Bonds
A common stock (usually called stock) represents a share of ownership in a corporation.
It is usually a security that is a claim on the earnings and assets of the corporation.
Issuing stock and selling it to the public (called a public offering) is a way for corporations to raise the funds to finance their activities.
The stock market is the most widely followed financial market in almost every country that has one – that is why it is generally called the market – here “Wall Street.”
The stock market is also an important factor in business investment decisions, because the price of shares affects the amount of funds that can be raised by selling newly issued stock to finance investment spending. (Note impact examples..
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2. The liquidity preference theory views interest as the price of money, with rates set by demand for and supply of money in the economy.
3. The loanable funds theory sees rates as set by demand for and supply of credit in the economy from savers, borrowers, and foreign actors.
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My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
在线办理(TAMU毕业证书)美国德州农工大学毕业证PDF成绩单一模一样
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University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcript
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Ending stagnation: How to boost prosperity across Scotland
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
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Financial concepts
- 1. FINANCIAL CONCEPTS By Linda Langevoort Macroeconomics Class Week 3 August 24, 2014
- 2. Contents Financial Markets & Institutions Financial Intermediaries Stocks Bonds The Deficit Value of Money Concepts Dealing with Risks Standard Deviation Graph The Dollar and Our Economy Present Value and Future Value Compound Interest Formula References
- 3. Financial Markets & Institutions Financial markets help to loan money to those who want to borrow. Financial institutions are: banks, credit unions and credit agencies. Financial institutions are broken down into the stock market and the bond market.
- 4. Financial Intermediaries These consist of our banks and the stock market. The banks act as a mediary for consumers to deposit money, use debit cards, write checks and engage in transactions. They provide a medium of exchange. Help the economy by giving people a way to store some assets for later use.
- 5. Stocks – Pros and Cons Allow a person to collect dividends on monies earned at a yearly rate. Stocks are like ownership. A well-earning company can be very profitable. Stocks are not a guarantee of payment. They rise and fall. You can lose your money on a bad investment.
- 6. Bonds – Pros and Cons Bonds are money invested Government bonds prove to have lower interest rates and waived tax payments. Upon maturity you can cash them in. They are a safe investment. Bonds take time to mature and are not fast cash. Stay away from junk bonds due to high interest rates. If you borrow with a bond and don’t pay it back you will be in a default situation and penalties are high interest rates.
- 7. Federal Government Deficit • What is it? • The government overspends in relation to tax revenue, resulting in a deficit. • The national debt is 16.7 trillion dollars. • We are so close to the ceiling of monies allowed, that it is time to pay it back. • Foreign ownership of U.S. debt is benefiting other countries’ economies. • More debt, leads to higher interest rates.
- 8. Value of Money Concepts Rule #1 – Never lose money Rule#2 – Never forget rule#1. What is Risk Adverse? Being afraid to take risks, especially when it comes to money. You don’t want things to come out bad, so you avoid taking a risk.
- 9. Dealing With Risks The utility function measurement can help a person to strategize the best use of their money. Buy some insurance. It will ease your mind from the what ifs in life. Diversification, called market risk, means we cannot be absolutely certain of the economy. Firm specific risk is when you spread out your investments, so you don’t lose everything to one company if things go awry. Standard deviation measurements let one know if there will be changes in things and how risky it is.
- 11. The Dollar & Our Economy Definition “depreciation”- when a dollar received today is worth more than a dollar received tomorrow. Between 2002 and 2004 the dollar depreciated 19.1% against a bunch of currencies. Only a part of the dollar’s decline passed through to import prices. The U.S. has a lower pass-through rate than most industrialized countries, because foreign exporters are more wiling to keep prices to the U.S. consumers constant in order to maintain market share. The overall price level is moderate even with this depreciation.
- 12. Present Value – how much money is needed with normal interest rates to get a certain future amount of money. Future Value – the amount of money gotten in the future with the existing normal interest rates. These values help to measure the time value of money and find out what yields the best figure for your dollar.
- 13. Compound Interest Formula A= P(1+ r/n)^nt P= principal amount (what you borrow or deposit) r= annual rate of interest (as a decimal) t= number of yrs. The amount is deposited or borrowed A= amount of money accumulated after n years, including interest. n= number of times the interest is compounded per year.
- 14. References Amadeo, K. (2013, September 5). The u.s. debt and how it got so big. Retrieved from http://useconomy.about.com/od/fiscalpolicy/p/US_Debt.htm Brainyquote.com. (2001-2014). Warren buffett. Retrieved from http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/w/warrenbuff149683.html DePaul University. (2009). Compound interest formula. Retrieved from https://qrc.depaul.edu/StudyGuide2009/Notes/Savings Accounts/Compound Interest.htm Investopedia. (2014). Bond. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bond.asp Investopedia. (2014). What are the advantages and disadvantages of buying stocks instead of bonds? Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/124.asp Mankiw, N. (2014), Principles of economics. 7th Edition. Cengage Learning, Retrieved from: https://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu
- 15. References Mankiw, N. (Producer). (2014). FIGURE 2 Diversification Reduces Risk [Print Graphic]. Retrieved from http://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/ Mankiw,N. (Producer). (2014). Figure 1- The Utility Function [Web Graphic]. Retrieved from http://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/ Norstad, J. (1999). An introduction to utility theory., Retrieved from: http://www.norstad.org/finance/util.pdf The Huffington Post. (Producer). (2013, October 14). Confused About The Deficit? This 2-Minute Video Can Help [Web Video]. Retrieved from Confused About The Deficit? This 2-Minute Video Can Help Valderramo, D. (2004, August 13). Does a fall in the dollar mean higher u.s. consumer prices? Retrieved from http://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic- letter/2004/august/does-a-fall-in-the-dollar-mean-higher-us- consumer-prices/