Final Year Engineering Project Title List for Electronics & Electrical Branches at Bangalore

Zetta Networks, 9980499700
Abstract: 8051 Microcontroller

Fail Safe Data Management In Vehicles Using 8 Bit Or ARM7.
This project is used for vehicular safety. This project aims to identify failure of some parts
of the vehicle and immediately give a warning signal to the driver. We also use
CAN communication to send the data within the vehicle.
After powering on the system, the controller keeps monitoring different parts of the vehicle.
If brake, accelerator or clutch fails, the vehicle is stopped and the warning message will
appear on LCD and buzzer will give sound.
If engine temperature is beyond certain limit, fan is turned on. If the temperature is still out
of limit, the vehicle is stopped.
If door is opened, buzzer is sounded.
If head lights go bad, parking lights are turned on.
All the data in the vehicle is communicated using CAN protocol.

Design And Development Of Embedded Intelligent Public Transport Vehicular.
The main aim of this project is to make an automated place announcement system for
buses using
8 bit controller with voice chip and the RFID card for identifying the place. With this
facility, the passenger can know the place arrived if he is new to that place. RFID tags with
unique id numbers are placed in every stop.
These unique numbers are already stored into EEPROM to identify the place.
When the bus reaches a place, the controller reads the id number from the RFID tag at
that place with RFID reader.
This number is compared with the EEPROM data to identify the place. The voice chip
contains the prerecorded announcements for place names.
After the controller identifies the place, it gives playback signal to the voice chip to
announce the corresponding place name. The place name is also displayed on the LCD.
RTC is used to display date and time on the LCD.
# 94/C, 2nd Floor, 9th Cross, Opp HKBK College Main gate, Near Nagawara Ring Road,Bangalore-560045

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Remote Control Of Smart Household Based On DTMF.
Nowadays everything is becoming automated. This project has the advantage of not
requiring direct human intervention to control or operate the devices.
This project consists of 8 bit controller AT89C52, LCD, relays, GSM modem, line driver
IC and
DTMF decoder circuit.
First the user has to first make a call from his mobile to the GSM modem. This call is
identified by the controller using GSM modem and it accepts this call by sending the
appropriate command to the GSM modem.
Once the call is answered by the system, the user can press appropriate keys on his mobile
keypad to switch on/off the household device.
When the user presses a key, the corresponding DTMF signals are received from GSM
modem. This DTMF signal from GSM modem is given to DTMF decoding circuit which
decodes it and finds out the key pressed and feeds it to the controller. Depending on this
key, the controller will switch on/off the required device.
Smart Card Based Patient Medical Database With Readings Patient Sensors.
The idea behind this project is where the reading such as temp, blood pressure, diabetes
check, heartbeat and other parameters are stored in a smart card given to the patient. So
patients can just submit their smart cards to the doctors instead of submitting papers related
to their previous health checkup.
The entire system consists of controller interfaced to ADC for reading different sensors,
LCD, RTC, EEPROM and a smart card reader.
During the tests, ADC reads different sensors (different parameters of patient) and these
readings are stored in EEPROM with date and time of tests obtained from RTC.
Later these readings can be stored into smart card after it is inserted into smart card
`reader.


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Smart Parking Applications Using RFID Technology.
This project is aimed at making the existing car parking method more convenient, user
friendly, automatic and minimum human intervention. To automate the present car
parking system, the RFID module is used. The RFID module reads the tag of the
user and establishes the communication between the user and the hardware module.
Four IR-sensors are connected to the controller, which are in turn connected to the
respective gates (Ex: Enter and Exit gates). Depending up on the presence of object at the
IR at the gates, the motor is used to open or close the gates.
The user has to show his RFID Tag to park his car in the free slot. The tag contains user
id.
LCD is used to display required messages.
RTC (Real Time Clock) used to maintain time and date. The controller calculates the
duration of parking and cost. EEPROM is used to manage the slots.
RFID module connected to the controller to communicate between the user and the
module. - RFID writer here used just sends the balance information to the card in the form
of radio waves. This data is stored in the RFID Tag.
Hitech Runway For Aero Planes.
The project Hi-tech runway is an an automatic system to detect whether the runway is safe
before landing the flight and this system also takes protective measures until the flight
completely stops in the Airport.
This segment consist of four segments.
 The first segment introduced is Automatic wind direction detector it detects
wind direction and selects the runway end from where the aircraft has to land.
 The second section is the fire and safety system. This system is used to extinguish
fire and explosions due to plane crashes in runway.
 The third section is the runway dust alarm system. When more dust is deposited
on the runway, this system is used to give information about the dust deposition.

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 The fourth section is arrester barrier system is used to prevent the aircraft from
running out of the runway due to break failure after landing.
Vehicle Toll Checker Using Smart Card.
In view of shortcomings exist in traditional toll mode of expressway and some defects of
electronic toll collection system, such as short distance, high cost, and poor security.
Smart card electronic toll collection system of expressway. in addition, a new smart
card authentication and authorization protocol model was used to guarantee system
security. The electronic toll collection system based on smart card has advantages of less
cost, small size and high reliability. It is very suitable for practical application.
This system based on RFID technology uses radio wave to identify cars passing through the
toll collection site and automatically debits toll rate from the car owner's pre-paid
account. The Microcontroller is connected with personal computer through RS232 data
adapter. To eliminate the delay on tool roads by collecting tolls electronically. It is thus a
technological implementation of a road pricing concept. It determines whether the cars
passing are enrolled in the program, alerts enforcers for those that are not, and
electronically debits the accounts of registered car owners without requiring them to stop.
Navigational Aid For Blind Using GPS And Magnetic Compass.
GPS enabled campus navigation system for blind with voice narration. This project is
used to give voice messages reading the campus details & current location of the campus
to visually handicapped person using GPS. The system consists of the following
functional components: (1) a module for determining the traveler's position and
orientation in space, (2) a geographic information system comprising a detailed
database of our test site and software for route planning and for obtaining information
from the database, and(3)the user interface.
The experiment reported here is concerned with one function of the navigation system:
guiding the traveler along a predefined route. All GPS based navigation systems for the
blind consist of these functional components a module for determining the traveler's
orientation and GPS coordinates to the surrounding environment, and the user interface.
The Global Positioning System is a space-based global navigation satellite system that
provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times and
anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more
GPS satellites.

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Alive Human Detector In War Fields Using GSM And PIR Sensors.
The objective of the project is finding out a injured person or person caught in a battle field
using PIR for rescue operation. If an injured person or some detected it can be
informed using a wireless technology using RF. The system requires GSM, PIR sensor,
Wireless RF camera. Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic device that
Measures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. PIR sensors are
often used in the construction of PIR-based motion detector. Apparent motion is
detected when an infrared source with one Temperature, such as a human, passes in
front of an infrared source with another temperature, such as a wall. By using RF
Technique we can control the movement of vehicle in the Specified direction. In
transmitter section Controller is used send the encoding Information through GSM. In
receiver section controller is used to receive the Encoded message and Decode the
message accordingly the vehicle is controlled. All objects emit what is known as black
body radiation. It is usually infrared radiation that is invisible to the human eye but can
be detected by electronic devices designed for such a purpose. The term passive in this
instance means that the PIR device does not emit an infrared beam but passively
accepts incoming infrared radiation.
Autonomous Multi-Storied Car Parking System.
The present parking system uses a security person to look after the parking system. With
this project we can atomized the parking system with the help of embedded systems.
This project is aimed at making the existing car parking method more convenient, user
friendly, automatic and minimum human intervention. To automate the present car
parking system, the RFID module is used. The RFID module reads the tag of the user
and establishes the communication between the user and the hardware module. This
system uses 8 bit microcontroller, RFID module, IR sensors, LCD & RTC to control the
car parking system. Four IR-sensors are connected to the controller, which are in turn
connected to the respective gates (Ex: Enter and Exit gates). Depending up on the
presence of object at the IR at the gates, the motor is used to open or close the gates. The
user has to show his RFID Tag to park his car in the free slot. The tag contains user id.
LCD is used to display required messages. RTC (Real Time Clock) used to maintain
time and date. The controller calculates the duration of parking and cost. EEPROM is

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used to manage the slots. RFID module connected to the controller to communicate
between the user and the module. RFID writer here used just sends the balance
information to the card in the form of radio waves. This data is stored in the RFID Tag.


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Exam Paper Leakage Protection.
Every year during time of examination we will come across some news in the newspaper and
television about question paper leakages and hence the exam is being postponed / cancelled.
Sometimes
the information related to question papers leakage will not be known to the universities itself.
Hence some students get good ranks by these papers and those students who had really worked
hard have to compromise with less rank and this factor will have negative effect on the growth of
the society. Thus by considering the problems faced by the students and society a plan has been
made to implement a system which will help to stop this malpractice of leaking the question
paper.
GSM modem is connected to the box containing question papers along with the
microcontroller. Mobile of Authorized person in University board acts as the Base station.
To open the question paper box, RFID is needed to be swiped with a valid RFID tag and then
RFID will compare with EEPROM data such as RFID address, RTC date and time. If the
comparison is failure , then controller sends ”WRONG ACCESS” message to the Base
station through GSM modem and If anybody tries to open the box before the pre-defined time
with a valid RFID tag also, then controller sends “RULES VIOLATED” message to the base
station through GSM modem.
The password is sent from the Base station to the college at the time of opening the BOX. If the
comparison is success, then the controller is waits for the password. If the person enters the
wrong password, then controller sends ”PASSWORD MISMATCH” message to the Base
station through GSM modem. If the person enters the correct password, then BOX is opened
with the help of the stepper motor. After the exam is finished, the Base station sends "Exam box
open/close time and New password" to exam centre mobile number. If the BOX is not closed
along with answer paper within the specified time given by the university,then controller sends
“RULES VIOLATED” message to the base station through GSM modem.


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Anti Collision And Speed Control Of Train And Automated Level Crossing Using RF
and Ultrasonic and PWM.
This project is based on 8 bit controller. It is implemented for a train for different features like
anti-collision and speed control and also automated level crossing. For anti-collision and speed
control we used ultrasonic sensor and PWM. For automated level crossing we use IR and RF
communication. The train has one controller interfaced to LCD, ultrasonic sensor and
L293D.The train motor is controlled by 8 bit controller by using L293D as the driver IC.
Ultrasonic sensor detects any obstacles on the path and sends the information about distance
between the train and the obstacle by serial communication with the controller. Based on this
value, the controls the train speed by generating PWM signals which are fed to the DC motor of
the train. Another module containing 8 bit controller, IR sensor and RF transmitter is used to
detect the arrival of the train. When the IR sensors detect the train, the controller sends this
information to the module at level crossing with the help of RF transmitter. The module at the
level crossing contains 8 bit controller, IR sensor, RF receiver, a stepper motor and LED
indications for go and stop. When this module receives the information about train from RF
receiver,it gives stop signal and closes the door (stepper motor). After the train passes this gate,
it is detected by the IR sensor and again the door opens and led indicates for Go signal.
Intelligent Ambulance-Density Based Traffic Control For HITECH Cities.
The main aim of this project is develop an intelligent traffic control system which may be very
much helpful in Metropolitan cities to avoid the congestion of vehicles near the traffic signal.
This project normally works in two modes, 1)Manual mode 2)Automatic mode.
In manual mode, the traffic police needs to press a key to give the green signal on that
particular direction. In automatic mode, the intelligent traffic control system calculates the
number of vehicles on each side and gives green signal on that particular side which is having
more number of vehicles. When the system is initialized, By Default the system will enter
into Manual mode.Use keys for controlling the traffic signal lights.To enter into automatic mode,
press ‘A’ in the keypad. Four IR’s are used in four Directions (i.e., North, East, West, South) to
count the number of vehicles.As the number of vehicles increases, the number of times of
IR cut also increases.Main Board will first receive the count of vehicles of North and South
directions through Rs232 (i.e. Board1). Then it will receive count of vehicles on East and West
directions by switching the UART to board2.Based on the number of Vehicles, the signal will
change automatically (high to low). If all directions having same no. of vehicles and if the vehicles

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are not equal to zero, then it will give the signal in the order N, S, W, E. If the vehicles are equal
to zero then no work is carried out.

Electronic Seal - A System For Enhanced Electronic Assertion Of Authenticity And
Integrity.
Ensuring authenticity and integrity are important tasks when dealing with goods. While in the past
seal wax was used to ensure the integrity, electronic devices are now able to take over this
functionality and provide better, more fine grained, more automated and more secure
supervision. This paper presents Eseal, a system with a computational device at its core that can
be attached to goods. The system is able to control various kinds of integrity settings and
to notify authenticated instances about consequent violations of integrity. The system works
without infrastructure so that goods can be supervised that are only accessible in certain
locations.
An Eseal is an electronic seal, which can be applied on physical goods in order to provide
the guarantee of important aspects of the protection of those physical goods. The Eseal does not
physically protect the sealed goods but can provide propositions and evidence of authenticity and
integrity.

Solar Tracking Using PIC16F877 / 8051.
Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient
times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. It is a main source of renewable energy on
earth. To harvest the solar energy, the most common way is to use solar panels.
Whenever the solar panel is facing the sun, solar power is produced in the panel. If the solar
panel is stationary, maximum solar energy is not produced because the sunlight will not fall
vertically. It falls in different angles at different times of the day as the sun traverses in the
sky. So here we have implemented a microcontroller based solar (sun) tracking system to
harvest maximum solar power.


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SEISMIC ACTIVITY MONITORING SYSTEM.
Measuring seismic activity is very essential for predicting earthquakes. Many such measuring
devices are placed at various places of the world. But for a better prediction covering an entire
area is very important. A collection of zigbee sensor networks can help to do this. Many zigbee
enabled seismic sensors can be deployed at various places especially city undergrounds to monitor
seismic patterns.

LPG Monitoring System.
The main aim of this project is to develop a gas leakage control and Auto dialing system.This
system will detect any chances for a gas leakage from cylinder-based appliance (e.g. LPG
cylinder). Usually fire occurs in a cylinder- based appliance due to leakage of gas through the gas
pipeline. By using a gas sensor, the above reason can be detected in advance. With the use of an
alarming system the user can be alerted about this. If the user is in a remote place GSM
technology can be incorporated to alert the user.
If gas leakage occurs, closing the gas outlet valve can control it. This can be achieved with the help
of a stepper motor connected to the valve. Also by using an exhaust fan the leaked gas can be
expelled out. The c o n t r o l l i n g operation on fan, stepper motor is done by the
microcontroller. And GSM modem performs an auto dialing to a user.

2 Folded ATM Threat Security With Multiple People Entry And Password Access Using
RFID And GSM.
The main aim of this project is to prevent forced ATM theft, using GSM technology.
Consider a scenario when you enter into an ATM to withdraw money for your need, and
suddenly a thief enters into the ATM with a knife or a pistol, and force you to withdraw the entire
amount in your account (considering the ATM has no security guard and is in a remote place).
What you can do? You can either fight with the thief or can give all the money to him.
This can be prevented by just entering a code instead of the actual password. Here we are
trying to develop such a kind of system which will prevent all these disasters.


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This project has ATM card reader, which is using RFID technology, which is future of
embedded systems and also a GSM modem, which is the latest technology used for
communication between the mobile and the embedded devices.
Seismic Activity Monitoring System.
Measuring seismic activity is very essential for predicting earthquakes. Many such measuring
devices are placed at various places of the world. But for a better prediction covering an entire
area is very important. A collection of Zigbee sensor networks can help to do this. Many Zigbee
enabled seismic sensors can be deployed at various places especially city undergrounds to
monitor seismic patterns. The system consists of two Zigbee modems and controller. The two
Zigbee modems are fixed at two different locations. These are interfaced to vibration sensors
to detect any earthquake symptoms. These two Zigbee modems form a wireless network with
the other Zigbee module interfaced to the controller board and send the vibration level data.
The controller board receives these vibration data from Zigbee modems and displays this
information on the LCD. When this vibration level exceeds a predefined limit, it displays warning
messages on the LCD.

Automatic Street Power Saving System With Light Dependent Resistor.
Electric power is the most important source of energy in many applications. So it is very
much necessary to utilize this energy efficiently and reduce unnecessary wastage of power
wherever possible. In the case of streetlights, we find that many times these are not operated in a
proper manner. They are either switched on early in the evening before it is dark or until late
morning which is a waste of power. So in this project, the street light is automatically switched
on/off based on the light conditions. This project is based on 8 bit controller. LDR is used as a
sensor to detect the intensity of light. Based on the signal from the LDR, the controller will
switch on/off a relay to control the light. RTC and keypad are also provided to manually set
the on/off time of streetlight. We are sensing the ambient light by using light dependent resistor
(LDR). Depending on the ambient light intensity, it gives analog voltage which is given to ADC.
ADC converts this analog voltage into digital and gives to controller. Depending on the value of
this digital data, controller will decide whether to switch on the street light or switch it off keeping
some value as the threshold. Using keypad and RTC, we can manually set the on/off timings for
street light. Controller will continuously read RTC and based on the current time, it will switch
on/off street light.

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Automatic Car Speed Setup Using RFID.
In long drive from one place to other place on highways, there are some speed limits for some
areas. Many times, the vehicle driver may not notice these speed limits or even if he notices, he
may ignore it. This results in increased number of accidents and other mishaps. So here we are
implementing a system based on RFID technology to automatically control the vehicle
speed. This will prevent possible dangers and also driver need not worry about over-speeding
and getting fined by the traffic police. A speed sensor is implemented with the wheel alignment
of the vehicle, which always calculates the vehicle speed. An RFID reader is interfaced with the
system which will collect the data containing the speed limit over that particular road. Each speed
limit indicating signal on the roadside will have an RFID tag which will give the speed limit at that
road. The 8 bit controller compares the value from the speed sensor with the data received from
RFID tag. If the vehicle speed is more than the limited speed, the system reduces the speed of
the vehicle automatically by using speed control system. Thus each and every vehicle can
maintain the speed limit. Using this system, road accidents due to over speed can be reduced
up to 60%.
Adaptive Lighting System For Automobiles.
Electric power is the most important source of energy in many applications. So it is very
much necessary to utilize this energy efficiently and reduce unnecessary wastage of power
wherever possible. In the case of automobiles, we find that many times these are not operated
in a proper manner. Sometimes the driver forgets to switch off lights in the morning which is a
waste of power. So in this project, the automobile lights are automatically switched on/off
based on the ambient light conditions.This project is based on 8 bit controller. LDR is used
as a sensor to detect the intensity of light. Based on the signal from the LDR, the controller will
switch on/off a relay to control the light. RTC and keypad are also provided to manually set the
on/off time of light.
We are sensing the ambient light by using light dependent resistor (LDR). Depending on the
ambient light intensity, it gives analog voltage which is given to ADC. ADC converts this
analog voltage into digital and gives to controller. Depending on the value of this digital data,
controller will decide whether to switch on the automobile light or switch it off keeping some
value as the threshold. Using keypad and RTC, we can manually set the on/off timings for
automobile light.Controller will continuously read RTC and based on the current time, it will
switch on/off automobile light.

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Switching On Domestic Applications Through Mobile Phone Using DTMF Signaling.
Nowadays everything is becoming automated. This project has the advantage of not requiring
direct human intervention to control or operate the devices.
This project consists of 8 bit controller AT89C52, LCD, relays, GSM modem, line driver IC
and DTMF decoder circuit.
First the user has to first make a call from his mobile to the GSM modem. This call is
identified by the controller using GSM modem and it accepts this call b y s e n d i n g t h e
appropriate command to the GSM modem.
Once the call is answered by the system, the user can press appropriate keys on his mobile
keypad to switch on/off the devices.
When the user presses a key, the corresponding DTMF signals are received from GSM modem.
This DTMF signal from GSM modem is given to DTMF decoding circuit which decodes it and
finds out the key pressed and feeds it to the controller. Depending on this key, the controller will
switch on/off the required device.

Voice Based Bus Location System For Blind People Using RFID.
The main aim of this project is to make an automated place announcement system for buses
using
8 bit controller with voice chip and the RFID card for identifying the place. With this facility, the
blind people can know the place arrived if he is new to that place. RFID tags with unique id
numbers are placed in every stop.
These unique numbers are already stored into EEPROM to identify the place.
When the bus reaches a place, the controller reads the id number from the RFID tag at that
place with RFID reader.
This number is compared with the EEPROM data to identify the place. The voice chip contains
the prerecorded announcements for place names.


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After the controller identifies the place, it gives playback signal to the voice chip to
announce the corresponding place name. The place name is also displayed on the LCD.
RTC is used to display date and time on the LCD.

Efficient Solar Water Heating Mechanism With The Help Of Microcontroller 8051.
This project is mainly designed to control the solar panel automatically which maintains face of
the solar panel towards the sun. This is done by controlling the mechanical movement of the
solar panel. The mechanical movement of the solar controlled through the stepper motor. The
sun movement for east to west is divided into few segments and a time is fixed for each segment.
So according to the sun movement and real time the controller will give a pulse for the DC motor.
Then the DC motor move solar panel.

Electronic Voting Machine
The main aim of this project is to design the Secured voting machine. In earlier days, voting was
done using electronic voting machine, where in, which has following disadvantages:
No proper display can be done. Easily malpractice can be made.
With this project we can overcome the disadvantages of that electronic voting machine. In this
project, the Touch Screen with a microcontroller is interfaced to the voting Machine through the
serial port of the computer. The voting symbols are displayed on the screen. The VB program
in the Computer will capture the serial port. When a person wants to vote he/she has to swipe
the RFID tag. The controller will read ID and sends the details to the computer through serial
port. The VB program will recover this data and check for authorization and allow this person
to vote. If not permitted, it will display “ACCESS DENIED” with buzzer sound. At the end of
the day the VB program will calculate and give the voting result.
Remote Control Via Internet Using Ethernet Adaptor
This project entitled as Remote Control via Internet allows us to monitor, control and automate
our home from remote locations. This project integrates automation and security into a single
unit. Also abnormal condition of any sensor is detected immediately and message is given as an

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alert to the user PC. Monitoring and controlling home environment in real time is made possible
through LAN.

Smart Card Based Prepaid Electricity Billing.
The conventional electricity billing system is post-paid type. Since the payment is up-front, it
reduces the financial risk by improving the cash flows and necessitates an improved revenue
management system. The system eliminates billing delay, removes cost involved in
disconnection/reconnection, enables controlled use of energy, and helps customers to save
money through better energy management.
In Project the prepaid meter contains 8051 microcontroller, smart card reader, electronic
energy meter, Smart card holds information on units consumed or equivalent money value. When
the card is inserted, the controller reads it, connects the supply to the consumer loads using relay
and debits the value. Controller gets the amount of energy consumed by counting pulses from the
energy meter. The consumer then recharges the prepaid card from a sales terminal or
distribution point. Recharging is done by entering the amount using the keypad provided in the
system.

Real Radar Using The Ultrasonic Integrated Receiver And Front-End Computer Software.
The main aim of this project is to find out the distance from airplanes (Object) to
aerodrome (Controller Room) using ultra sonic signals. This project is mainly a prototype for
real radar systems. The ultrasonic signals cover a long distance. These signals will not interfere
with the noise signals. The distance measured is displayed in digital form, which will be easy to
understand by everybody. This is cost effective when compare to other methods.

Fingerprint ATM For Farmers Using Real Finger Print Chip And ATM Note Drawer.
The main aim of this project is to make the ATM machine accessible by farmers in villages. As
we all know that in India, farmers are not much educated hence using ATM machines becomes
difficult. So, to overcome this problem we are designing a project which contains fingerprint
reader, this avoids entering of password as we do in the ATM’s presently available. Once the

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finger details are given a window is displayed on the PC. This PC contains touch screen.
Person can enter the amount to withdraw. And can receive the note from note dispenser
interfaced with microcontroller.
Design And Development Of Metro Train Concepts In The Big Cities I.E. Using Actual
Railway Track And Announcement For Stations, Automatic Identification Of Stations Etc.
Complete System Is Designed Using 8 Bit Micro Controller And Programming Using
Embedded C.
The main aim of this project is to make an automated place announcement system for train using
8 bit controller with voice chip and the RFID card for identifying the station. Here RFID tags
with unique id numbers are placed in every railway station. When the train reaches a station, the
controller reads the id number from the RFID tag at that station with RFID reader .The
voice chip contains the prerecorded announcements for station names. After the controller
identifies the station, it first turns on the buzzer for a small time and then gives playback
signal to the voice chip to announce the corresponding station name. The train stops for about
10-15 seconds in the station and then again gives announcement about leaving the station with
the help of voice chip. Again buzzer is turned on and then the train leaves for the next station.

Gsm Based Complete Irrigation Solution
The main aim of this project is to develop a Farmer irrigation system using GSM and 8051
controller. This Project waters the plants at required time when farmers cannot take of the plants
regularly.Here Two stiff copper wires are inserted in the soil to sense the whether the
Soil is wet or dry. Microcontroller monitors the sensor and when the sensor senses the
dry conditions then the microcontroller sends SMS to Owner through the GSM modem. When
Microcontroller gets “Motor On” Message from owner then controller will switch on the motor
and it will switch off the motor when the sensor senses wet condition.

Advanced Real Time Human Muscular Bio-Simulation Using 8 Bit.
This is a small, portable set designed around 8 bit controller with dc motors and temperature
sensor. The bio-stimulator provides muscles' stimulation by imitating human hand behavior in
case of holding and releasing objects, moving the objects up and down under different
temperature conditions of the objects.
The 8 bit controller is interfaced to dc motors,

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temperature sensor and personal computer. PC is used to issue different commands to the
controller like move the hand up/down and hold/release the object using keyboard in the
HyperTerminal utility. Depending on the command, the controller activates the dc motors to
move the object up and down and also to hold and release the objects.

ABSTARCT: Android PROJECTS
1.

Android meets LED bulbs in smart-home Automation

Android platform is a new generation of smart mobile phone platform launched by Google.
Android provides the support of Blue-tooth. Smart Home Technology is a collective term for
information and communication-technology in homes, where the components are
communicating through a Bluetooth. The technology may be used for monitoring, switching on
and off the components, according to the
programmed criteria.
2.

Bluetooth Chating on Android

Blue-tooth chat applications can be seen as an alternative and effective way of communicating
for people without the need of using the mobile telephony system. Based on the new generation
of cellular phones with support for communication technologies, such as Blue-tooth and WI-Fi,
it
is possible to develop applications to enable Blue-tooth chats. Such applications can provide
mechanisms to discover and communicate with other devices in a shorter range, but with
low or no communication costs
Blue-tooth chat is a direct text chat between two or more users, where every participant uses a
Bluetooth device (i.e. a modern mobile phone or a PDA) and names it (it will be the user's
nickname). The device is generally used in a public and populated space (like a pub, a street,
plaza and so on).


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3.

Development of Android robot car using Accelerometer Sensors)

Android provides the support of Sensors and Bluetooth. The development of this project has the
goal of controlling an android robot car. The movement of the robot car is been controlled by the
accelerometers in mobile with x,y,z values and these values are send to the development board
on robot car using blue-tooth.
4.

Model and implementation of robotic arm using Android

The development of this project has the goal of controlling an robotic arm .Android provides the
support of Blue-tooth. The control for the android implemented with the development board
mentioned above is capable of sending digital Commands to each one of the part to control
their position as well as receive and process commands.

5. Office Automation based on Android
Android provides the support of
Blue-tooth. This Technology is a collective term for information and communication-technology
in offices, where the components are communicating through a Blue-tooth. The technology may
be used for monitoring, switching on and off the components, according to the
programmed criteria. Using zig-bee we collect the sensor values and according to that perform
operations.
6.

Development of Android robot helicopter using Accelerometer Sensors

Android provides the support of Sensors and Bluetooth. The development of this project has the
goal of controlling an android robot helicopter. The movement of the robot helicopter is been
controlled by the accelerometers in mobile with x,y,z values and these values are send to the
development board on robot helicopter using blue-tooth.


18

7. Planning and Development of an Electronic Health Record Client Based on the
Android Platform)
The rapidly aging population not only causes long hospital waiting times and expensive hospital
stays, but also increases the workload of doctors and medical practitioners. Managing the cost
and quality of treatment and caring for seniors are becoming key pressing issues in both
Developed and developing countries.Diagnosing and continuous record of real-time data by the
use of portable patient monitoring system during normal activity would be beneficial for medical
practitioners to do proper and better treatment also it would be useful for health care providers to
improve diseases management . Bluetooth technology is used for data retrieval from Database.
Bluetooth has been specifically designed as a low-cost, low-power, and small-size radio
technology, which is particularly dedicated to short-range communications.

8. Location tracking using Sms Based on Android Mobile.
Android provides the support of location service. So far, the development of location
applications is complex and difficult. This paper introduces the
architecture and component models of Android, and analyzes the anatomy of an Android
application including the functions
of Activity, Intent Receiver, Service, SMS, and etc. Based on Android, the design method of a
location-based mobile service is then presented. The design example shows that it's so easy to
implement location application which fetches latitude an longitudinal values and sends through
the desired phone number.

9. Android on Mobile Devices: An Energy Perspective.
Mobile devices need more processing power but energy consumption should be less to save
battery power. Open Handset
Alliance (OHA) hosting members like Google, Motorola, HTC etc released an open source
platform Android for mobile devices. Android runs on top of Linux kernel with a custom JVM
set on top of it. In this work we try to make Android as energy efficient as possible to save
battery power in mobile devices. Especially the blue-tooth, Wifi, Gps are the main concerns that
drains the battery power. It manages the battery level in mobile. Initially we get the battery
information from the mobile like the current battery percentage, battery health, and voltage and

19

temperature .And in next part we set a threshold value for the battery level when it gets lower the
threshold value the screen gets dim ,Blue-tooth and Wifi and Gps gets turned off.

10. Development of an Human andro system
The development of this project has the goal of controlling an android robot . The position of
each of the part is controlled by Bluetooth by Android mobile. The control for the android
implemented with the development board mentioned above is capable of sending digital
Commands to each one of the part to control their position as well as receive and process
commands.
11. Android phone based Drunk and drive detection
Drunk driving, or officially Driving Under the Influence (DUI) of alcohol, is a major cause of
traffic accidents throughout the world. In this paper, we propose a highly efficient system aimed
at early detection and alert of dangerous vehicle maneuvers typically related to drunk driving.
The entire solution requires only a mobile phone placed in vehicle and with accelerometer
sensor. A program installed on the mobile phone computes accelerations based on sensor
readings, and compares them with typical drunk driving patterns extracted from real driving
tests. Once any evidence of drunk driving is present, the mobile phone will automatically alert
the driver or message to specific number for help.
12. A smart home using Bluetooth
13. BLUETOOTH chatting

14. Remote Droid
15. SIP DEMO


20

16. Child tracking system on android phone by using Bluetooth, GSM, GPS and finger
scanner
Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware
and key applications. The Android SDK provides the tools and APIs necessary to begin
developing applications on the Android platform using the Java programming language. Mobile
phones have almost become an integral part of us serving multiple needs of humans. This
application makes use of the Bluetooth & GPS features of mobile phone as a solution for Child
tracking. In our project we are going to implement child security and the safety. Child Tracking
system is a combination of mobile and server side application to provide enhanced child
security by locating a child in real time. Each child is provided with a mobile device with the
tracking application that sends data to the server asynchronously or on demand. Most of the
parents given their children a mobile handset to be constant touch with them. They were
worried to call their children every time. Looking at this worry of this parents we are going to
create a tracking Application.
17. Industrial Automation on android phone by using Bluetooth, GPRS GPS
Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware
and key applications. The Android SDK provides the tools and APIs necessary to begin
developing applications on the Android platform using the Java programming language. Mobile
phones have almost become an integral part of us serving multiple needs of humans. This
application makes use of the Bluetooth feature of mobile phone as a solution for industrial
automation. It comes handy for the employs working in industry for their basic necessities.
Silent Features of the application
Turn ON / OFF LIGHT Turn ON / OFF FAN Turn ON / OFF A/C
You can control all these by just running an application in your Android based phone.
Bluetooth is the mode of communication between the hardware and you.
18. Embedded web server design for industrial automation.

21

This application makes use of the Bluetooth feature of mobile phone as a solution for industrial
automation. It comes handy for the employs working in industry for their basic necessities.
Salient Features of the application
Turn ON / OFF LIGHT Turn ON / OFF FAN
Turn ON / OFF HIDDEN CAMERA Turn ON / OFF A/C
You can control all these by just running an application in your Android based phone. Bluetooth
is the mode of
communication between the hardware and you.
19. Security system for offices using Android phone and finger print scanner.
This application makes use of the Bluetooth feature of mobile phone as a solution for security
system for offices. In the past few decades security peoples were hired to guard the areas. The
owners and the organization invested descent amount for obtaining security. Still the world
remained insecurity. To cut lose this situation electronic security systems are used to secure
the world and to completely remove the darkness. The technology which you used to watch in
the TV that used to offer the authorization to admittance the protected resources is now at your
door step. With many biometric systems such as face reorganization, fingerprint reader, iris
recognition system etc. your ground is completely safeguarded from the foreign bodies. All such
biometric security systems offer the automatically managing data and also it eradicates the
paper and pen system completely. In large and small organizations the biometric security system
is helping in setting up the linear construction than a hierarchical construction. The working
principle behind fingerprint reader is that it matches the impression of finger prints. There
is an electronic device with a sensor which gets the touch and matching process is done to
authorize the access.
20. Vehicle tracking or asset tracking system on android phone by using
Bluetooth,GSM,GPRS and RFID
device .


22

This application makes use of the Bluetooth & GPS features of mobile phone as a solution for
Vehicle tracking system. It is the technology used to determine the location of a vehicle using
different methods like GPS and other radio navigation systems operating through satellites and
ground based stations. Even data can be stored and downloaded to a computer from the GPS unit
at a base station and that can later be used for analysis. This system is an important tool for
tracking each vehicle at a given period of time and now it is becoming increasingly popular for
people having expensive cars and hence as a theft prevention and retrieval device. No doubt,
Vehicle tracking system whether it is GPS based or any other wireless medium has brought one
of the most important technological advances in today’s communication field. Now one doesn’t
have to leave a place to know where a particular vehicle is at a given period of time. The
automatic vehicle locating system only with the help of a tinny electronic device and tracking
software can detect the real-time location of a vehicle by using the conventional cell phone
network and Internet.
21. Vehicle automation system android phone by using CAN, Bluetooth, GSM,GPS and
finger scanner
vehicle automation. Controller–area network (CAN or CAN-bus) is a vehicle bus standard
designed to allow microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other within a
vehicle without a host computer. In our project we are going to implement CAN based
vehicle automation by using Bluetooth,GPS,GSM and Finger print for user security.
22. Vehicle theft control system android phone by using Bluetooth, GSM, GPS and finger
scanner
Vehicle theft control system. This paper deals with the design & development of a theft control
system for an automobile, which is being used to prevent/control the theft of a vehicle. The
developed system makes use of an embedded system based on GSM technology. The designed
& developed system is installed in the vehicle. An interfacing mobile is also connected to the
microcontroller, which is in turn, connected to the engine. Once, the vehicle is being stolen, the
information is being used by the vehicle owner for further processing. The information is passed
onto the central processing insurance system, where by sitting at a remote place, a particular

23

number is dialed by them to the interfacing mobile that is with the hardware kit which is
installed in the vehicle. By reading the signals received by the mobile, one can control the
ignition of the engine; say to lock it or to stop the engine immediately. Again it will come to the
normal condition only after entering a secured password. The owner of the vehicle & the central
processing system will know this secured password. The main concept in this design is
introducing the mobile communications into the embedded system. The designed unit is very
simple & low cost.
23. Irrigation control system android phone by using Bluetooth, GSM, GPS for farmers for
efficient use of water, power and crop planning.
This application makes use of the Bluetooth and GPS feature of mobile phone as a solution for
irrigation control system. In our project we are going to implement the irrigation control system
for farmers for efficient use of water, power and crop planning by using GSM and GPS
technology.

24. Remote billing and control system for warehouses in asset tracking and theft control
using android phone by using Bluetooth,GSM,GPRS and RFID device .
This application makes use of the Bluetooth and GPS feature of mobile phone as a solution for
remote billing and control system. It is the technology used to determine the location of a Asset
using different methods like GPS and other radio navigation systems operating through
satellites and ground based stations. This system is an important tool for tracking each Asset at a
given period of time and now it is becoming increasingly popular for people having expensive
cars and hence as a theft prevention and retrieval device. No doubt, Asset tracking system
whether it is GPS based or any other wireless medium has brought one of the most important
technological advances in today’s communication field.
25. Friend Mapper on Mobiles - Friend Locator
In current system, in order to find out the location of friends, user need to call and ask friend
about his where abouts. The proposed system will help user to find out friends locations as well
as the distance from user’s location. The proposed system will also allow user to see all friends
on Google map as well.

24

26. Micro Credit Banking On Smartphone
To provide a banking application on smartphone for the mobile employees of microcredit bank
with the facility to have data synchronized between the smartphone and the bank’s database.
27. Mobile Travel Guide – Smart way to Travel
In current tourism system, whenever a tourist visits famous spots, to know more about the place
he hires a guide. The hired guide then narrates history of the place. The proposed system doesn’t
require a physical guide. The Mobile application installed on the mobile of tourist can act as a
guide. Additionally, the application would help user to find out the weatherforecast of the place.
28. Mobile Electronic Program Guide
In current system, in order to get the TV schedule, user need to check newspaper or see actual
schedule on TV. The proposed system will help user to get the TV schedules right on the mobile
device making him to check schedule from anywhere. To make sure you don’t miss that
important cricket match or exciting movie, you can add a reminder about the show into the
calendar with just single click.
29. Mobile Location Alarm
In current system, alarms are set for particular time. Many times there are situations where the
alarm/reminder is based on your current location nad not based on time. The Mobile application
installed on the mobile can give a alarm based on a particular location. Additionally, the
application would help user to find out how far the user is away from particular reminder
location on the map.
30. Smart complaint registration for Govt bodies
In current system, complaint registrations for government bodies i.e.: BWSSB, KPTCL, etc are
offline. The seriousness of the problem is often not known by offline means. Even reporting
some of the unsocial activities to police department have ended up in imagination based the eye
witness to draw a sketch of the accused.


25

31. Twitter Client for Android based smart phone
To develop an Android client for Twitter
1.

User can sign up with Twitter from the client

2.

User can log into Twitter (sign in) from the client

3. Twitter home page will be displayed on the client after logging in. The home page will
have the tweets and facility to select (1)
post a tweet, (2) view mentions (3) view inbox and (4) reload
4.

User can post his tweet into Twitter from the client

5.

User can view followers and also the people who are following him.

6.

User can search for people by name or user name.

7.

User can attach his location to his tweets.

32. FTP4Android
The aim of the application is to provide smartphone users with a virtually infinite mass storage.
This file manager presents files located on remote servers as they were available on a local
directory. Users will hence be allowed to use the Internet
connectivity on their smartphones to automatically retrieve files and upload updates any time a
user accesses them.

33. Location based Mobile Multimedia Push System(LBMMP)
The applicable scenario is described as follows: Joe promised to travel with Mary to Taiwan, but
Mary could not join this trip because she had to attend a qualification exam.
Thus, Joe uses LBMMPS to push videos, photos, and messages about sightseeing in Taiwan
during his travel, to shared with
Mary in real time. In the Map mode, Mary could know the location of these multimedia content
Joe Photographed.

26

34. Public Safety Application
In this project we developed a proof-of-concept system that addressed traffic safety in school
zones. Our system addresses the need for drivers to be able to pay full visual attention to the
road while still being alerted to the speed of the car. The system integrated several of the
features that are becoming more commonplace on smartphones as well as information retrieved
from Internet services.
35. Wedjat: A Mobile Phone Based Medicine In-take Reminder and Monitor
Out-patient medication administration has been identified as the most error prone procedure
amidst the entire medication process. Most of these errors were made when patients bought
different prescribed and over-the-scounter (OTC) medicines from several drug stores and use
them at home without little or no guidance.
36. Campus Navigation for Blind People on Android Devices
The objective of this project is to guide blind people with voice navigated GPS using an Android
Phone. This project has been proposed to PESIT campus to reach from main entrance to
Computer Science Dept.
37. Android Process Monitor
In current system, in order to find out which process in Android OS is occupying more memory
or which process has more load, we need to manually check each application process one by
one. The proposed application will allow user to see the details of all the processes in one shot.
38. Pedometer an Android App
Pedometer counts your steps, displays your pace, approx. distance, speed and calories burned. It
has an option to notify you by voice in given intervals about any value. You can set a desired
pace/speed and get notified when you have to go faster or slower.
39. Humanoid robot control by using ANDROID with GPRS technology


27

This application makes use of the GPRS feature of mobile phone as a solution for controlling
humanoid robot for Industrial automation. It comes handy for controlling robot in industry for
their necessities.

ABSTARCT: Linux PROJECTS (ARM9 / 11)

1.

The Design of PC System for Mobile Robot Based on ARM9

This paper introduces a design of PC system for mobile robot based on ARM9. The hardware
platform is S3C2440 from Samsung company as processor core, expanding 256MB Nand Flash,
2MB Nor Flash, 64MB SDRAM, etc. The software platform is embedded Linux operating
system, and the design of the interface and the function of the system is based on Qt/Embedded
of Linux. The software and hardware of the system are specially designed for concrete and given
application. The experiments' results show the system is stable and reliable, with low-power,
tiny-volume, high integration, and so on.

2.

The design of granary environmental monitoring system based on ARM9 and ZigBee

Grain is an important strategic resource. Due to seasonal production, there are many problems in
the stored procedure. This article designs an environment monitoring system of the granary
combining Embedded and ZigBee wireless sensor network technology. In the actual situation of
the design, using ZigBee wireless sensor network to complete Multi-point acquisition and
transmission of environment parameters, using ARM9 to achieve precise control of the barn
environment as system data controller; and using GPRS to achieve the system's remote control,
it greatly improves the flexibility and scalability of the warehouse management.
3.

Design of Embedded Control System Based on ARM9 Microcontroller

This paper mainly focuses on the design and realization of embedded control system based on
ARM kernel. Firstly, hardware structure, configuration and signal detection, processing of the
control system based on ARM are described. Secondly, the system application programs,
including main control program, user operation interface program, keyboard program and

28

development of drivers for some S3C2410X related functional modules are described. Lastly the
closed-loop control of parameter is achieved by way of PID and NN. As practical experience
shows, after introducing the control system into the parameter control for microbiology
fermentative process, the design of the system reaches expected effect, realizes relevant
functions and shows a broad market prospect.
4.

Design of embedded video capture system based on ARM9

With the rapid development of the computer, network, image processing and transmission
technology, the application of embedded technology in video monitoring is wider and wider.
This design is based on S3C2440 hardware platform and Linux operation system, it uses mesh
V2000 camera for video collection, combined with V4L video interface technology and MPEG4 video coding and decoding and video transmission technology, aiming at design a low-cost
high-performance programe. This aticle elaborates the development process of ov511 USB
camera driving in Linux operation system and the MPEG-4 video coding technology and the
network transmission realization of video data.
5.

Based on embedded intelligent vehicle system

On account of the existing vehicle for using the platform of integration is limited. Besides,
computing speed is not fast enough, power-hungry, and the machine's functions are not plentiful.
Many of the features which the customer need for the existing car can not be achieved on the
basis of machine. With the rapid development of embedded systems applications, this paper
designs a chip based on the ARM9 AT91SAM9260 new smart car system. In this design of
Intelligent vehicle systems firstly introduces the main features and hardware architecture to
achieve, and then analyzes the GPS, GPRS and other modules, the hardware composition and
theory, and finally gives the system's software program.
6.

Remote video monitoring system based on embedded linux and GPS

This paper presents a design and realization method for remote video monitoring system based
on embedded Linux and GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) network. Monitor terminal
hardware takes ARM9 S3C2410 processor for centralization, in virtue of SDRAM, USB, GPRS
module, etc. Software system adopts embedded linux, the main function realized by C
programming to achieve real-time camera data acquisition, image compression and network
transmission through GPRS module. Monitoring center receives image data and displays after

29

connects with the terminal. It is easier to be used in windows system. Image data can be
transmitted to the monitoring center in 3-6 seconds after JPEG compression. The results showed
that the monitoring system has the advantage of high reliability, high efficiency and low cost
with ARM9 and GPRS network, and it provides a feasible method for remote video monitoring.
7.

One Vehicular Information Service System

This article deals with several kernel technologies applied in vehicle information service. The
technology referring to GPS (Global Positioning System), GPRS (General Packet Radio
Service), GIS (Geographical Information System), and Computer Network etc, as we have
studied, is believed to be able to construct a Vehicle Information Service System which faces the
public. Synthesizing the technologies including GPS,GPRS, GIS, image capture and compress
based on ARM9 processor and embedded system to establish a intelligent vehicle service model,
which emphasizes U-V-S (User-Vehicle- Server) interaction. It is a integrated application in
embedded system and its application software runs on relatively real- time and multi-mission
operating systems.
8.

Design and implementation of an embedded web server based on ARM

In this paper, the embedded web server, which take Samsung corporation's ARM9-S3C2440AL
processor as core, is designed, it's operating system is Linux, the system hardware architecture is
presented. Then the process of the Linux operating system being transplated on ARM is
introduced. The realization of Boa and dynamic interaction between browser and the embedded
system by using CGI are especially analyzed. Finally the implemented embedded web server is
tested to indicate that it responding rapidly and operates efficiently and steadily, which achieves
the expectant designing purpose.

9.

Study of intelligence embedded Linux surveillance system based on TCP/IP

With the development of embedded technology, developing low-cost and high reliable
embedded control system has become increasingly popular. Based on this thinking, our design is
based on ARM9 platform using USB camera to get pictures and video streaming so as to
monitor the system. And widely used in anti-theft alarm system, video door phone, etc., since
low cost and high performance advantages.

30

10. Design and implementation of classroom multimedia teaching equipment
management system based on embedded system
The application of multimedia teaching equipment enables the teachers to use multimedia
computers and other equipment for human-machine interaction in order to complete the
instruction. But the traditional manual management methods can't achieve the self-switching of
multimedia equipment reducing the efficiency of multimedia teaching. A classroom multimedia
teaching equipment management system based on embedded system with the introduction of the
embedded and wireless transmission technology is designed and implements the distributed
management of the equipments. The embedded system node installed in the multimedia device
sets S3C2440 ARM9 embedded processor core as the core, works in the environment of the
Linux OS, and implements the information processed locally. The server was accompanied by
Zigbee wireless transceiver module for the use of information updating and system maintenance,
so are the embedded nodes. Practical results demonstrate that the system has the characteristic of
high processing speed and favorable stability which can meet the most of application demands
and be worth popularizing.
11. Design of a VoIP Media Stream Encryption Device
The design of a VoIP media stream encryption device based on ARM9 CPU is introduced. The
device can be deployed between the Soft Switch or IP-PBX and the VoIP terminal, dedicatedly
used for the encryption/de-encryption of the VoIP signal and the RTP voice packet. As an
illustration, the encryption flow of the packet is described when the VoIP protocol is SIP and the
encryption algorithm is RC4. Then a test is implemented to compare the packet before the
encryption and after that, the effectiveness of the design is proved.

12. Embedded control system design for coal mine detect and rescue robot
The coal mine detect and rescue robot is used for detecting the explosion environment of coal
mine and rescuing miners who are trapped in the underground coal mine after gas explosion.
Coal mine is a dangerous place in which many fatal factors menace miners' life, especially when
blasts occurred. Rescue crews usually don't know the actual situation of the mine tunnel under
such circumstances. Therefore it can be very dangerous for rescuers to go into mine tunnels to
search survivors without detecting environmental information beforehand. To solve this

31

problem, the coal mine detect and rescue robot has been developed for assisting people to do
rescue work. In this paper, the implementation of embedded control system based on the ARM9
microprocessor S3C2410 for our coal mine detect and rescue robot is presented.
Based on the design of robot's hardware, Linux operating system is ported as the platform of the
software development. The embedded control system can achieve many tasks of the robot, such
as motion control, environmental information acquisition, communication with the remote
control system and executing complex control algorithms.

13. Design and implementation of a remote video monitoring system based on embedded
Linux
A remote video monitoring system is proposed in this paper. The system takes Samsung
Corporation's ARM9 S3C2440AL processor as hardware core, and adopts embedded Linux as
the operating system. Ordinary 300000 pixels USB camera is used as video acquisition devices.
The system has the functions of video signal acquisition, compression, transmission over the
Internet for remote video monitoring. The process of the Linux operating system being
transplanted on ARM is introduced and the methods of video signal acquisition and MPEG-4
compression are discussed in detail. The system experimental result shows that it responding
rapidly, operate efficiently and steadily and can meet system requirement.
14. An application of VoIP communication on embedded system
Spurred by the remarkable development of VoIP technology, applications of real-time voice
communication has come into widespread use over the Internet. However, their over reliance on
PC environment restricts the applying fields of most VoIP software, and embedded VoIP is one
of these blind spots. The VoIP application in this paper sets the hardware foundation on ARM9
embedded platform, adopts SIP and RTP as the transmission protocol and employs CELP
compression algorithms to ensure the low-latency and high-quality communication. In addition,
Linux operating system and ALSA device driver are used to meet the needs of cost control and
sound effects. Viewed from the experimental results, the VoIP system proves to
be successful in both its real time voice communication and overall capacity.


32

15. Research and Implementation of WSN in Fire Safety Applications
Applying WSN (wireless sensor networks) technology to the fire safety can actualize wireless
requirement, network, and intelligent fire monitoring. A wireless fire detection system based on
WSN was described in the thesis, which can acquire data of temperature and smoke
concentration. Fire detection nodes using SOC CC2430 as the control unit to realize the
communication between nodes, the software running on the nodes applies CSMA/CA Medium
Access Control protocol and a shortest path routing algorithm for data transmission in multi-hop.
The Gateway is designed an implemented based on ARM9 and Linux, which connects wireless
fire detection network and the Internet, it has a strong processing, storage and network
communication capabilities. Remote users may share real-time fire parameter from Internet
which connects with the wireless fire data acquisition network through the Gateway.

16. Design of embedded Electromagnetic Data Acquisition System using Linux
Recently, in the field of geological exploration, electromagnetic instruments have been
tremendous growth, but they also have some typical shortcomings, such as big size, large
power consumption, complex operation and so on. Therefore, base on the current development
of electronic technology, this paper has discussed hardware and software design of the
electromagnetic data acquisition system, which makes use of 10-bit Σ-Δ analog to digital
converter, micro-controller, ARM9 processor S3C2440 and embedded Linux operating system.
The system has high accuracy, small size and low power consumption, can be applied to a
number of occasions.

17. Database Design of embedded home gateway and webserver implementation.
The http is a tiny web server for embedded system, the entire size it consumed is 14KB only.
httpd is HTTP/1.1 compliance, GET/POST method, keep alive connection and ﬂow control
support. For computer programmer, httpd is easily for reuse because of its structure is simple. In
this paper, we introduce the means of bundling httpd to make a new web page, by just adding the
required functions. This makes the static web page development on embedded system not only
simple but also efﬁcient than other web server.

33

18. ARM9 embedded system of the image acquisition and processing
It is a new system that established on the platform of the ARM9 and ZC301 camera. It can
capture images by line analysis. In order to obtain reliable and efficient image recognition
results, an ARM9 hardware platform for the image recognition system has been used. In this
system, the Principal Component Analysis(PCA) can be used to analyze and process images.
And then the effective features of the image are obtained. Through this process, the image
can be distinguished and classified automatically.

19. Remote Control Of Mobile Robot Based On Embedded Technology
In this project, we introduces the configuration of the embedded system, and then presents a
remote control of mobile robot control system based on an embedded operating system and
ARM. Based on the combination of advanced RISC microprocessor (ARM), DSP and ARMLinux, this project involves development of mobile embedded robot control systems. The
design of embedded control system includes four aspects, i.e., system structure, functions,
hardware, and software design. In the development of the system, some features are
included such as hierarchy structure, modular hardware, and structured software, to make the
system suitable for a variety of robots applications through some hardware adjustment and
software customization only. The effectiveness of proposed approach has to be verified and
tested.

20. Design of embedded video capture system based on ARM9
With the rapid development of the computer, network, image processing and transmission
technology, the application of embedded technology in video monitoring is wider and wider.
This design is based on S3C2440 hardware platform and Linux operation system, it uses mesh
V2000 camera for video collection, combined with V4L video interface technology and
MPEG-4 video coding and decoding and video transmission technology, aiming at design a lowcost high-performance programe. This article elaborates the development process of ov511 USB
camera driving in Linux operation system and the MPEG-4 video coding technology and the
network transmission realization of video data.


34

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

1.

The design of granary environmental monitoring system based on ARM9 and ZigBee

Grain is an important strategic resource. Due to seasonal production, there are many problems in
the stored procedure. This article designs an environment monitoring system of the granary
combining Embedded and ZigBee wireless sensor network technology. In the actual situation of
the design, using ZigBee wireless sensor network to complete Multi-point acquisition and
transmission of environment parameters, using ARM9 to achieve precise control of the barn
environment as system data controller; and using GPRS to achieve the system's remote control,
it greatly improves the flexibility and scalability of the warehouse management.
2.

Research and Implementation of WSN in Fire Safety Applications

Applying WSN (wireless sensor networks) technology to the fire safety can actualize wireless
requirement, network, and intelligent fire monitoring. A wireless fire detection system based on
WSN was described in the thesis, which can acquire data of temperature and smoke
concentration. Fire detection nodes using SOC CC2430 as the control unit to realize the
communication between nodes, the software running on the nodes applies CSMA/CA Medium
Access Control protocol and a shortest path routing algorithm for data transmission in multi-hop.
The Gateway is designed an implemented based on ARM9 and Linux, which connects wireless
fire detection network and the Internet, it has a strong processing, storage and network
communication capabilities. Remote users may share real-time fire parameter from Internet
which connects with the wireless fire data acquisition network through the Gateway
3. Research of wireless sensor networks for an intelligent measurement system based on
ARM.
The paper introduces a wireless sensor network (WSN) used for an intelligent temperature
measurement system. In the system, temperature signals are acquired by digital multipoint
thermometers, and transmitted to the advanced RISC microprocessor (ARM) by using Wireless
Fidelity (WiFi) technology. Then they are stored in SD card which is controlled by the
microprocessor according to the IIS-bus standard format. The software design of data acquisition

35

is completed in this paper. The progress of transplanting Linux operating system to the ARM
hardware platform is described, and the driver programs of SD card and SD WiFi device are
developed based on Linux operating system and SD card agreement. A special data storage file
system is accomplished for reading and writing SD card, as well as managing of the data file by
the FAT16 file system. At last, the function of man-machine interaction is accomplished
4. Unrestrained Measurement of Arm Motion Based on a Wearable Wireless Sensor
Network.
Techniques that could precisely monitor human motion are useful in applications such as
rehabilitation, virtual reality, sports science, and surveillance. Most of the existing systems
require wiring that restrains the natural movement. To overcome this limitation, a wearable
wireless sensor network using accelerometers has been developed in this paper to determine the
arm motion in the sagittal plane. The system provides unrestrained movements and improves its
usability. The lightweight and compact size of the developed sensor node makes its attachment
to the limb easy. Experimental results have shown that the system has good accuracy and
response rate when compared with a goniometer.

5. Design of a Wind Power Generation Monitoring System Based on Wireless Sensor
Network
Wind energy is one kind of purity, non-polluting, renewable new energy. Real-time monitoring
wind power generation system is an important action bearing with steady operation of system
and high efficiency exploiting wind power resources. A novel intelligent monitoring system plan
for wind power generation based on wireless sensor networks is proposed in this paper, which
employs many high technologies such as wireless sensor network, ARM, ubiquitous computing,
database and so on. The system consists of sensing nodes with wind speed and wind direction
detector and vibration, voltage, current, speed sensors etc., the relay and gateway nodes with
long communication distance, and the information treatment center for further strategic decision
analysis. The network protocol stack based on the link and physical layers of IEEE 802.15.4
standard, and composed mainly of a hybrid multi-channel MAC protocol with virtual
mechanism and power control mechanism for micro sensor network is applied. The system
architecture is presented, in which the key hardware and software design and realization of the

36

network node is described in detail. This system can help to fulfill the requirement of intelligent
monitoring system for wind power generation. The experimental result shows that this system
has the characteristics of high reliability, and stable performance, and provides a flexible
solution to solve the problem of data collection and sharing of long-range and multi-elements in
power.
6.

The Design of Linux Driver of WSN Nodes Based on ARM

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is the network which is composed of a large number of
intelligent sensor nodes, it has the ability of self-organizing network routing, therefore, it has
been widely used. Building wireless sensor networks is the key to WSN nodes. This paper
introduces the basic structure of wireless sensor network node based on ARM, and it delivers a
detailed analysis on the operating features and the CC2480 hardware interface of the ZigBee
processor, what's more, it specifically talks about the implementation of the Linux driver of
WSN nodes.
7. Implementation of a ZigBee-based high performance sensor node for the robot
environment platform.
In this paper, a ZigBee-based wireless sensor network is configured for the robot to effectively
communicate with the environment platform where each sensor node is implemented using a
high performance microcontroller. The localization and the navigation functions are also
required for the robot and the functions are executed with various types of sensor information. A
new type of ZigBee stack is developed using the RUM(Router Under MAC) of the Atmel Corp.
and it is applied to 32-bit ARM core microcontroller for the high performance sensor data
manipulation and transmission. It is verified by experiments that the wireless sensor network
consisting of developed high performance sensor nodes can be effectively used for the robot
environment platform.
8.

The application and design of embedded wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are composed of sensor nodes that have the ability of realtime perceiving and self- organization. Based on the consideration of performance, powerconsumption and cost, this paper gives the hardware design of embedded wireless sensor
networks node, which is centering on the popular ARM core microprocessor chip
AT91SAM7S256, and the system hardware and software design of embedded wireless sensor
networks car security system.

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9.

Remote Monitoring System of Mine Vehicle Based on Wireless Sensor Network.

A kind of construction plan of remote monitoring system of mine vehicle based on wireless
sensor network is proposed in this paper. Monitoring system uses the sensor nodes deployed on
the vehicles, to collect pressure, velocity, mileage, oil level value, and data to the ARM
(Advanced RISC Machines) -based information processing terminal, and then from the terminal
through the WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) wireless network transmits data real-timely to the
monitoring center. Monitoring
Center reads, parses, stores data, real-timely monitors and distributes the data to remote users.
Anomalies in the data, the system issued a warning exception. System implements real-time
monitoring of mine vehicle, Installed and used on the mine vehicle SGA3722 made in Shougang
Heavy Vehicle Factory. The system is suitable for mine vehicle of Oil gas suspension fork on
front and rear suspension system, helpful to improve the mine vehicles' transportation efficiency
and security.

10. Design of wireless sensor network node monitoring interface based on QT .
With the rapid development of wireless sensor networks, the monitoring system which is
dedicated to monitor wireless sensor networks is paid more and more attention, therefore, the
researches of monitoring interface for WSNs also become extremely important. The paper is
mainly targeted at the design of monitoring interface for wireless sensor networks node, and then
proposes an implementation scheme that is based on Qt Designer in the Linux environment.
Migration of Qt/Embedded on Intel PXA270 development platform based on Linux operating
system is also presented. And two compile methods of Qt application program based on PC
platform and ARM monitoring platform are described in detail.

11.

The Design and Realization of ZigBee—Wi-Fi Wireless Gatway.

Abstract-The application of WSN/ZigBee is growing popularity and how to connect
WSN/ZigBee to the present standard network seamlessly is an issue what is worth studying. In
this paper, it designs and realizes a ZigBee-Wi-Fi wireless gateway based on STM32W108 RF

38

chip and embedded Wi-Fi module. In ZigBee network, wireless gateway as a sink, it receives
data from sensor nodes and interacts with them. In WLAN, wireless gateway communicates with
PC or network servers by means of AP. Both the hardware scheme and software scheme of the
wireless gateway are introduced. Then the performance of the wireless gateway is tested, and the
result shows that it can be used for general purposes and the performance is stable. The wireless
gateway can realize communication effectively between ZigBee network and WLAN.

ABSTARCT: Dotnet PROJECTS

1. Detecting Application Denial-of-Service Attacks: A Group-Testing-Based Approach 2010
Application DoS attack, which aims at disrupting application service rather than depleting
the network resource, has emerged as a larger threat to network services, compared to the
classic DoS attack. Owing to its high similarity to legitimate traffic and much lower launching
overhead than classic DDoS attack, this new assault type cannot be efficiently detected or
prevented by existing detection solutions. To identify application DoS attack, we propose a
novel group testing (GT)-based approach deployed on back-end servers, which not only offers a
theoretical method to obtain short detection delay and low false positive/negative rate, but also
provides an underlying framework against general network attacks. More specifically, we first
extend classic GT model with size constraints for practice purposes, then redistribute the client
service requests to multiple virtual servers embedded within each back-end server machine,
according to specific testing matrices. Based on this framework, we propose a two-mode
detection mechanism using some dynamic thresholds to efficiently identify the attackers. The
focus of this work lies in the detection algorithms proposed and the corresponding theoretical
complexity analysis. We also provide preliminary simulation results regarding the efficiency and
practicability of this new scheme. Further discussions over implementation issues and
performance enhancements are also appended to show its great potentials.
2. Fast Detection of Replica Node Attacks in Mobile Sensor Networks Using Sequential
Analysis -2011


39

Due to the unattended nature of wireless sensor networks, an adversary can capture and
compromise sensor nodes, generate replicas of those nodes, and mount a variety of attacks with
the replicas he injects into the network. These attacks are dangerous because they allow the
attacker to leverage the compromise of a few nodes to exert control over much of the network.
Several replica node detection schemes in the literature have been proposed to defend against
these attacks in static sensor networks. These approaches rely on fixed sensor locations and
hence do not work in mobile sensor networks, where sensors are expected to move. In this work,
we propose a fast and effective mobile replica node detection scheme using the Sequential
Probability Ratio Test. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to tackle the problem
of replica node attacks in mobile sensor networks. We show analytically and through simulation
experiments that our schemes achieve effective and robust replica detection capability with
reasonable overheads.

3. Data Integrity Proofs in Cloud Storage ---- 2011
Cloud computing has been envisioned as the de-facto solution to the rising storage costs of IT
Enterprises. With the high costs of data storage devices as well as the rapid rate at which data is
being generated it proves costly for enterprises or individual users to frequently update their
hardware. Apart from reduction in storage costs data outsourcing to the cloud also helps in
reducing the maintenance. Cloud storage moves the user’s data to large data centers, which are
remotely located, on which user does not have any control. However, this unique feature of the
cloud poses many new security challenges which need to be clearly understood and resolved.
We provide a scheme which gives a proof of data integrity in the cloud which the customer can
employ to check the correctness of his data in the cloud. This proof can be agreed upon by both
the cloud and the customer and can be incorporated in the Service level agreement (SLA).

4. Bridging Socially-Enhanced Virtual Communities --- 2011
Interactions spanning multiple organizations have become an important aspect in today's
collaboration landscape. Organizations create alliances to fulfill strategic objectives. The
dynamic nature of collaborations increasingly demands for automated techniques and algorithms
to support the creation of such alliances. Our approach bases on the recommendation of potential
alliances by discovery of currently relevant competence sources and the support of semiautomatic formation. The environment is service-oriented comprising humans and software

40

services with distinct capabilities. To mediate between previously separated groups and
organizations, we introduce the broker concept that bridges disconnected networks. We present a
dynamic broker discovery approach based on interaction mining techniques and trust metrics.

5. Adaptive Provisioning of Human Expertise in Service-oriented Systems --- 2011
Web-based collaborations have become essential in today’s business environments. Due to the
availability of various SOA frameworks, Web services emerged as the de facto technology to
realize flexible compositions of services. While most existing work focuses on the discovery and
composition of software based services, we highlight concepts for a people- centric Web.
Knowledge-intensive environments clearly demand for provisioning of human expertise along
with sharing of computing resources or business data through software-based services. To
address these challenges, we introduce an adaptive approach allowing humans to provide their
expertise through services using SOA standards, such as WSDL and SOAP. The seamless
integration of humans in the SOA loop triggers numerous social implications, such as evolving
expertise and drifting interests of human service providers. Here we propose a framework that is
based on interaction monitoring techniques enabling adaptations in SOA-based socio-technical
systems.
6. Optimal service pricing for a cloud cache
Cloud applications that offer data management services are emerging. Such clouds support
caching of data in order to provide quality query services. The users can query the cloud data,
paying the price for the infrastructure they use. Cloud
management necessitates an economy that manages the service of multiple users in an efficient,
but also, resource economic
way that allows for cloud profit. Naturally, the maximization of cloud profit given some
guarantees for user satisfaction presumes an appropriate price-demand model that enables
optimal pricing of query services. The model should be plausible in that it reflects the
correlation of cache structures involved in the queries. Optimal pricing is achieved based on a
dynamic pricing scheme that adapts to time changes. This paper proposes a novel pricedemand model designed for a cloud cache and a dynamic pricing scheme for queries executed
in the cloud cache. The pricing solution employs a novel method that estimates the correlations


41

of the cache services in an time-efficient manner. The experimental study shows the efficiency
of the solution.

7. Automated Certification for Compliant Cloud-based Business Processes
A key problem in the deployment of large-scale, reliable cloud computing concerns the
difficulty to certify the compliance of business processes operating in the cloud. Standard audit
procedures such as SAS-70 and SAS- 117 are hard to conduct
for cloud based processes. The paper proposes a novel approach to certify the compliance of
business processes with
regulatory requirements. The approach translates process models into their corresponding
Petri net representations and checks them against requirements also expressed in this
formalism. Being Based on Petri nets, the approach provides well- founded evidence on
adherence and, in case of noncompliance, indicates the possible vulnerabilities. Keywords:
Business process models, Cloud computing, Compliance certification, Audit, Petri nets.

8. Privacy-Preserving Multi-keyword Ranked Search over Encrypted Cloud Data
The advent of cloud computing, data owners are motivated to outsource their complex data
management systems from local sites to commercial public cloud for great flexibility and
economic savings. But for protecting data privacy, sensitive data has to be encrypted before
outsourcing, which obsoletes traditional data utilization based on plaintext keyword search.
Thus, enabling an encrypted cloud data search service is of paramount importance. Considering
the large number of data users and documents in cloud, it is crucial for the search service to
allow multi-keyword query and provide result similarity ranking to meet the effective data
retrieval need. Related works on searchable encryption focus on single keyword search or
Boolean keyword search, and rarely differentiate the search results. In this paper, for the
first time, we define and solve the challenging problem of privacy-preserving multi-keyword
ranked search over encrypted cloud data (MRSE), and establish a set of strict privacy
requirements for such a secure cloud data utilization system to become a reality. Among various
multi- keyword semantics, we choose the efficient principle of “coordinate matching”, i.e., as
many matches as possible, to capture the similarity between search query and data
documents, and further use “inner product similarity” to quantitatively formalize such
principle for similarity measurement. We first propose a basic MRSE scheme using secure inner
product computation, and then significantly improve it to meet different privacy requirements in

42

two levels of threat models. Thorough analysis investigating privacy and efficiency guarantees
of proposed schemes is given, and experiments on the real-world dataset further show proposed
schemes indeed introduce low overhead on computation and communication.
9. Continuous Neighbor Discovery in Asynchronous Sensor Networks
In most sensor networks the nodes are static. Nevertheless, node connectivity is subject to
changes because of disruptions in wireless communication, transmission power changes, or loss
of synchronization between neighboring nodes. Hence, even after a sensor is aware of its
immediate neighbors, it must continuously maintain its view, a process we call continuous
neighbor discovery. In this work we distinguish between neighbor discovery during sensor
network initialization and continuous neighbor discovery. We focus on the latter and view it
as a joint task of all the nodes in every connected segment. Each sensor employs a simple
protocol in a coordinate effort to reduce power consumption without increasing the time required
to detect hidden sensors.

10. Privacy-Preserving Public Auditing for Data Storage Security in Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is the long dreamed vision of computing as a utility, where users can
remotely store their data into the cloud so as to enjoy the on-demand high quality applications
and services from a shared pool of configurable computing
resources. By data outsourcing, users can be relieved from the burden of local data storage and
maintenance. Thus, enabling
public auditability for cloud data storage security is of critical importance so that users can
resort to an external audit party to check the integrity of outsourced data when needed. To
securely introduce an effective third party auditor (TPA), the following two fundamental
requirements have to be met: 1) TPA should be able to efficiently audit the cloud data storage
without demanding the local copy of data, and introduce no additional on-line burden to the
cloud user. Specifically, our contribution in this work can be summarized as the following three
aspects:
1) We motivate the public auditing system of data storage security in Cloud Computing and
provide a privacy-preserving auditing protocol, i.e., our scheme supports an external auditor to
audit user’s outsourced data in the cloud without learning knowledge on the data content.


43

2) To the best of our knowledge, our scheme is the first to support scalable and efficient public
auditing in the Cloud Computing. In particular, our scheme achieves batch auditing where
multiple delegated auditing tasks from different users can be performed simultaneously by the
TPA.
3) We prove the security and justify the performance of our proposed schemes through
concrete experiments and comparisons with the state-of-the-art.
11. Multicast multi-path power efficient routing in mobile adhoc networks
The proposal of this paper presents a measurement-based routing algorithm to load balance
intra domain traffic along multiple paths for multiple multicast sources. Multiple paths are
established using application-layer overlaying. The
proposed algorithm is able to converge under different network models, where each model
reflects a different set of
assumptions about the multicasting capabilities of the network. The algorithm is derived from
simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation and relies only on noisy estimates from
measurements. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the additional benefits obtained
by incrementally increasing the multicasting capabilities. The main application of mobile ad hoc
network is in emergency rescue operations and battlefields. This paper addresses the problem of
power awareness routing to increase lifetime of overall network. Since nodes in mobile ad hoc
network can move randomly, the topology may change arbitrarily and frequently at
unpredictable times. Transmission and reception parameters may also impact the topology.
Therefore it is very difficult to find and maintain an optimal power aware route. In this work a
scheme has been proposed to maximize the network lifetime and minimizes the power
consumption during the source to destination route establishment. The proposed work is aimed
to provide efficient power aware routing considering real and non real time data transfer.
12. Fuzzy Keyword Search over Encrypted Data in Cloud Computing
As Cloud Computing becomes prevalent, more and more sensitive information are being
centralized into the cloud. Although traditional searchable encryption schemes allow a user to
securely search over encrypted data through keywords and selectively retrieve files of interest,
these techniques support only exact keyword search. In this paper, for the first time we
formalize and solve the problem of effective fuzzy keyword search over encrypted cloud
data while maintaining keyword privacy. Fuzzy keyword search greatly enhances system
usability by returning the matching files when users’ searching inputs exactly match the
predefined keywords or the closest possible matching files based on keyword similarity

44

semantics, when exact match fails. In our solution, we exploit edit distance to quantify keywords
similarity and develop two advanced techniques on constructing fuzzy keyword sets, which
achieve optimized storage and representation overheads. We further propose a brand new
symbol-based trie-traverse searching scheme, where a multi-way tree structure is built up using
symbols transformed from the resulted fuzzy keyword sets. Through rigorous security analysis,
we show that our proposed solution is secure and privacy-preserving, while correctly realizing
the goal of fuzzy keyword search. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of
the proposed solution.
13. A heuristic-based approach for detecting SQL-injection vulnerabilities in Web
applications.
14. Next Generation Cloud Computing Architecture(2010)
Cloud computing is fundamentally altering expectations for how and when computing, storage
an networking resources should be allocated, managed and consumed. End-users are
increasingly sensitive to the latency of services they consume. Service Developers want the
Service Providers to ensure or provide the capability to dynamically allocate and manage
resources in response to changing demand patterns in real-time. Ultimately, Service Providers
are under pressure to architect their infrastructure to enable real-time end-to-end visibility and
dynamic resource management with fine grained control to reduce total cost of ownership while
also improving agility. The current approaches to enabling real-time, dynamic infrastructure are
inadequate, expensive and not scalable to support consumer mass-market requirements. Over
time, the server-centric infrastructure management systems have evolved to become a complex
tangle of layered systems designed to automate systems administration functions that are
knowledge and labor intensive. This expensive and non-real time paradigm is ill suited for a
world where customers are demanding communication, collaboration and commerce at the speed
of light. Thanks to hardware assisted virtualization, and the resulting decoupling of
infrastructure and application management, it is now possible to provide dynamic visibility
and control of service management to meet the rapidly growing
d emand
for
cloud-based
services.

15. Design of Home Gateway based on Intelligent Network(2008)


45

Home networking is called as Digital Home Network. It means that PC, home entertainment
equipment, home appliances, Home wirings, security, illumination system were communicated
with each other by some composing network technology, constitute a networking internal home,
and connect with WAN by home gateway. It is a new network technology and application
technology, and can provide many kinds of services inside home or between homes. Currently,
home networking can be divided into three kinds: Information equipment, Home appliances,
Communication equipment. Equipment inside home networking can exchange information with
outer networking by home gateway, this information communication is bidirectional, user can
get information and service which provided by public networking by using home networking
internal equipment through home gateway connecting public network, meantime, also can get
information and resource to control the internal equipment which provided by home networking
internal equipment .Based on the general network model of home networking, there are four
functional entities inside home networking: HA, HB, HC, and HD. (1) HA (Home Access) home networking connects function entity; (2) HB (Home Bridge) – Home networking bridge
connects function entity; (3) HC (Home Client) - Home networking client function entity; (4)
HD (Home Device) – decoder function entity. There are many physical ways to implement four
function entities. Based on these four functional entities,
there are reference model of physical layer, reference model of link layer, reference model of IP
layer and application
reference model of high layer. In the future home network should have broadband network
function, public network function, and compositive multi-service and multi-application function,
etc.
16. Random Cast: An Energy-Efficient Communication Scheme for Mobile Ad Hoc
Networks (2009)
In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), every node overhears every data transmission occurring
in its vicinity and thus, consumes energy unnecessarily. However, since some MANET routing
protocols such as Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) collect route information via overhearing,
they would suffer if they are used in combination with 802.11 PSM. Allowing no overhearing
may critically deteriorate the performance of the underlying routing protocol, while
unconditional overhearing may offset the advantage of using PSM.
17. Credit Card Fraud Detection Using Hidden Markov Model(2008)
Now a day the usage of credit cards has dramatically increased. As credit card becomes the most
popular mode of payment for both online as well as regular purchase, cases of fraud associated
with it are also rising. In this paper, we model the

46

sequence of operations in credit card transaction processing using a Hidden Markov Model
(HMM) and show how it can be
used for the detection of frauds. An HMM is initially trained with the normal behavior of a
cardholder. If an incoming credit card transaction is not accepted by the trained HMM with
sufficiently high probability, it is considered to be fraudulent. At the same time, we try to ensure
that genuine transactions are not rejected. We present detailed experimental results to show the
effectiveness of our approach and compare it with other techniques available in the literature.
18. FARMERS BUDDY(2010).
The objective of this project is to help farmers by providing information regarding Market
price, Weather forecast, Tips, News through SMS which is cost effective. The Server will
maintain the database related to agriculture like market price, weather report (state), news
related to agriculture, Various reports on government policies , tips like suggestions. Information
stored in database is then sent as sms to registered farmer to assist them which may help them to
take next step.
or precautions based on message. Server also responds to farmer request which is received in
the form of sms to maximum extend but sms sent from farmer should be in specific format.
Database can be updated only by the authentic user authorized by administrator.

19. A Large-Scale Hidden Semi-Markov Model for Anomaly Detection on User Browsing
Behaviors(2009)
There are many solution based methods created against distributed denial of service (DDoS)
attacks are focused on the
Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol layers as a substitute of the high layer. The
DDoS attack makes an attempt to make a computer resource unavailable to its respective users.
DoS attacks are implemented by either forcing the targeted computer(s) to reset, or consuming
its resources so that it can no longer provide its intended service and actually they are not
suitable for handling the new type of attack which is based on the application layer. In this
project, we establish a new system to achieve early attack discovery and filtering for the
application-layer-based DDoS attack. An extended hidden semi-Markov model is proposed to
describe the browsing habits of web searchers. A forward algorithm is derived


47

for the online implementation of the model based on the M-algorithm in order to reduce the
computational amount introduced by the model’s large state space. Entropy of the user’s HTTP
request sequence accurate to the replica is used as a principle to measure the user’s normality.
Finally, experiments are conducted to validate our model and algorithm.

20. BENEFIT-BASED DATA CACHING IN AD HOC NETWORKS(2008)
The project titled “BENEFIT-BASED DATA CACHING IN AD HOC NETWORKS” Data
caching is the simple concept which is known by us very clearly nothing but clipboard memory.
Here in the proposed the caching can significantly improve the efficiency of information access
in a wireless ad hoc network by reducing the access latency and bandwidth usage. However,
designing efficient distributed caching algorithms is nontrivial when network nodes have limited
memory. The above optimization problem is known to be NP-hard. Defining benefit as the
reduction in total access cost, we present
a polynomial-time centralized approximation algorithm that provably delivers a solution whose
benefit is at least 1/4 (1/2 for uniform-size data items) of the optimal benefit. Our distributed
algorithm using a network simulator (ns2) and
demonstrate that it significantly outperforms another existing caching technique in all important
performance metrics. The
performance differential is particularly large in more challenging scenarios such as higher access
frequency and smaller memory.
21. Information Content-Based Sensor Selection and Transmission Power Adjustment for
Collaborative Target Tracking(2009)
For target tracking applications, wireless sensor nodes provide accurate information since they
can be deployed and operated near the phenomenon. These sensing devices have the opportunity
of collaboration among themselves to improve
the target localization and tracking accuracies. An energy-efficient collaborative target tracking
paradigm is developed for


48

wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In addition, a novel approach to energy savings in WSNs is
devised in the information- controlled transmission power (ICTP) adjustment, where nodes with
more information use higher transmission powers than those that are less informative to share
their target state information with the neighboring nodes.

22. Jamming-Aware Traffic Allocation for Multiple-Path Routing Using Portfolio
Selection(2011)
Multiple-path source routing protocols allow a data source node to distribute the total traffic
among available paths. In this Project, we consider the problem of jamming-aware source
routing in which the source node performs traffic allocation based on empirical jamming
statistics at individual network nodes. We formulate this traffic allocation as a lossy network
flow optimization problem using portfolio selection theory from financial statistics. We show
that in multi-source networks, this centralized optimization problem can be solved using a
distributed algorithm based on decomposition in network utility maximization (NUM). We
demonstrate the network's ability to estimate the impact of jamming and incorporate these
estimates into the traffic allocation problem. Finally, we simulate the achievable throughput
using our proposed traffic allocation method in several scenarios.
23. Data Leakage Detection(2010)
A data distributor has given sensitive data to a set of supposedly trusted agents (third parties).
Some of the data are leaked and found in an unauthorized place (e.g., on the web or somebody’s
laptop). The distributor must assess the likelihood that the leaked data came from one or more
agents, as opposed to having been independently gathered by other means. We propose data
allocation strategies (across the agents) that improve the probability of identifying leakages.
These methods do not rely on alterations of the released data (e.g., watermarks). In some cases,
we can also inject “realistic but fake” data records to further improve our chances of detecting
leakage and identifying the guilty party.
24. Enhanced Security for Online Exams Using Group Cryptography(2009)
Online exam is field that is very popular and made many security assurances. Then also it fails to
control cheating. Online exams have not been widely adopted well, but online education is
adopted and using allover the world without any security issues. An online exam is defined in

49

this project as one that takes place over the insecure Internet, and where no proctor is in the same
location as the examinees. This project proposes an enhanced secure filled online exam
management environment mediated by group cryptography techniques using remote monitoring
and control of ports and input. The target domain of this project is that of online exams for any
subject’s contests in any level of study, as well as exams in online university courses with
students in various remote locations. This project proposes a easy solution to the issue of
security and cheating for online exams. This solution uses an enhanced Security Control system
in the Online Exam (SeCOnE) which is based on group cryptography
25.

Host Based Intrusion Detection and Prevention System.

An approach to IP traces back based on the probabilistic packet marking paradigm. Our
approach, which we call randomize-and-link, uses large checksum cords to “link” message
fragments in a way that is highly scalable, for the checksums serve both as associative addresses
and data integrity verifiers. The main advantage of these checksum cords is that they spread the
addresses of possible router messages across a spectrum that is too large for the attacker to
easily create messages that collide with legitimate messages.
26.

DDOS Tracking and Monitoring System Using HMM.

There are many solution based methods created against distributed denial of service (DDoS)
attacks are focused on the Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol layers as a
substitute of the high layer. The DDoS attack makes an attempt to make a computer resource
unavailable to its respective users. DoS attacks are implemented by either forcing the targeted
computer(s) to reset, or consuming its resources so that it can no longer provide its intended
service and actually they are not suitable for handling the new type of attack which is based
on the application layer. In this project, we establish a new system to achieve early attack
discovery and filtering for the application-layer-based DDoS attack. An extended hidden semiMarkov model is proposed to describe the browsing habits of web searchers. A forward
algorithm is derived for the online implementation of the model based on the M-algorithm in
order to reduce the computational amount introduced by the model’s large state space. Entropy
of the user’s HTTP request sequence accurate to the replica is used as a principle to measure the
user’s normality. Finally, experiments are conducted to validate our model and algorithm.

GSM/GPS: ABSTRACT

50

1.

ROME Road monitoring and alert system through Geocache.

The increasing integration of sensors and wireless communication devices into highly mobile
platforms such as automobiles is enabling novel pervasive monitoring services that continuously
sense the surrounding environment and report events of interest on a
Real-time basis. In this project, the first vehicle which is moving before other vehicles in a
particular direction can transfer can transfer the information about the road ex: potholes, humps,
accidents on the roads to other vehicles which come in that particular network.
2.

A Mobile GPRS-Sensors Array for Air Pollution Monitoring.

This system consists of a Mobile Data-Acquisition Unit (Mobile-DAQ) and a fixed InternetEnabled Pollution Monitoring Server (Pollution-Server). The Mobile-DAQ unit integrates a
single-chip microcontroller, air pollution sensors array, a General Packet Radio Service Modem
(GPRS-Modem) and a Global Positioning System Module (GPS-Module). The Pollution-Server
is a high-end personal computer application server with Internet connectivity. The Mobile-DAQ
unit gathers air pollutants levels (CO, NO2, and SO2), and packs them in a frame with the GPS
physical location, time and date. The frame is subsequently uploaded to the GPRS-Modem and
transmitted to the Pollution-Server via the public mobile network. A database server is attached
to the Pollution-Server for storing the pollutants level for further usage by various clients such as
environment protection agencies, vehicles registration authorities, tourist, and insurance
companies. The Pollution- Server is interfaced to Google maps to display real-time pollutants
levels and locations in large metropolitan areas.

3.

Development of Remote Monitoring Cardiac Patients System Based on GPRS.

Nowadays, the electrocardiograph (ECG) is certainly the most effective tool to identify anomalies
in the cardiac activity. In this system, we propose a remote medical monitoring system for ECG
data. The system is composed of two parts, which are portable remote medical monitoring unit
and the monitoring center. The portable remote medical monitoring unit consists of Advanced
RISC Machines (ARM) with the embedded operating system, a custom ECG board, and a
GPRS module capable of transmitting information to processing centers. The monitoring center
is composed of the monitoring station and the information processing system which realizes
information management, real-time analysis, wireless transmission, a warning mechanism for
emergency and ECG diagnosis. The aim of this project is to provide an ECG medical

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monitoring for the user (patient or potential patient) at any time and any place, if there is any
abnormal change of ECG data.

4.

GPS-GSM Integration for Enhancing Public Transportation Management Services.

This paper proposes and implements a solution for enhancing public transportation
management services based on GPS and GSM in Punjab province of Pakistan. The system
consists of four modules: BUS Station Module, In-BUS Module, BASE Station Module and
BUS Stop Module. Equipped with PC and GSM modem, BUS Station Module sends the
initialization information containing the bus number and license plate number to In-BUS
Module and BASE Station Module using SMS. The microcontroller based In-BUS Module
consisting mainly of a GPS receiver and GSM modem then then starts transmitting its location
and number of passengers to BASE Station Module. BASE Station Module equipped with
a microcontroller unit and GSM modems interfaced to PCs is designed to keep track record of
every bus, processes user request about a particular bus location out of BUS Station and updates
buses location on bus stops. BUS Stop Module is installed at every bus stop and consists of a
GSM modem, memory unit and dot matrix display all interfaced to a microcontroller. This
module receives buses location information coming towards that stop from BASE Station
module and displays the information on a dot matrix display. A per stop statistical analysis is
carried out based on the number of passengers and a recommendation report along with this
analysis is sent to Punjab Government Transportation Department to have a check on the
performance and services offered by transporters to common people. The results have shown
that the developed system is useful for facilitating people using public transportation services.
5.

Identifying objects using RF transmitters and receivers, and retrieving data using GSM.

To provide a system for monitoring and locating objects using Radio Frequency (RF)
transmitters and receivers, and querying about the objects using mobile phones. An object
represents a real world entity. This system is based on RF transmitters that are tagged to the
objects of everyday use and have the capability of transmitting signals and a receiver that detects
the transmission of the tagged object and stores its corresponding location in the database which
is created specifically for information maintenance of the tagged objects. Mobile phones are used
to query the location of the tagged object by sending a message to the Subscriber Identity
Module (SIM) connected to a Global System for Mobile Communications ( GSM) modem. This

52

GSM modem fetches the location and other relevant information from the database and
encapsulates this information into a message which is sent back to the mobile phone that has
requested the information.
6.

Remote control of smart household based on DTMF.

More and more smart systems have been used in modern household. This article mainly
introduces the smart household control system realization procedure based on DTMF remote
transmission. The system uses module to dispose and exchange information. We realized
household appliances remote control by communication through mobile telephone and GSM
card of the system host computer by DTMF signals. This method has a lot of advantage, such as
easy operation, good practicability and wide appliance range etc. This article particularly narrated
main functions and realization of hardware and software of the system.
7.

Short range vehicle tracking.(pdf)

This paper describes the tracking of a vehicle by using a 3-dimensional positioning system, which
is composed of two 2-dimensional Infrared (IR) signal source trackers. Once the 2D trackers
detect the incident angles of the IR signal source, the 3D
Positioning system will locate the IR signal source. In the experiments, the detection on the
longitudinal direction is concerned, and the IR signal source on the preceding vehicle is detected
by the 3D positioning system implemented on the following vehicle. While GPS cannot tell two
adjacent vehicles, the short-ranged positioning system is able to locate the nearby moving target.

9.

Gsm and zig-bee for vehicles.

This paper presents the performance result of soft and hard vertical handoff between GPRS and
Zigbee networks. The results show that the average packet delay in GPRS network isaround 2.3
seconds and 1.5 seconds for TCP and UDP connection, respectively, and that in Zigbee is
around 6 msec. By using Zigbee network, it is possible to use its network interface for broadcast
to other neighbor mobile devices since it has very small amount of delay. However, it can be
used in a small coverage area. For GPRS connection, it can cover a
large area, but has significant packet delay.
10. GSM BASED CALL ROUTER.

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11. 32 bit car parking using GSM.
We all know how the present parking system works. As soon as we reach the parking place the
guard at the entrance takes a record of the vehicle and the time of entry and gives us a slip and
guides us to the slot. At exit he checks the slip and calculates the charges and leaves us. It
looks too simple but we know how tough it is to first of all find a parking place and in that find a
free slot to park our vehicle.
This project is designed to automate the parking system, make the current parking system more
user friendly and easier to use. Here the user has to first reserve a parking slot for him/her by
requesting for a parking slot through SMS. After requesting for a slot the user is give an
authentication password to be entered at the parking slot to get access to the parking slot. The
controller performs all the activities like reservation, gate operation, cost calculation etc.. IR
sensors are present at each gate to sense the presence of vehicle and aid the hardware to
perform appropriate actions. The communication medium between the user and the hardware
module is the GSM modem, by using which the user and the hardware module can
communicate by using SMS (Short Message Service) formats

12. Interactive vehicle using GSM.
In this project, the Vehicle contains the GSM modem to receive the messages from the mobile
and DC motors for the movement of vehicle . When the user sends the SMS from his mobile.
The GSM modem receives the SMS from the mobile. Then the vehicle moves in the particular
direction i.e. front, back, left, right direction based on the SMS sent from the mobile.
13. Autonomous Navigation Tool (A.N.T.) - Gps Based Navigation System for the
Visually
Impaired and Blind.
GPS enabled campus navigation system for blind with voice narration. This project is used to give
voice messages reading the campus details & current location of the campus to visually
handicapped person using GPS.The device is actually a special attachment that works with any
GPS-enabled PDA, and relies on two major components: The voice guiding system and the
specially designed GPS navigation maps. Thus, all the user has to do is connect the trekker to
the main GPS unit and switch it on. The device will then deliver comprehensive information

54

regarding the users route, providing such useful features as real-time information detection
(intersections & points of interest),real- time/off line map browsing(route preview),route planning
and recording (guiding rules),accessing the GPS information and more
The system consists of the following functional components :(1)a module for determining the
traveler's position and orientation in space, (2)a geographic information system comprising a
detailed database of our test site and software for route planning and for obtaining information
from the database, and(3)the user interface. The experiment reported here is concerned with
one function of the navigation system: guiding the traveler along a predefined route.
All GPS based navigation systems for the blind consist of these functional components a module
for determining the traveler's orientation and GPS coordinates to the surrounding environment,
and the user interface.
Our long term goal has been and continues to be to contribute to the development of a portable,
self-contained system that will allow visually impaired individuals to travel through familiar and
unfamiliar environments without the assistance of the guides.
14. 2 folded ATM threat security with multiple people entry and password access using RFID
and
GSM.
The main aim of this project is to prevent forced ATM theft, using GSM technology.Consider a
scenario when you enter into an ATM to withdraw money for your need, and suddenly a thief
enters into the ATM with a knife or a pistol, and force you to withdraw the entire amount in
your account (considering the ATM has no security guard and is in a remote place). What you
can do? You can either fight with the thief or can give all the money to him.
Just think of an implementation which is helpful in this situation as, when you are forcibly
attempting to withdraw money, and you are entering a code number instead of your actual pin
code, and the ATM shows that you have no balance in your account (even if you have plenty).
And also imagine that as the thief tries to get out of the ATM, he will come to know that the
ATM is surrounded by armed police and there is no way to escape.
This can be done by just entering a code instead of the actual password. Here we are trying to
develop such a kind of system which will prevent all these disasters.

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15. Remote patient monitoring using EEG, ECG and Zigbee/ GSM.

16. GSM based smart information system for lost ATM cards.
17. DTMF Based Air-Craft Visual Inspection.
18. Remote billing of energy meter/water meter using GSM modem.
Every month we can see a person standing in front of our house from Electricity board or water
Board whose duty is to read the energy meter/water meter and handover the bills (electric or
water) to the owner of that house . This is nothing but meter reading. According to that reading
we have to pay the bills. The main drawback of this system is that person has to go area by area
and he has to read the meter of every house and handover the bills. The Electricity board and
Water authority has to give privileges for these people to do their duty monthly. The thing is,
Government will not appoint any particular persons for this duty. The people working in these
boards will go on a particular day and do their duty leaving all their pending works. Due to this,
their work will be delayed and this is great loss for government. To overcome this drawback we
have come up with an idea and this idea will help the government and it will save the time of the
employees working in these boards.
The aim of the project is to automate the billing of energy meter and water meter. In this project
the front end is User friendly and the employees can work on this software with minimum
knowledge of Computers. Employees can read the meter by sitting in the Office. For front end
designing Visual Basics is used.

JAVA PROJECTS ABSTRACT
Distributed & Parallel
1. An Efficient and Adaptive Decentralized File Replication Algorithm in P2P File
Sharing Systems
In peer-to-peer file sharing systems, file replication technology is widely used to reduce hot
spots and improve file query efficiency. Most current file replication methods replicate files in
all nodes or two end points on a client-server query path. However, these methods either have

56

low effectiveness or come at a cost of high overhead. File replication in server side enhances
replica hit rate, hence, lookup efficiency but produces overloaded nodes and cannot significantly
reduce query path length. File replication in client side could greatly reduce query path length,
but cannot guarantee high replica hit rate to fully utilize replicas. Though replication along query
path solves these problems, it comes at a high cost of overhead due to more replicas and
produces underutilized replicas. This paper presents an Efficient and Adaptive
Decentralized (EAD) file replication algorithm that achieves high query efficiency and high
replica utilization at a significantly low cost. EAD enhances the utilization of file replicas by
selecting query traffic hubs and frequent requesters as replica nodes, and dynamically adapting
to no uniform and time-varying file popularity and node interest. Unlike current methods,
EAD creates and deletes replicas in a decentralized self-adaptive manner while guarantees high
replica utilization. Theoretical analysis shows the high performance of EAD. Simulation results
demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of EAD in comparison with other approaches in
both static and dynamic environments. It dramatically reduces the overhead of file replication,
and yields significant improvements on the efficiency and effectiveness of file replication in
terms of query efficiency, replica hit rate, and overloaded nodes reduction.

2. Privacy in VoIP Networks: Flow Analysis Attacks and Defense
Peer-to-peer VoIP (voice over IP) networks are becoming increasingly popular due to their
significant cost advantage and richer call forwarding features than traditional public switched
telephone networks. One of the most important features of a VoIP network is privacy (for VoIP
clients). Unfortunately, most peer-to-peer VoIP networks neither provide personalization nor
guarantee a quantifiable privacy level. In this paper, we propose novel flow analysis attacks that
demonstrate the vulnerabilities of peer-to-peer VoIP networks to privacy attacks. We then
address two important challenges in designing privacy-aware VoIP networks: Can we provide
personalized privacy guarantees for VoIP clients that allow them to select privacy requirements
on a per-call basis? How to design VoIP protocols to support customizable privacy guarantee?
This paper proposes practical solutions to address these challenges using a quantifiable kanonymity metric and a privacy-aware VoIP route setup and route maintenance protocols. We
present detailed experimental evaluation that demonstrates the performance and scalability of
our protocol, while meeting customizable privacy guarantees.


57

3. Rumor Riding: Anonym zing Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Systems 2011
Although anonymizing Peer-to-Peer (P2P) systems often incurs extra traffic costs, many systems
try to mask the identities of their users for privacy considerations. Existing anonymity
approaches are mainly path-based: peers have to pre- construct an anonymous path before
transmission. The overhead of maintaining and updating such paths is significantly high. We
propose Rumor Riding (RR), a lightweight and non-path-based mutual anonymity protocol for
decentralized
P2P systems. Employing a random walk mechanism, RR takes advantage of lower overhead by
mainly using the symmetric cryptographic algorithm.
4. FDAC: Toward Fine-grained Distributed Data Access Control in Wireless Sensor
Networks 2011

5. Enforcing Minimum-Cost Multicast Routing Against Selfish Information Flows
Conventional block-based multicast authentication schemes overlook the heterogeneity of
receivers by letting the sender choose the block size, divide a multicast stream into blocks,
associate each block with a signature, and spread the effect of the signature across all the packets
in the block through hash graphs or coding algorithms. The correlation among packets makes
them vulnerable to packet loss, which is inherent in the Internet and wireless networks.
Moreover, the lack of Denial of Service (DOS) resilience renders most of them vulnerable to
packet injection in hostile environments.
6. Consistent Monitoring System for Parallel and Distributed Systems
This paper proposes to build overlays that help in the monitoring of long-term availability
histories of hosts, with a focus on large-scale distributed settings where hosts may be selfish or
colluding (but not malicious). Concretely, we focus on the important problems of selection and
discovery of such an availability monitoring overlay. We motivate six significant goals for these
problems—the first three goals are consistency, verifiability, and randomness in selecting the
availability monitors of nodes, so as to be Probabilistically resilient to selfish and
colluding nodes. The next three goals are discoverability, load balancing, and scalability in
finding these monitors. We then present AVMON, an availability monitoring overlay that is the

58

first system to satisfy all the above six requirements. The core algorithmic contribution of this
paper is a range of protocols for discovering the availability monitoring overlay in a scalable and
efficient manner, given any arbitrary monitor selection scheme that is consistent and
verifiable. We mathematically analyze the performance of AVMON’s discovery protocols
with respect to scalability and discovery time of monitors. Most interestingly, we are able to
derive optimal variants of AVMON, with the aim of minimizing memory, bandwidth,
computation, and discovery time of monitors (or a subset of these metrics). Our analysis
indicates that these optimal variants are also practically feasible. Finally, we perform extensive
experimental evaluations of AVMON by using three types of availability traces—synthetic,
from PlanetLab, and from a peer-to-peer system (Overnet). Our results demonstrate that
AVMON would work well in a wide variety of distributed systems.
Mobile computing
7. Secure Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Randomized Dispersive
Routes
Compromised-node and denial-of-service are two key attacks in wireless sensor networks
(WSNs). In this paper, we study data delivery mechanisms that can with high probability
circumvent black holes formed by these attacks. We argue that classic multipath routing
approaches are vulnerable to such attacks, mainly due to their deterministic nature. So once the
adversary acquires the routing algorithm, it can compute the same routes known to the
source, hence making all information sent over these routes vulnerable to its attacks. In
this paper, we develop mechanisms that generate randomized multi-path routes. Under our
designs, the routes taken by the “shares” of different packets change over time. So even if the
routing algorithm becomes known to the adversary, the adversary still cannot pinpoint the
routes traversed by each packet. Besides randomness, the generated routes are also highly
dispersive and energy efficient, making them quite capable of circumventing black holes. We
analytically investigate the security and energy performance of the proposed schemes. We also
formulate an optimization problem to minimize the end-to-end energy consumption under given
security constraints. Extensive simulations are conducted to verify the validity of our
mechanisms.
8. On demand Temporary Route Recovery for Frequent
Networks

Link Failures in Adhoc

9. SSUM: Smart Server Update Mechanism For Maintaining Cache Consistency In
Mobile Environments

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10. Energy Efficient Cooperative Caching in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
11. On Efficient and Scalable Support of Continuous Queries in Mobile Peer-to-Peer
Environments

12. Secure Distance-Based Localization In The Presence Of Cheating Beacon Nodes
Localization in the presence of malicious beacon nodes is an important problem in wireless
networks. Although significant progress has been made on this problem, some fundamental
theoretical questions still remain unanswered: in the presence of malicious beacon nodes, what
are the necessary and sufficient conditions to guarantee a bounded error during 2-dimensional
location estimation? Under these necessary and sufficient conditions, what class of localization
algorithms can provide that error bound? In this paper, we try to answer these questions.
Specifically, we show that, when the number of malicious beacons is greater than or equal to
some threshold, there is no localization algorithm that can have a bounded error. Furthermore,
when the number of malicious beacons is below that threshold, we identify a class of localization
algorithms that can ensure that the localization error is bounded. We also outline two algorithms
in this class, one of which is guaranteed to finish in polynomial time (in the number of beacons
providing information) in the worst
case, while the other is based on a heuristic and is practically efficient. For completeness, we
also extend the above results to the 3-dimensional case. Experimental results demonstrate that
our solution has very good localization accuracy and computational efficiency.
13. Adaptive Reputation Management Protocol For Dynamic Network Conditions
In a reputation management system, the evaluation criteria, detection decision factors, and
reactive measures should be adaptive to changes in network conditions. An adaptive reputation
management system can be regarded as one where nodes carry out the reputation management
functions heterogeneously according to the instantaneous perception of each of its surrounding
network conditions. Table 1.1 shows the difference between the existing systems and proposed
system. The existing systems that are used for theoretical comparison purpose are Eigen Trust
and Peer Trust.


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14. Efficient Secure Hierarchical Broadcasting In MANETS
The broadcast operation, as a fundamental service in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), is
prone to the broadcast storm problem if forwarding nodes are not carefully designated. The
objective of reducing broadcast redundancy while still providing high delivery ratio under high
transmission error rate is a major challenge in MANETs. In this paper, we propose a simple
broadcast algorithm, called double-covered broadcast (DCB), which takes advantage of
broadcast redundancy to improve the delivery ratio in an environment that has rather high
transmission error rate. Among 1-hop neighbors of the sender, only selected forwarding nodes
retransmit the broadcast message. Forwarding nodes are selected
in such a way that (1) the sender’s 2-hop neighbors are covered and (2) the sender’s 1-hop
neighbors are either forwarding nodes, or non-forwarding nodes but covered by at least two
forwarding neighbors. The retransmissions of the forwarding
nodes are received by the sender as the confirmation of their reception of the packet. The nonforwarding 1-hop neighbors
of the sender do not acknowledge the reception of the broadcast. If the sender does not detect all
its forwarding nodes’ retransmissions, it will resend the packet until the maximum number of
retries is reached. Simulation results show that the proposed broadcast algorithm provides good
performance under a high transmission error rate environment.

15. Virtual Infrastructure Less MANETS
In this paper, we introduce a protocol which develops a dynamic infrastructure for wireless
mobile adhoc network. The architecture and operation of dynamic infrastructure is similar to
conventional cellular network infrastructure. In this protocol, a mobile terminal (MT) is elected
by a set of MTs to act as their temporary base station within their base station area based on
residual battery power. MTs elected as base stations (BS) are used to track other MTs in the
ad hoc network. The dynamic infrastructure routing protocol utilizes the mobility tracking
mechanism to route packets from an MT to another MT in the network. This protocol is more
efficient then any existing ad hoc routing protocols in terms of energy and load balancing. The
infrastructure based ad hoc mobile network is less congested and fast converging to network
topology change. This scheme provides different medium access control, band width allocation

61

policies and quality of service (QoS) guaranteed communication in ad hoc networks. It performs
well in interactive and multimedia service in ad hoc network.
16. Secure Multicasting In Wireless Networks To Resist Various Attacks
Multihop wireless networks rely on node cooperation to provide multicast services. The
multihop communication offers increased coverage for such services but also makes them more
vulnerable to insider (or Byzantine) attacks coming from compromised nodes that behave
arbitrarily to disrupt the network. In this work, we identify vulnerabilities of on-demand
multicast routing protocols for multihop wireless networks and discuss the challenges
encountered in designing mechanisms to defend against them. We propose BSMR, a novel
secure multicast routing protocol designed to withstand insider attacks from colluding
adversaries. Our protocol is a software-based solution and does not require additional or
specialized hardware. We present simulation results that demonstrate that BSMR effectively
mitigates the identified attacks.
17. Shortest Distance Packet Forwarding Technique In MANETS For Search Applications
This paper introduces a message forwarding algorithm for search applications within mobile ad
hoc networks that is based on the concept of selecting the nearest node from a set of designated
nodes. The algorithm, which is called Minimum Distance Packet Forwarding (MDPF), uses
routing information to select the node with the minimum distance. The goal of the proposed
algorithm is to minimize the average number of hops taken to reach the node that holds the
desired data. Numerical analysis and experimental evaluations using the network simulation
software ns2 were performed to derive the lower and upper bounds of the confidence interval for
the mean hop count between the source node of the data request, on one hand, and the node that
holds the desired data and the last node in the set of search nodes, on the other hand. In the
experimental evaluation, the performance of MDPF was compared to that of Random Packet
Forwarding (RPF) and Minimal Spanning Tree Forwarding (MSTF). The results agreed with the
numerical analysis results and demonstrated that MDPF offers significant hop count savings and
smaller delays when compared to RPF and MSTF.
18. Reliable And Energy-Efficient Routing For Static Wireless Ad Hoc Networks With
Unreliable Links

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Network + Security
19. A group key agreement protocol based on stability & power using a Elliptical curve
cryptography
In mobile ad hoc networks, the security is the main constraint in message transmission. For
secure group basedmessage transmission, we must share the key among users so that we can
make the transmission as secure. This paper addresses an interesting security problem in mobile
ad hoc networks that is dynamic group key agreement for key establishment. For secure
communication, a group key must be shared by all group members. This group key should be
updated when the existing group members are leaving the network or new members are entering
into the existing network. In this paper, we propose a efficient group key agreement protocol
called Key Agreement protocol based on Stability and Power (KASP). Here the idea is to split a
large group into several subgroups, each maintaining its subgroup keys to manage the subgroup
and managing many subgroups using Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) key agreement
algorithm. In KASP, we develop two protocols namely, Subgroup Key Generation(SKG) and
Group Key Generation(GKG) based on ECDH for subgroups and outer groups respectively.
These subgroup keys and group keys should be changed when there are membership changes
(such as when the current member leaves or the new member joins). By introducing group-based
approach, messages and key updates will be limited within subgroup and outer group. Thus
computation load is distributed to many mobile ad hoc nodes. Both theoretical and practical
results show that this KASP, a new efficient
group key agreement protocol performs well for the key establishment problem in ad hoc
network in terms of efficiency and security.
20. An Abuse-Free Fair Contract-Signing Protocol Based on the RSA Signature
Afair contract-signing protocol allows two potentially mistrusted parities to exchange their
commitments (i.e., digital signatures) to an agreed contract over the Internet in a fair way, so that
either each of them obtains the other’s signature, or neither party does. Based on the RSA
signature scheme, a new digital contractsigning protocol is proposed in this
paper. Like the existing RSA-based solutions for the same problem, our protocol is not only fair,
but also optimistic, since the trusted third party is involved only in the situations where one party
is cheating or the communication channel is

63

interrupted. Furthermore, the proposed protocol satisfies a new property— abuse-freeness. That
is, if the protocol is
executed unsuccessfully, none of the two parties can show the validity of intermediate results to
others. Technical details are provided to analyze the security and performance of the proposed
protocol. In summary, we present the first abuse- free fair contractsigning protocol based on the
RSA signature, and show that it is both secure and efficient.

21. Providing Witness Anonymity Under Peer-to-Peer Settings
In this paper, we introduce the concept of witness anonymity for peer-to-peer systems, as well as
other systems with the peer-to-peer nature. Witness anonymity combines the seemingly
conflicting requirements of anonymity (for honest peers who report on the misbehavior of other
peers) and accountability (for malicious peers that attempt to misuse the anonymity feature to
slander honest peers). We propose the Secure Deep Throat (SDT) protocol to provide anonymity
for the witnesses of malicious or selfish behavior to enable such peers to report on this behavior
without fear of retaliation.
On the other hand, in SDT, the misuse of anonymity is restrained in such a way that any
malicious peer attempting to send multiple claims against the same innocent peer for the same
reason (i.e., the same misbehavior type) can be identified. We also describe how SDT can be
used in two modes. The active mode can be used in scenarios with real-time requirements, e.g.,
detecting and preventing the propagation of peer-to-peer worms, whereas the passive mode is
suitable for scenarios without strict real-time requirements, e.g., query-based reputation systems.
We analyze the security and overhead of SDT, and present countermeasures that can be used to
mitigate various attacks on the protocol. Moreover, we show how SDT can be easily integrated
with existing protocols/mechanisms with a few examples. Our analysis shows that the
communication, storage, and computation overheads of SDT are acceptable in peer-to-peer
systems .

22. Efficient Network-Coding-Based Opportunistic Routing Through Cumulative Coded
Acknowledgments


64

23. A New Diskless Checkpointing Approach for Multiple Processor Failures

24. A Novel Approach to Dynamic ID-Based Remote User Authentication Scheme for
Multi-server Environment

25. Authenticated Group Key Transfer Protocol Based on Secret Sharing
Key transfer protocols rely on a mutually trusted key generation center (KGC) to select session
keys and transport session keys to all communication entities secretly. Most often, KGC
encrypts session keys under another secret key shared with each entity during registration. In
this paper, we propose an authenticated key transfer protocol based on secret sharing scheme
that KGC can broadcast group key information to all group members at once and only
authorized group members can recover the group key; but unauthorized users cannot recover the
group key. The confidentiality of this transformation is information theoretically secure. We also
provide authentication for transporting this group key. Goals and security threats of our proposed
group key transfer protocol will be analyzed in detail.
26. MABS Multicast Authentication Based on Batch Signature
Conventional block-based multicast authentication schemes overlook the heterogeneity of
receivers by letting the sender choose the block size, divide a multicast stream into blocks,
associate each block with a signature, and spread the effect of the signature across all the packets
in the block through hash graphs or coding algorithms. The correlation among packets makes
them vulnerable to packet loss, which is inherent in the Internet and wireless networks.
Moreover, the lack of Denial of Service (DOS) resilience renders most of them vulnerable to
packet injection in hostile environments.
27. Three party quantum key distribution protocol with implicit authentication Quantum
key
Distribution protocols (QKDPs) is used to safeguard security in large networks, ushering in new
directions in classical cryptography and quantum cryptography. Two three-party QKDPs, one
with implicit user authentication and the other with explicit mutual authentication, are proposed
to demonstrate the merits of the new combination, which include the following:

65

1) Security against such attacks as man-in-the-middle, eavesdropping and replay,
2) Efficiency is improved as the proposed protocols contain the fewest number of
Communication rounds among existing
QKDPs, and
3) Two parties can share and use a long-term secret (repeatedly).

28. Efficient and secure multisignature scheme based on the distributed-key management
infrastructure (DKMI)
The mapping or binding of IP addresses to host names became a major problem in the rapidly
growing Internet and the higher level binding effort went through different stages of
development up to the currently used Domain Name System (DNS). The DNS Security is
designed to provide security by combining the concept of both the Digital Signature and
Asymmetric key (Public key) Cryptography. Here the Public key is send instead of Private
Key. The DNS security uses Message Digest Algorithm to compress the Message (text
file) and PRNG (Pseudo Random Number Generator) Algorithm for generating Public and
Private Key. The message combines with the Private Key to form a Signature using DSA
Algorithm, which is send along with the Public key. The receiver uses the Public key and DSA
Algorithm to form a Signature. If this Signature matches with the Signature of the message
received, the message is Decrypted and read else discarded.

Networking
29.

The Implementation of a Web Crawler URL Filter Algorithm Based on Caching

30.

The COQUOS approach to continuous queries in unstructured overlays.

The current peer-to-peer (P2P) content distribution systems are constricted by their simple ondemand content discovery mechanism. The utility of these systems can be greatly enhanced by
incorporating two capabilities, namely a mechanism through which peers can register their long

66

term interests with the network so that they can be continuously noti_ed of new data items, and a
means for the peers to advertise their contents. Although researchers have proposed a few
unstructured overlay-based publish-subscribe systems that provide the above capabilities, most
of these systems require intricate indexing and routing schemes, which not only make them
highly complex but also render the overlay network less _exible towards transient peers. This
paper argues that for many P2P applications implementing full-_edged publishsubscribe systems is an overkill. For theseapplications, we study the alternate continuous query
paradigm, which is a best- effort service providing the above two capabilities. We present a
scalable and effective middleware called CoQUOS for
supporting continuous queries in unstructured overlay networks.Besides being independent of
the overlay topology,
CoQUOS preserves the simplicity and _exibility of the unstructured P2P network. Our design of
the CoQUOS system is characterized by two novel techniques, namely cluster-resilient random
walk algorithm for propagating the queries to various regions of the network and dynamic
probability-based query registration scheme to ensure that the registrations are well distributed in
the overlay. Further, we also develop effective and ef_cient schemes for providing resilience to
the churn of the P2P network and for ensuring a fair distribution of the noti_cation load among
the peers. This paper studies the properties of our algorithms through theoretical analysis. We
also report series of experiments evaluating the effectiveness and the costs of the proposed
schemes.

31.

Reliable routing algorithm based on fuzzy logic for Mobile Adhoc Network

32.

Efficient Speculative Transmission Scheme For Avoiding Scheduling Latency

33.
Secure Data Transmission In Wireless Broadcast Services With Efficient Key
Management
Wireless broadcast is an effective approach for disseminating data to a number of users. To
provide secure access to data in wireless broadcast services, symmetric-key-based encryption is
used to ensure that only users who own the valid keys can decrypt the data. With regard to
various subscriptions, an efficient key management for distributing and changing keys is in
great demand for access control in broadcast services. In this paper, we propose an efficient key
management scheme, namely, key tree reuse (KTR), to handle key distribution with regard to

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complex subscription options and user activities. Key Tree Reuse has the following advantages.
First, it supports all subscription activities in wireless broadcast services. Second, in KTR, a user
only needs to hold one set of keys for all subscribed programs instead of separate sets of keys
for each program. Third, KTR identifies the minimum set of keys that must be changed to
ensure broadcast security and minimize the rekey cost. Our simulations show that KTR can
save about 45 percent of communication overhead in the broadcast channel and about 50
percent of decryption cost for each user compared with logical-key-hierarchy-based approaches.
34.

SKIP: A Secure Key Issuing Scheme for Peer-to-Peer Networks

35.

A Simplified Anonymous Dynamic Source Routing Protocol.

To meet the diverse quality-of-service (QoS) requirements of emerging multimedia
applications, communication networks should provide end-to-end QoS guarantees. QoS routing
is the first step towards this goal. The route computing overhead caused by on-demand
calculation of QoS routes, especially in large networks with heavy traffic, is a concern and can
cause scalability problems. This paper addresses this problem by introducing novel distributed
cache architecture. The distributed nature of the proposed cache architecture facilitates its
deployment in large networks. To maximize the performance of the distributed cache
architecture, cache snooping has been proposed to alleviate the side effects of network states
fluctuations on the cached route so that the overall routing performance is significantly
improved. Assuming a bandwidth-based QoS model, in performance evaluation of the
proposed distributed cache architecture, we use a broad range of realistic network
topologies, network traffic conditions, routing protocols, and aggregation techniques to
evaluate different aspects of the proposed cache architecture under different conditions. The
results confirm that the route caching is quite effective in reduction of route computing
overhead. In addition, our results suggest that the cache snooping can significantly increase the
overall routing performance, especially in the presence of highly inaccurate network state
information.
36.

A novel congestion-avoidance mechanism to prevent congestion in internet


68

The Internet’s excellent scalability and robustness result in part from the end-to-end nature of
Internet congestion control. End-to-end congestion control algorithms alone, however, are
unable to prevent the congestion collapse and unfairness created by applications that are
unresponsive to network congestion.To address these maladies, we propose and investigate
a novel congestion-avoidance mechanism called Congestion Free Router (CFR). CFR entails the
exchange of feedback between routers at the borders of a network in order to detect and restrict
unresponsive traffic flows before they enter the network, thereby preventing congestion within
the network.
37.

Error Control for Data Transmission Efficiency in the network packet losses

We propose a model-based analytic approach for evaluating the overall efficacy of FEC
coding combined with interleaving in combating packet losses in IP networks. The loss of
various packets during the data transmission can be reduced by using FEC coding. In this project
we are going to evaluate the efficacy of FEC coding. In Particular we model the network path in
terms of a single bottleneck node. We develop a recursive procedure for the exact evaluation of
the packet-loss statistics for general arrival processes, based on a framework. We study both
single-session and multiple- session scenarios, and provide a simple algorithm for the more
complicated multiple-session scenario. We show that the unified approach provides an
integrated framework for exploring the tradeoffs between the key coding parameters;
specifically, interleaving depths, channel coding rates and block lengths. The approach
facilitates the selection of optimal coding strategies for different multimedia applications
with various user quality-of-service (QoS) requirements and system constraints. We also
provide an information-theoretic bound on the performance achievable with FEC coding in IP
networks.
38.

Denial of service attack on packet floods

The denial-of-service (DOS) attack has been a pressing problem in recent years. DoS defense
research has blossomed into one of the main streams in network security. Various techniques
such as the pushback message, ICMP traceback, and the packet filtering techniques are the
results from this active field of research. The probabilistic packet marking (PPM) algorithm by
Savage et al. has attracted the most attention in contributing the idea of IP traceback. The most
interesting point of this IP traceback approach is that it allows routers to encode certain
information on the attack packets based on a predetermined probability. Upon receiving a
sufficient number of marked packets, the victim (or a data collection node) can construct the set

69

of paths that the attack packets traversed and, hence, the victim can obtain the location(s) of the
attacker(s).
39.

Content management services by intermediary proxies

40.

Ensuring cache freshness in on-demand dynamic source routing protocols (DSR)

To meet the diverse quality-of-service (QOS) requirements of emerging multimedia
applications, communication networks should provide end-to-end QoS guarantees. QoS routing
is the first step towards this goal. The route computing overhead caused by on-demand
calculation of QoS routes, especially in large networks with heavy traffic, is a concern
and can cause scalability problems. This paper addresses this problem by introducing novel
distributed cache architecture. The distributed nature of the proposed cache architecture
facilitates its deployment in large networks. To maximize the performance of the distributed
cache architecture, cache snooping has been proposed to alleviate the side effects of network
states fluctuations on the cached route so that the overall routing performance is significantly
improved. Assuming a bandwidth-based QoS model, in performance evaluation of the proposed
distributed cache architecture, we use a broad range of realistic network topologies, network
traffic conditions, routing protocols, and aggregation techniques to evaluate different aspects of
the proposed cache architecture under different conditions. The results confirm that the route
caching is quite effective in reduction of route computing overhead. In addition, our results
suggest that the cache snooping can significantly increase the overall routing performance,
especially in the presence of highly inaccurate network state information.
41.

Guaranteed reliability against multiple correlated link failures

We study routing problems in networks that require guaranteed reliability against multiple
correlated link failures. We consider two different routing objectives: The first ensures “local
reliability,” i.e., the goal is to route so that each connection in the network is as reliable as
possible. The second ensures “global reliability,” i.e., the goal is to route so that as few as
possible connections are affected by any possible failure. We exhibit a trade-off between the two
objectives and resolve their complexity and approximability for several classes of networks.

70

Furthermore, we propose approximation algorithms and heuristics. We perform experiments to
evaluate the heuristics against optimal solutions that are obtained using an integer linear
programming solver. We also investigate up to what degree the routing trade-offs occur in
randomly generated instances.
42.

An Acknowledgement Approach For The Detection Of Routing Misbehavior

We study routing misbehavior in MANETs (Mobile Ad Hoc Networks) in this paper. In general,
routing protocols for MANETs are designed based on the assumption that all participating nodes
are fully cooperative. However, due to the open structure and scarcely available battery-based
energy, node misbehaviors may exist. One such routing misbehavior is that some selﬁsh nodes
will participate in the route discovery and maintenance processes but refuse to forward data
packets. In this paper, we propose the 2ACK scheme that serves as an add-on technique for
routing schemes to detect routing misbehavior and to mitigate their adverse effect. The main idea
of the 2ACK scheme is to send two-hop acknowledgment packets in the opposite direction of the
routing path. In order to reduce additional routing overhead, only a fraction of the received data
packets are acknowledged in the 2ACK scheme Analytical and simulation results are presented
to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme.
43.

Dynamic Load Balancing Mechanism For A Parallel System

A regeneration-theory approach is undertaken to analytically characterize the average
overall completion time in a distributed system. The approach considers the heterogeneity
in the processing rates of the nodes as well as the randomness in the delays imposed by
the communication medium. The optimal one-shot load balancing policy is developed and
subsequently extended to develop an autonomous and distributed load-balancing policy
that can dynamically reallocate incoming external loads at each node. This adaptive and
dynamic load balancing policy is implemented and evaluated in a two-node distributed system.
The performance of the proposeddynamic load-balancing policy is compared to that of static
policies as well as existing dynamic load-balancing policies by considering the average
completion time per task and the system processing rate in the presence of random arrivals of the
external loads.


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44.
Rate And Delay Guarantees Provided By Clos Packet Switches With Load
Balancing
45.
Integration Of Explicit Effective-Bandwidth-Based Qos Routing With Best-Effort
Routing
This paper presents a methodology for protecting low-priority best-effort (BE) traffic in a
network domain that provides both virtual-circuit routing with bandwidth reservation for QoS
traffic and datagram routing for BE traffic. When a QoS virtual circuit is established,
bandwidths amounting to the traffic’s effective bandwidths are reserved along the links. We
formulate a new QoS-virtual-circuit admission control and routing policy that sustains a
minimum level of BE performance. In response to a QoS connection request, the policy
executes a two-stage optimization. The first stage seeks a minimum-net-effective-bandwidth
reservation path that satisfies a BE protecting constraint; the second stage is a tie- breaking rule,
selecting from tied paths one that least disturbs BE traffic. Our novel policy implementation
efficiently executes both optimization stages simultaneously by a single run of Dijkstra’s
algorithm. According to simulation results, within a practical operating range, the consideration
that our proposed policy gives to the BE service does not increase the blocking probability of a
QoS connection request.
46.

Optimal Communication Complexity Of Generic Multicast Key Distribution

Ensuring privacy of communication over broadcast channels is a security task of considerable
practical importance. At a high level, the problem involves a source of information (say, a
PayTV broadcast station), which wants to transmit data privately to a privileged subset of users
of a broadcast channel (say, the subscribers to the PayTV service), while ensuring that users
outside this privileged group cannot decipher what is being sent. Furthermore, membership of
the privileged group changes dynamically (in an arbitrary a priori unknown manner) and the
source desires to keep its data hidden from unprivileged recipients at each point in time. The
challenge lies in devising secure solutions for this problem in such a way that the
communication and storage overhead is minimized. In this paper, our focus is on multicast key
distribution protocols and, specifically, those that are designed using efficient symmetric-key
cryptographic techniques. Quite commonly, key distribution in multicast is implemented using a
central distribution authority, called the group center, responsible for establishing a shared key

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among all privileged group members and for “rekeying” the group (that is, changing the shared
key) every time a new member joins and/or an existing member leaves the group. The shared
key can subsequently be used for various purposes, and, in particular, it can be used to guarantee
privacy of group data (by
encrypting all such data under the said key using a symmetric-key encryption scheme). Here we
are interested in studying the communication complexity (the cost of transmitting rekey
messages) of protocols that fall within this class. One
simple way in which rekey operations can be handled is to have the center share individual longlived secret keys with every user of the channel and, after any membership change, transmit a
fresh group key encrypted under the individual keys of only the new set of members.
47.
A Priority Based Mac Scheduling Algorithm For Enhancing Qos Support In
Bluetooth Piconet
Bluetooth is a personal wireless communication technology and is being applied in many
scenarios. Current existing MAC (Medium AccessControl) scheduling scheme only provides
best-effort service for all master-slave connections. It is very challenging to provide QoS
(Quality of Service) support for different connections due to the feature of Master Driven
TDD (Time Division Duplex). This paper addresses the issue of how to enhance QoS support in
a Bluetooth piconet. We propose an MAC scheduling algorithm which can provide different
QoS for different connections based on priorities. Considering the feature of Master Driven
TDD, we define token counters to estimate traffic of real-time slaves. To increase bandwidth
utilization, a backoff mechanism is then presented for best-effort slaves to decrease the
frequency of polling idle slaves. Simulation results demonstrate that our scheme achieves better
performance over the existing schemes.
48.
An Active process transformation of conceptual structure for group ware
applications
Group editors allow a group of distributed human users to edit a shared multimedia document at
the same time over a computer network. Consistency control in this environment must not only
guarantee convergence of replicated data, but also attempt to preserve intentions of operations.
Operational transformation (OT) is a well-established method for optimistic consistency control

73

in this context and has drawn continuing research attention since 1989. However,
counterexamples to previous works have often been identified despite the significant progress
made on this topic over the past 15 years. This paper analyzes the root of correctness problems
in OT and establishes a novel operational transformation framework for developing OT
algorithms and proving their correctness.
49.

Designing Qualitative Distributed application network for Expected Lifespans

It is very important to allocate and manage resources for multimedia traffic flows with real-time
performance requirements in order to guarantee quality of service (QoS). In this paper, we
develop a scalable architecture and an algorithm for admission control of real-time flows. Since
individual management of each traffic flow on each transit router can cause a fundamental
scalability problem in both data and control planes, we consider that each flow is
classified at the ingress router and data traffic is aggregated according to the class inside the core
network as in a DiffServ framework. In our approach, admission decision is made for each flow
at the edge (ingress) routers, but it is scalable because per-flow states are not maintained and the
admission algorithm is simple. In the proposed admission control scheme, an admissible
bandwidth, which is defined as the maximum rate of a flow that can be accommodated
additionally while satisfying the delay performance requirements for both existing and new
flows, is calculated based on the available bandwidth measured by edge routers. The admissible
bandwidth is a threshold for admission control, and thus, it is very important to accurately
estimate the admissible bandwidth. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by
taking a set of simulation experiments using bursty traffic flows.
50.
Trust –Based Community Formation in Peer-to-Peer File sharing Networks In
modern computing
There are various networks coming up for different uses and specifications, Internet is the best
example of such network where using this network information and messages can be shared or
mobile network is also one such example where voice can be shared among its users.Inspired
by these networks we intend to build a new network of our own where files can be shared
among its users, to understand this concept lets take an example: Imagine when you want some
information about a particular city where you plan to go. what will you do, You will call some
one whom you know has gone to that city ask him about the city. In other words you are using
phone network to share information. Let us take one more example, when ever you want to find

74

certain information may be related to software, you will normally use internet and go to sites
like google.com and search for the information, Google will show you list of locations
where related information is available and then you go to the particular location of website and
get the information this is how information is shared on internet.
51.

Efficient Search in informal distributed network architecture

Designing efficient search algorithms is a key challenge in unstructured peer-to-peer networks.
Flooding and random walk (RW) are two typical search algorithms. Flooding searches
aggressively and covers the most nodes. However, it generates a large amount of query
messages and, thus, does not scale. On the contrary, RW searches conservatively. It only
generates a fixed amount of query messages at each hop but would take longer search
time.We propose the dynamic search (DS) algorithm, which is a generalization of flooding
and RW. DS takes advantage of various contexts under which each previous search algorithm
performs well. It resembles flooding for short-term search and RW for long-term search.
Moreover, DS could be further combined with knowledge-based search mechanisms to
improve the search performance.We analyze the performance of DS based on some
performance metrics including the success rate, search time, query hits, query messages, query
efficiency, and search efficiency. Numerical results show that DSprovides a good tradeoff
between search performance and cost. On average, DS performs about 25 times better than
flooding and 58 times better than RW in power-law graphs, and about 186 times better than
flooding and 120 times better than RW in bimodal topologies.
52.

Excellent Assurance of tree-based Distributed application network

We have three sections in this project where first part consists of the how to design a network
and also how to maintain the same network when it leads to some problem like node is de
active. In the first part of the project, we use two algorithm named Network Construction and
Network Maintenance which operates the whole network by adding the host to the network and
also if the host is de active the tree diameter is maintained same when any action such as
adding and removing of the host in the network.In the second part of the project consist of the
how to send the message from one host to another host which is under the maintains of tree by
using the process of Socket Connection.


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53.

Calculation of Maximum Transmission Rate between targeted path segments

Measurement of network bandwidth is important for many Internet applications and protocols,
especially those involving the transfer of large files and those involving the delivery of content
with real-time QoS constraints, such as streaming media. Some specific examples of applications
which can leverage accurate bandwidth estimation include end-system multicast and overlay
network configuration protocols content location and delivery in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks
network-aware cache or replica placement policies and flow scheduling and admission control
policies at massively- accessed content servers
Cloud Computing
54.

Fuzzy Keyword Search over Encrypted Data in Cloud Computing

As Cloud Computing becomes prevalent, more and more sensitive information are being
centralized into the cloud. For the protection of data privacy, sensitive data usually have to be
encrypted before outsourcing, which makes effective data utilization a very challenging task.
Although traditional searchable encryption schemes allow a user to securely search over
encrypted data through keywords and selectively retrieve files of interest, these techniques
support only exact keyword search. That is, there is no tolerance of minor typos and format
inconsistencies which, on the other hand, are typical user searching behavior and happen very
frequently. This significant drawback makes existing techniques unsuitable in Cloud Computing
as it greatly affects system usability, rendering user searching experiences very frustrating and
system efficacy very low. In this paper, for the first time we formalize and solve the problem of
effective fuzzy keyword search over encrypted cloud data while maintaining keyword privacy.
Fuzzy keyword search greatly enhances system usability by returning the matching files when
users’ searching inputs exactly match the predefined keywords or the closest possible matching
files based on keyword similarity semantics, when exact match fails. In our solution, we exploit
edit distance to quantify keywords similarity and develop an advanced technique on constructing
fuzzy keyword sets, which greatly reduces the storage and representation overheads. Through
rigorous security analysis, we show that our proposed solution is secure and privacy-preserving,
while correctly realizing the goal of fuzzy keyword search


76

55.

Client-side Load Balancer using Cloud

Web applications' traffic demand fluctuates widely and un-predictably. The common practice of
provisioning a fixed capacity would either result in unsatisfied customers (un-derprovision) or
waste valuable capital investment (overprovision). By leveraging an infrastructure cloud's ondemand, pay-per-use capabilities, we finally can match the capacity with the demand in real
time. This paper investigates how we can build a large-scale web server farm in the cloud. Our
performance study shows that using existing cloud components and optimization techniques, we
cannot achieve high scalability. Instead, we propose a client-side load balancing architecture,
which can scale and handle failure on a milli-second time scale. We experimentally show that
our architecture achieves high throughput in a cloud environment while meeting QoS
requirements.

56.
Enabling Public Auditability and Data Dynamics for Storage Security in Cloud
Computing

57.

Towards Secure and Dependable Storage Services in Cloud Computing

58.

Dynamic Load- - Balanced Multicast for Data Intensive Applications on Clouds

Data-intensive parallel applications on clouds need to deploy large data sets from the
cloud’s storage facility toall compute nodes as fast as possible. Many multicast algorithms have
been proposed for clusters and grid environments. The most common approach is to construct
one or more spanning trees based on the network topology and network monitoring data in order
to maximize available bandwidth and avoid bottleneck links. However, delivering optimal
performance becomes difficult once the available bandwidth changes dynamically. In this paper,
we focus on Amazon EC2/S3 (the most commonly used cloud platform today) and propose two
high performance multicast algorithms. These algorithms make it possible to efficiently transfer
large amounts of data stored in Amazon S3 to multiple Amazon EC2 nodes. The three salient
features of our algorithms are (1) to construct an overlay network on clouds without network
topology information, (2) to optimize the total throughput dynamically, and (3) to increase the

77

download throughput by letting nodes cooperate with each other. The two algorithms differ in
the way nodes cooperate: the first ‘non-steal’ algorithm lets each node download an equal share
of all data, while the second ‘steal’ algorithm uses work stealing to counter the effect of
heterogeneous download bandwidth. As a result, all nodes can download files from S3 quickly,
even when the network performance changes while the algorithm is running. We evaluate our
algorithms on EC2/S3, and show that they are scalable and consistently achieve high throughput.
Both algorithms perform much better than having each node downloading

59.
Service Oriented Architecture for Cloud based Travel Reservation Software as a
Service
Cloud is gaining popularity as means for saving cost of IT ownership and accelerating time to
market due to ready-to-use, dynamically scalable computing infrastructure and software services
offered on Cloud on pay-per-use basis. Design of software solution for delivery as a shared
service over Cloud requires specific considerations. In this paper we describe an approach for
design of travel reservations solution for use by corporate business travelers based on Service
Oriented Architecture, Software-as-a-Service, and Cloud Computing paradigms.
60.

A New Wireless Web Access Mode Based on Cloud Computing

As most websites are designed for desktop PCs, it is extremely uncomfortable to browse these
large pages on a wireless handheld device with small screen and limited user interface. So it is
necessary to adapt these web pages to small screen devices. Besides, as the limited computing
ability and capacity of storage of wireless handheld devices, it is also extremely
challenging to deploy existing web page adaptation engine. By referring to huge computing
ability and storage resource of cloud computing infrastructure, a new wireless web access mode
is proposed. Firstly, the system framework is present. Subsequently, the two key components
of system are described in detail: the one is distributed web page adaptation engine, which is
designed for the purpose that the engine can be carried by computing cloud distributed and
parallel; the other is distributed web page blocks management based on cloud computing,
which is proposed so that the web page adaptation engine can be deployed reasonably.
Moreover, a prototype system and a set of evaluation experiments have been implemented.


78

Wireless Communication

61.
Power Aware Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (PAAODV) Routing for
MANETS
Compromised-node and denial-of-service are two key attacks in wireless sensor networks
(WSNs). In this paper, we study data delivery mechanisms that can with high probability
circumvent black holes formed by these attacks. We argue that classic multipath routing
approaches are vulnerable to such attacks, mainly due to their deterministic nature. So once the
adversary acquires the routing algorithm, it can compute the same routes known to the source,
hence making all information sent over these routes vulnerable to its attacks. In this paper, we
develop mechanisms that generate randomized multi-path routes. Under our designs, the routes
taken by the “shares” of different packets change over time. So even if the routing algorithm
becomes known to the adversary, the adversary still cannot pinpoint the routes traversed by each
packet. Besides randomness, the generated routes are also highly dispersive and energy efficient,
making them quite capable of circumventing black holes. We analytically investigate the
security and energy performance of the proposed schemes. We also formulate an optimization
problem to minimize the end-to-end energy consumption under given security constraints.
Extensive simulations are conducted to verify the validity of our mechanisms

62.

Power Management for Throughput Enhancement in Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks

In this paper we introduce the notion of power management within the context of wireless adhoc networks. More specifically, we investigate the effects of using different transmit powers on
the average power consumption and end-to- end network throughput in a wireless ad-hoc
environment. This power management approach would help in reducing the system power
consumption and hence prolonging the battery life of mobile nodes. Furthermore, it improves the
end-to- end network throughput as compared to other ad-hoc networks in which all mobile nodes
use the same transmit power. The improvement is due to the achievement of a tradeoff between
minimizing interference ranges, reduction in the average number of hops to reach a destination,
the probability of having isolated clusters, and the average number of transmissions (including
retransmissions due to collisions). The protocols would first dynamically determine an optimal
connectivity range wherein they adapt their transmit powers so as to only reach a subset of the
nodes in the network. The connectivity range would then be dynamically changed in a

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distributed manner so as to achieve the near optimal throughput. Minimal power routing is used
to further enhance performance.

63.

A Secure and Power Efficient Routing Scheme for Ad Hoc Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks

64.
PowerNap: An Energy Efficient MAC Layer for Random Routing in Wireless Sensor
Networks
Idle-listening is the biggest challenge for energy- efficiency and longevity of multihop wireless
sensor network (WSN) deployments. While existing coordinated sleep/wakeup scheduling
protocols eliminate idle-listening for simple traffic patterns, they are unsuitable to handle the
complex traffic patterns of the random routing protocols. We present a novel coordinated
sleep/wakeup protocol POWERNAP , which avoids the overhead of distributing complex, large
sleep/wakeup scheduling information to the nodes. POWERNAP piggybacks onto the relayed
data packets the seed of the pseudo- random generator that encodes the scheduling information,
and enables any recipient/snooper to calculate its
sleep/wakeup schedule from this seed. In essence, POWERNAP trades off doing extra
computation in order to avoid expensive control packet transmissions. We show through simulations and real implementation on Telos B motes that POWERNAP eliminates the idle-listening
problem efficiently and achieves self-stabilizing, low-latency

65.

Multi-User Broadcast Authentication in Wireless Sensor Networks

66.
FDAC: Toward Fine-grained Distributed Data Access Control in Wireless Sensor
Networks

Web based (Datamining / Webmining)

80

67.

A Service Versioning Model For Personalized E- Learning System(SOA)

Service Versioning is a hot topic that has generated a broad range of guidance from a variety of
sources. Several Web services standardization efforts are underway but none of them address the
problem of service versioning.
Service versioning with metadata in e-learning system makes easy search, retrieval, import and
evaluate. In E learning
systems, learning objects with metadata allow the learners to use quality educational contents
filling their characteristic and teacher may use quality educational contents to structure their
courses. A service versioning model in e-learning objects system with metadata satisfies the
requirements for learning environment. In personalized e-learning systems, when more numbers
of learner searching data the retrieval time is being delayed when the data volume is increasing
continuously. This problem can be solved by designing and applying a proper service versioning
model to personalized e- learning systems. Hence, it is proposed to design a service version
model with metadata for personalized e-learning system. This proposed service versioning
model satisfies some of the requirements like accessibility, interoperability, adaptability,
durability and reusability in learning environment. Support multiple versions of a service isolate
more expensive business behavior calls to specific versions so as to reduce impact to all of the
other learners.

68.

Monitoring Service Systems from a Language-Action Perspective (SOA)

Business processes are increasingly distributed and open, making them prone to failure.
Monitoring is, therefore, an important concern not only for the processes themselves but also for
the services that comprise these processes. We present a framework for multilevel monitoring of
these service systems. It formalizes interaction protocols, policies, and commitments that
account for standard and extended effects following the language-action perspective, and allows
specification of goals and monitors at varied abstraction levels. We demonstrate how the
framework can be implemented and evaluate it with multiple scenarios that include specifying
and monitoring open-service policy commitments.
69.

SOA an Approach for Information Retrieval Using Web Services


81

70.

Mining Web Graphs for Recommendations

As the exponential explosion of various contents generated on the Web, Recommendation
techniques have become increasingly indispensable. Innumerable different kinds of
recommendations are made on the Web every day, including movies, music, images, books
recommendations, query suggestions, tags recommendations, etc. No matter what types of data
sources are used for the recommendations, essentially these data sources can be modeled in the
form of various types of graphs. In this paper, aiming at providing a general framework on
mining Web graphs for recommendations,
(1) we first propose a novel diffusion method which propagates similarities between different
nodes and generates recommendations;
(2) then we illustrate how to generalize different recommendation problems into our graph
diffusion framework. The proposed framework can be utilized in many recommendationtasks on
the World Wide Web, including query suggestions, tag recommendations, expert finding, image
recommendations, image annotations, etc. The experimental analysis on large datasets shows the
promising future of our work.

71.
One Size Does Not Fit All: Towards User- and Query-Dependent Ranking For
Web Databases
With the emergence of the deep Web, searching Web databases in domains such as vehicles, real
estate, etc. has become a routine task. One of the problems in this context is ranking the results
of a user query. Earlier approaches for addressing this problem have used frequencies of
database values, query logs, and user profiles. A common thread in most of these approaches is
that ranking is done in a user- and/or query-independent manner. This paper proposes a novel
query- and user-dependent approach for ranking query results in Web databases. We present a
ranking model, based on two complementary notions of user and query similarity, to derive a
ranking function for a given user query. This function is acquired from a sparse workload
comprising of several such ranking functions derived for various user-query pairs. The model is
based on the intuition that similar users display comparable ranking preferences over the results
of similar queries. We define these similarities formally in alternative ways and discuss their
effectiveness analytically and experimentally over two distinct Web databases.


82

72.

Communication-Aware Load Balancing

Cluster computing has emerged as a primary and cost-effective platform for running parallel
applications, including communication-intensive applications that transfer a large amount of data
among the nodes of a cluster via the interconnection network. Conventional load balancers have
proven effective in increasing the utilization of CPU, memory, and disk I/O resources in a
cluster. However, most of the existing load-balancing schemes ignore network resources, leaving
an opportunity to improve the effective bandwidth of networks on clusters running parallel
applications. For this reason, we propose a communication-aware load balancing technique that
is capable of improving the performance of communication-intensive applications by increasing
the effective utilization of networks in cluster environments. To facilitate the proposed loadbalancing scheme, we introduce a behavior model for parallel applications
with large requirements of network, CPU, memory, and disk I/O resources. Our load-balancing
scheme can make full use of this model to quickly and accurately determine the load induced by
a variety of parallel applications. Simulation results generated from a diverse set of both
synthetic bulk synchronous and real parallel applications on a cluster show that our scheme
significantly improves the performance, in terms of slowdown and turn-around time, over
existing schemes by up to 206 percent (with an average of 74 percent) and 235 percent (with an
average of 82 percent), respectively
73.

Effective Scheduling in Grid Environments for high throughput

Grid computing is a recently developed technology. Although the developmental tools and
techniques for the grid have been extensively studied.. This paper is the first one that presents a
hierarchical model for the grid service reliability analysis and evaluation. The hierarchical
modeling is mapped to the physical and logical architecture of the grid service system and
makes the evaluation and calculation tractable by identifying the independence among layers.
Various types of failures are interleaved in the grid computing environment, such as blocking
failures, time-out failures, matchmaking failures, network failures, program failures, and
resource failures. This paper investigates all of them to achieve a complete picture about
grid service reliability. Markov models, Queuing theory, and Graph theory are mainly used here
to model, evaluate, and analyze the grid service reliability. Numerical examples are illustrated.
74.

SLA-Driven Clustering Of QOS Aware Application Servers.

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In this paper, we discuss the design, implementation, and experimental evaluation of a
middleware architecture for enabling Service Level Agreement (SLA)-driven clustering of
QoS-aware application servers. Our middleware architecture supports application server
technologies with dynamic resource management: Application servers can dynamically change
the amount of clustered resources assigned to hosted applications on-demand so as to
meet application-level Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. These requirements can include
timeliness, availability, and high throughput and are specified in SLAs. A prototype of our
architecture has been implemented using the open-source J2EE application server JBoss. The
evaluation of this prototype shows that our approach makes possible JBoss’ resource usage
optimization and allows JBoss to effectively meet the QoS requirements of the applications it
hosts, i.e., to honor the SLAs of those applications.
75.

Signature generation technique in websites for Intrusion and anamoly detection

This paper reports the design principles and evaluation results of a new experimental hybrid
intrusion detection system (HIDS). This hybrid system combines the advantages of low falsepositive rate of signature-based intrusion detection system (IDS) and the ability of anomaly
detection system (ADS) to detect novel unknown attacks. By mining anomalous traffic episodes
from Internet connections, we build an ADS that detects anomalies beyond the capabilities of
signature- based SNORT or Bro systems. HIDS extracts signatures from the output of ADS and
adds them into the database for fast and accurate intrusion detection.The HIDS approach proves
the vitality of detecting intrusions and anomalies, simultaneously, by automated data mining and
signature generation over Internet connection episodes.
76.

Social Networking

In communities around the world, teenagers are joining social network sites (SNSes) like
MySpace, Facebook, and Bebo. Once logged into one of these systems, participants are asked to
create a profile to represent themselves digitally. Using text, images, video, audio, links,
quizzes, and surveys, teens generate a profile that expresses how they see themselves. These
profiles are sewn together into a large web through 'Friends' lists. Participants can mark other
users as 'Friends'. If that other person agrees with the relationship assertion, a photo of each is
displayed on the profile of the other. Through careful selection, participants develop a
'Friends' list.


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77.

Image processing Toots

The brief definition of image processing is the ability to retrieve information from
images. This is achieved by,
first transforming the image into a data set. Mathematical operations can be done on this new
format(GIF — an 8-bit [256 colors], JPEG-24 bit [16 million colors], TIFF-the standard 24 bit
publication bitmap format). Different kinds of information are retrieved by the different
operations that are performed on the data set for eg colored images can be transformed to either
black and white or gray scale images and vice versa . In this project the size of the image can be
changed i.e either maximized or minimized and also it can be rotated in any direction.
78.

ODAM An Optimized Distributed Association Rule Mining Algorithm

With the explosive growth of information sources available on the World Wide Web, it
has become increasingly necessary for users to utilize automated tools in find the desired
information resources, and to track and analyze their usage patterns. Association rule mining is
an active data mining research area. However, most ARM algorithms cater to a centralized
environment. In contrast to previous ARM algorithms, ODAM is a distributed algorithm for
geographically distributed data sets that reduces communication costs. Recently, as the need to
mine patterns across distributed databases has grown, Distributed Association Rule Mining (DARM) algorithms have been developed. These algorithms, however, assume that the databases
are either horizontally or vertically distributed. In the special case of databases populated from
information extracted from textual data, existing D-ARM algorithms cannot discover rules based
on higher-order associations between items in distributed textual documents that are neither
vertically nor horizontally distributed, but rather a hybrid of the two.
79.
Dynamic indexing technique for Effective data retrieval from large database
systems
Usually users are interested in querying data over a relatively small subset of the entire attribute
set at a time. A potential solution is to use lower dimensional indexes that accurately represent
the user access patterns. If the query pattern change, then the query response using the physical
database design that is developed based on a static snapshot of the query workload may
significantly degrade. To address these issues, we introduce a parameterizable technique to

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recommend indexes based on index types that are frequently used for high-dimensional data
sets and to dynamically adjust indexes as the underlying query workload changes. We
incorporate a query pattern change detection mechanism to determine when the access patterns
have changed enough to warrant change in the physical database design. By adjusting analysis
parameters, we trade off analysis speed against analysis resolution.
80.

Dendoextract for identifying and visualizing the trends

Organizations and firms are capturing increasingly more data about their customers, suppliers,
competitors, and business environment. Most of this data is multiattribute (multidimensional)
and temporal in nature. Data mining and business intelligence techniques are often used to
discover patterns in such data; however, mining temporal relationships typically is a complex
task. This paper propose a new data analysis and visualization technique for representing trends
in multiattribute temporal data using a clustering based approach. This paper introduce Clusterbased Temporal Representation of EvenT Data (C-TREND), a system that implements the
temporal cluster graph construct, which maps multiattribute temporal data to a two-dimensional
directed graph that identifies trends in dominant data types over time. This paper present
temporal clustering-based technique, discuss its algorithmic implementation and performance,
demonstrate applications of the technique by analyzing data on wireless networking technologies
and baseball batting statistics, and introduce a set of metrics for further analysis of discovered
trends.

81.

Indexing with signature for efficient retrieval from temporal patterns

A number of algorithms have been proposed for the discovery of data’s from the large database.
However, since the number of generated patterns can be large, selecting which patterns to
analyze can be nontrivial. There is thus a need for algorithms and tools that can assist in the
selection of discovered patterns so that subsequent analysis can be performed in an efficient and,
ideally, interactive manner. In this project, we propose a signature-based indexing method to
optimize the storage and retrieval of a relative data’s from the large database.
82.

Accessing information based on Associative rules

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Data mining techniques have been widely used in various applications. Data mining extracts
novel and useful knowledge from large repositories of data and has become an effective
analysis and decision means in corporation. The sharing of data for data mining can bring a lot
of advantages for research and business collaboration; however, large repositories of data
contain private data and sensitive rules that must be protected before published. Motivated by
the multiple conflicting requirements of data sharing, privacy preserving and knowledge
discovery, privacy preserving data mining has become a research hotspot in data mining and
database security fields.
83.

SIDN GENERATOR)(unique identification system by using SIDN

The SIDN generator enables authorized personnel to verify and retrieve details about any
individual who is registered under an organization. Every registered individual is given a unique
ID, and records may be maintained about the individual consisting of his/her name, current
photograph, personal details, educational qualifications and other types of information.
84.

Truth discovery in web search engines.

The world-wide web has become the most important information source for most of us.
Unfortunately, there is no guarantee for the correctness of information on the web. Moreover,
different web sites often provide conflicting information on a subject, such as different
specifications for the same product. In this paper we propose a new problem called Veracity
that is conformity to truth, which studies how to find true facts from a large amount of
conflicting information on many subjects that is provided by various web sites. We design a
general framework for the Veracity problem, and invent an algorithm called Truth Finder, which
utilizes the relationships between web sites and their information, i.e., a web site is trustworthy
if it provides many pieces of true information, and a piece of information is likely to be true if it
is provided by many trustworthy web sites. Our experiments show that Truth Finder
successfully finds true facts among conflicting information, and identifies trustworthy web sites
better than the popular search engines.


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85.
Detection and Punishment of Malicious Wireless Stations in IEEE 802.11e EDCA
Network
86.

Packet dropping

87.

An Extensible Framework for Efficient Secure SMS

LINUX NEW PROJECTS
1) IMPLEMENTATION OF MOBILE:
The aim of this project is to implement the basic functionality of the cell phones, in this project
we are learning the operation of the GSM modem. The design of the GUI for the functions of
mobile such as dialing pad, text editor for SMS are involved in this project.
In The practical or development part we are using ARM9 processor, writing the API(driver) for
the GSM modem, porting the OS(linux) on the board and development of the GUI as stated
above to interact with the GSM modem. Development of GSM API
involves the firmware development of the UART available in the ARM9, using the firmware to
interact with the modem and developing the API and finally using the API's in GUI development.
We are using the QT to develop the GUI for our project as QT is most widely used for mobile
application development.
Hardware requirements: GSM, GPS
software requirements: QT, Linux Kernel
2) INTELLIGENT HIGH-WAY:
The vision of this project is to implement the digital traffic/high way sign boards. The design &
development of the wireless transmitter which transmit the signal/code to the vehicle, receiver to
receive the signal in vehicle. The transmitter is static, they replacing the current sign boards on the
roads, the receiver is a mobile device which shall be mounted on the vehicles. As the vehicle
enters the region of the transmitter it receives the signal and displays the sign to indicate the status
to the driver of vehicle. The vehicle module has the transmitter which can be used only to

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communicate across the vehicle around them, this can be used for asking the vehicles to give way
to over take which replaces the horn thus reducing the noise pollution.
Hardware requirements: zigbee, 8051 micro controller, RF
Software requirements: QT, Linux kernel
3) RFID PASSES:
The aim of this project is to provide the digital passes for passengers, the RFID can be issued for
public as transportation passes. In this project the bus, metro train etc... are mounted with the
RFID receiver which allows the passenger only has the passes & the civilians has to use their passes
as their ID to travel & which tells the account No. of the
traveler so that he can be recharge his account. As the passengers enters the vehicle the vehicle
tracks the ID of every individual and when they get down the module again tracks it and
automatically draws the traveling charge from his/her account.
Implementation part involves the development of the RFID tracker/receiver, the transmitter to
update the main server and the software to maintain the account of passengers.
Hardware requirement: RFID
Software requirements: QT(sql database)
4) HUMAN ARM CONTROLLER:
The aim of this project is to control the cranes in the industry by capturing the movement of the
human arm. The operator will be provided with the gloves , which makes the crane/machine to
move according to the movements of the human arm(operator). The gloves will be having sensors,
that pass the data to the system
through network(zigbee/wifi) and it make the robotic arm movements corresponding to the human
arm movement.
The system which is connected to the robotic arm, will receive the data passed from the sensors
present in the gloves and act according to the signal.
5) CATCH ME MAMA:


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The aim of this project is to automate & connect the RTO regional offices & thevehicles. The idea
is to monitor the status of the vehicle under the law & against thetheft. The Server placed in the
central office administrates & authorize the vehicles. The first priority is given to server later comes
the owner or user of the vehicle.
The system regulates the rules that should be followed by every driver. It primarily checks for the
status of the vehicle as given below.
•

Check the validity of the insurance.

•

Check if crime cases booked on vehicle/driver

•

Check the validity of the user license

The user has to place the license in the card holder to login & access the car, the vehicle module
will then send the vehicle Reg.No, license No. & the gps value to the nearest server through
wireless media requesting the access. The server get the message logged
& checks the all the primary condition mentioned above. The insurance will be verified first, the
complaints on the vehicle will be the next, if the server verifies the 2 condition and if it passes the
both case then the access will be given to vehicle.
The vehicle receive the commands sent by server and it will give permission to start the vehicle. If
the last condition failed the driver will be given access and as he travels if he encounter any police
men(catch module) the vehicle will inform the driver and it will stop the vehicle sending the
message to the police. Until he pays the fine the vehicle can not be accessed.

As explained above to implement this system we have to design 3 system module.
•

Vehicle module

•

Central Server

•

Police module(mobile phones with bluetooth/ wifi)

Hardware requirements: zigbee, RFID, 8051, 3-way communication

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Software requirements: Visual Studio, QT
6) TOUCH SCREEN WHELL CHAIR: Description:
Implementing a wheel chair, that can be controlled by touch screen option(GUI).
This concept is help the physically disabled people. This modules uses the touch screen as
controlling part for the wheel chair. The user can navigate the chair using the buttons
on the screen, but the scope is not limited here we are designing the audio & video player so that
they can be used it as gadget.
A physically disabled person can move from one place to another by monitoring the touch screen
wheel chair. Through GUI a wheel chair can be controlled. Through the audio and video players ,
a physically disabled person will be aware of the obstacles.
Hardware requirements: Robotic kits
Software requirements: QT
7) e-WAITER:
Implementing a Robot, that serves the customers of the hotel by taking the menu order through
wifi. And the menu selection can be done the customers using touch screen option on the table.
Implementation involves these modules:
•

Touch screen Menu

• Receiver(order) which receives the order from the customers through zigbee/wifi
•

robot(e-waiter) , which delivers the order

Once the customers selected the menu items by touch screen option mounted on the table. The
data(order) will get transferred to the system and then the serviceto the customer will be done by
the robot, which will be provided with the directions to reach the particular table and to deliver the
service.
Hardware requirements: Robotic kits, zigbee/wifi


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8) ENERGY THEFT MONITOR:
This will help to detect the misuse of the electric power by the people using zigbee.And helps in
finding where the power is getting theft.
The implementation of this project involves the following modules:
•

Detect the power consumption.

•

Detect the power transmission.
Find the difference between the transmission and consumption.

The power consumption by the single unit and also the system will be calculated and also we will
calculate the power transmission. If we find any difference
between the consumption and transmission of power, we can say that the power has been theft
and easily can detect the power theft.
Hardware requirements: ADC, 8051, zigbee

VLSI PROJECTS: ABSTRACT
1. Design and FPGA Implementation of Dual Data Rate SDRAM Controller (64 Bit)
Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) has become a mainstream memory of choice in design due to
its speed, burst access and pipeline features. For high-end applications using processors, the
interface to the SDRAM is supported by the processor’s built-in peripheral module. However,
for other applications, the system designer must design a controller to provide proper commands
for DRAM initialization, read/write accesses and memory refresh. This SDRAM controller
reference design, located between the SDRAM and the bus master, reduces the user’s effort to
deal with the SDRAM command interface by providing a simple generic system interface to the
bus master
• Simplifies SDRAM command interface to standard system read/write interface.
• Internal state machine built for SDRAM power-on initialization.

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• Read/write cycle access time optimized automatically according to the SDRAM timing spec and
the mode it’s configured to.
• Dedicated auto-refresh request input and acknowledge output for SDRAM refresh.
• Easily configurable to support different CAS latency and burst length.
2. Design and FPGA Implementation of Asynchronous Transfer Mode Knockout Switch
The Knockout switch is an N-input N-output packet switch with all inputs and outputs operating
at the same bit rate. Fixed-length packets arrive on the N-input in a time-slotted fashion, with
each packet containing the address of the output port. The Knockout switch has application in
both Datagram and virtual circuit packet networks. Aside from having control over the average
number of packet arrivals destined for a given output, we assume no control over the specific
arrival time of packets on the inputs
and their associated output addresses.

3. A Reconfigurable Coprocessor for Redundant Radix-4 Arithmetic
The coprocessor is designed to perform many powerful floating point operations. This frees the
main processor from performing the floating point computations while the coprocessor
simultaneously performs the numeric calculations. Besides numeric computations, coprocessors
are also available for other specific computation – intensive application areas such as signal
processing, graphics, image processing and many others. In recent times, designing coprocessors
for parallel fast multiplications of numbers has become an important field of research.
Several algorithms have been developed for multiplication of binary numbers that are easily
being implemented on a VLSI chip.

4. An efficient architecture for 3-D Lifting based Discrete Wavelet Transform
This paper proposes an improved version of lifting based 3D Discrete Wavelet Transform
(DWT) VLSI architecture which uses bi-orthogonal 9/7 filter processing. The whole architecture
was optimized in efficient pipeline and parallel design way to speed up and achieve higher
hardware utilization. The Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) was based on time-scale

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representation, which provides efficient multi-resolution. The lifting based DWT architecture
has the advantage of lower computational complexities transforming signals with extension and
regular data flow. This is suitable for VLSI implementation. It uses a cascade combination of
three 1-D wavelet transform along with a set of in- chip memory buffers between the stages.
5. Design of an architecture for Advanced Encryption System to Improvise System Speed.
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), also known as Rijndael, is an encryption standard used
for securing information. AES was published by NIST (National Institute of Standards and
Technology). AES is a block cipher algorithm that has been analyzed extensively and is now
used widely. AES is a symmetric block cipher that is intended to replace DES as the approved
standard for a wide range of applications. The block cipher Rijnddael was designed by Dr.
Joan Daemen and Dr. Vincent Rijmen and the name of the algorithm is a combination of the
names of its two creators. Rijndael is very secure and has no known weakness. Rijndael is
conventional (symmetric key) system and is relatively simple cipher in many respects. It takes
an input block of a certain size, usually 128, and produces a corresponding output block of the
same size. The transformation requires a second input, which is the secret key. It is important to
know that the secret key.

6. Design of Digital Base Band Processor for UWB Transceiver on RFID Tags
Automatic identification procedures (Auto-ID) have become very popular in many service
industries, purchasing and distribution logistics, industry, manufacturing companies and material
flow systems. Automatic identification procedures exist to provide information about people,
animals, goods and products in transit. RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) technology has
drawn a swirl of attention in the past few years as it helps identify objects and people in a fast,
accurate and inexpensive way. It has been applied into many areas, including passports,
transportation payment, product tracing, automotive as well as animal identification etc.
Nowadays the applications of RFID are increasing rapidly, including supply chain
management, access control to buildings, public transportation, open-air events, airport baggage
and so on. To meet the market requirements, the preferred RFID system must exhibit features
like low cost, long operation range and high data rate, requiring a small and low-voltage/lowpower integrated circuits.


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7. Design of Quadrature Phase Shifting key Modulator Module.
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is one of the most popular digital modulations. The term
"Quadrature" implies, the carrier can have one of the four possible phases, at a given time slot.
The phase shift of 90º in each time period, gives four possible states in the complete cycle of
360º. In this type of digital modulation, each phase shift represents 2-bits of information, called
‘Symbol’. Hence it has four symbols in total and each stands for two bits. The means of
conveying information through phase variations i.e. the cosine carrier is varied in phase by
keeping the amplitude and frequency as constant is called Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
(QPSK). Although, this process may seem to be insignificant at initial stage, but this modulation
scheme enables the carrier to transmit the 2-bits of information instead of 1-bit. This doubling
makes the bandwidth of the carrier, more effective.
8.Design of efficient SYSTOLLIC Architecture for Discrete Wavelet Transform
The Discrete Wavelet Transform is a signal processing technique in which has found wide
acceptance data compression. Considerable work has been done in designing systolic
architecture to perform DWT. This paper proposes systolic array architecture to compute 1-D
discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The proposed systolic array consists of L processing
elements (PE), where L denotes the number of levels. The main focus of this project is to
achieve power reduction and reduction of Hardware complexity.
9DESIGN OF AN OFDM TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER USING FPGA.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi carrier modulation technique.
OFDM provides high bandwidth efficiency because the carriers are orthogonal to each other’s
and multiple carriers share the data among themselves. The main advantage of this transmission
technique is their robustness to channel fading in wireless communication environment. The
main objective of this project is to design and implement a base band OFDM transmitter and
receiver using FPGA. This project focuses on the core-processing block of an OFDM
system, which are the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) block and the Inverse Fast Fourier
Transform (IFFT). The 8 points IFFT / FFT decimation-in-frequency (DIF) with radix-2
algorithm is analyzed in detail to produce a solution that is suitable for FPGA implementation.
The FPGA implementation of the project is performed using Very High Speed Integrated Circuit


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(VHSIC) Hardware Descriptive Language (VHDL). This performance of the coding is analyzed
from the result of timing simulation using Altera Max Plus II.
10. FPGA Implementation of Interpolation and Decimation Unit for Rake Receiver
Signal processing for communication systems require or work at different sampling rate. In
digital signal processing (DSP) applications like rake receiver, sampling rate conversion is
a common operation. Interpolators and decimators are utilized to increase or decrease the
sampling rate. The FIR compiler automatically creates interpolation and decimation filters using
polyphase decomposition. Polyphase filters simplify the overall system design and also reduce
the number of computations per cycle required by the hardware. Computationally efficient
implementation of interpolators and decimators employ polyphase decomposition.

11. Design and FPGA Implementation of Single Data Rate SDRAM Controller (64 Bit)
Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) has become a mainstream memory of choice in design due to
its speed, burst access and pipeline features. For high-end applications using processors, the
interface to the SDRAM is supported by the processor’s built-in peripheral module. However,
for other applications, the system designer must design a controller to provide proper commands
for SDRAM initialization, read/write accesses and memory refresh. This SDRAM controller
reference design, located between the SDRAM and the bus master, reduces the user’s effort to
deal with the SDRAM command interface by providing a simple generic system interface to the
bus master.
12.Design of JPEG IMAGE COMPRESSION (BASELINE METHOD)
This project aims to design a single chip VLSI architecture for implementing the JPEG
BASELINE IMAGE COMPRESSION standard. The architecture exploits the principles of
pipelining and parallelism to the maximum extent in order to obtain high speed The architecture
for discrete cosine transform and the entropy encoder are based on efficient algorithms designed
for high speed VLSI implementation. The entire architecture can be implemented on a single
VLSI chip . Data compression is the reduction or elimination of redundancy in data
representation in order to achieve savings in storage and communication costs. Data
compression techniques can be broadly classified into two categories: Losless,Lossyschemes. In


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lossless methods, the exact original data can be recovered while in lossy schemes a close
approximation of the original data can be obtained.

13.Design of 8 bit PICCO PROCESSOR
The picoProcessor (pP) is an 8-bit processor. The picoProcessor has separate instruction and
data memories. The instruction memory is 4K instructions in size, and data memory is 256
bytes. The picoProcessor can also address I/O devices using up to 256 input ports and 256
output ports. Within the processor there are eight 8-bit general purpose registers r0 to r7. r0 is
always read as zero and ignores writes. There is also a return address stack of depth 4, an
interrupt return register and Zero(Z) and Carry(C) condition codes. Pipeline architecture is
employed. The instruction register fetches the next instruction from the instruction memory
depending on the value in the program counter. This is the
‘fetch’ cycle .The program counter is incremented using a program counter updating logic block.
The instruction fetched by the instruction register is decoded by a decoding logic and the
required control signals are generated and are registered. This is the ‘decode’ cycle. Depending
on the control signals generated, the corresponding execution units are enabled. The outputs are
registered in the following clock cycle. This is the ‘execute’ cycle. The registered outputs are
then written to the register file or the memory in the ‘write back’ cycle.
14. IMPLEMENTATION OFON RAIL-PASSENGER INFORMATION SYSTEMUSING
VHDL (FPGA)
People always prefer to travel by train. But in most of the cases, passenger on rail is
unaware of approaching station, distance left to reach the next station, and time left to
reach the next station. Always it causes all sort of inconvienance. It will be comfortable if
passenger gets all information related to the approaching station on rail itself. This system
enables the passengers to be aware of the details of the journey in terms of the distance left to
reach an approaching station and the corresponding time left. A display unit in the train shows
all these information.The whole system is divided into two parts. One block calculates the
Distance Left to reach the next station and the second part calculates Time Left to travel that
much of distance. Calculations are repeated for every 32 seconds.
15.Design of a MICROCONTROLLER (8 BIT)

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The main aim of the project is to design, simulate and synthesis an 16-bit Micro Controller using
a hardware description language i.e.VHDL (Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware
Description Language). This document contains the brief description of 8-bit Micro Controller.
A typical Micro Controller contains a CPU, RAM, ROM memory and various parallel inputoutput interfaces, all on a single chip. This type of Micro Controller can be used in simple
control applications such as Thermostats, Appliance Controllers, and Key less entry systems etc.

16:Design of Data Encryption Standard (DES) for data Encryption
In cryptographic terminology, the message is called plaintext or cleartext. Encoding the contents
of the message in such a way that hides the contents from outsiders is called encryption. The
encrypted message is called ciphertext. The process of retrieving the plaintext from the
ciphertext is called decryption. Encryption and decryption usually make use of a key and the
coding method is such that the decryption can be performed only by knowing the proper key.
The method of encryption and decryption is called cipher. All modern algorithms base their
security on the usage of a key, a message can be decrypted only if the key used for decryption
matches the key used for encryption. There are two classes of key-based algorithms, symmetric
(or secret key) and asymmetric (or public key) algorithms. Some algorithms do not require a
key.
Generally cryptographic algorithms can be classified into three types

17.Design of Universal Asynchronous Transfer Mode Module
The main objective of this project is to perform serial communications with computers. The
device changes incoming parallel information to serial data, which can be sent on a
communication line. A second UART can be used to receive the information. The UART
performs all the tasks, timing, parity checking, etc. needed for the communication. The only
extra devices attached are line driver chips capable of transforming the TTL level signals to line
voltages and vice versa The UART is capable of operating in one of two modes, 'polled' and
'interrupt driven'. The serial communications functions in the BIOS use the polled method. In
this approach, the CPU is typically in a loop asking the UART over and over again if it has a
byte ready. If a byte is ready, the polling code returns the byte. But, if the next byte comes in
before the polling code is executing again, then that byte is lost.

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18.Design of Control Area Network Protocol
Controller Area Network (CAN) was initially created by German automotive system supplier
Robert Bosch in the mid-1980s for automotive applications as a method for enabling robust
serial communication. The goal was to make automobiles more reliable, safe and fuel-efficient
while decreasing wiring harness weight and complexity. Since its inception, the CAN protocol
has gained widespread popularity in industrial automation and automotive/truck applications.
Other markets where networked solutions can bring attractive benefits like medical equipment,
test equipment and mobile machines are also starting to utilize the benefits of CAN

19.Design of I2C bus Protocol
The PCF8584 is an integrated circuit designed in CMOS technology which serves as an interface
between most standard parallel-bus microcontrollers /microprocessors and the serial I2Cbus. The PCF8584 provides both master and slave functions. Communication with the I2C-bus
is carried out on a byte-wise basis using interrupt or polled handshake. It controls all the I2Cbus specific sequences, protocol, arbitration and timing. The PCF8584 allows parallel-bus
systems to communicate bidirectional with the I2C-bus.
20.Design of Arithmatic Unit (ALU) for arithmetic operations
ALU (Arithmetic And Logical) is the part of CPU. It perform arithmetic operations like
addition, multiplication and division and Logical operations like AND, NAND, OR, XOR,
NOR, NOT. The ALU is made up of devices called gates that receive one or more inputs and,
based upon what function they are designed to perform, output a result. The ALU in our
example performs one of seven functions: NOT, Left Shift, Right Shift, Add, Subtract, AND,
and OR.
21.Desingin a module for Floating Point Multiplier
Image and digital signal processing applications require high floating-point calculations
throughput. Floating point multiplication is one of the performance bottlenecks in highSpeed
and low power image and digital signal processing applications. The single precision floating
point multiplication algorithm is divided into three main parts corresponding to the three parts
of the single precision format.The bottleneck of any single precision floating-point design is

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the 24x24 bit integer multiplier. Conventional 24x24 multiply architectures are implemented
in floating point multipliers using array multipliers, redundant binary architectures (Pipeline
Stages), modified booth encoding.

22. Desingin a module for Floating Point Adder
This is an open source floating point adder. It was designed to fully conform to the IEEE 754
standard. In its fully-featured format, this adder supports all rounding modes: round to nearest
even, round to plus infinity, round to minus infinity, and round to zero; it supports de
normalized numbers as both input and output; it supports all applicable exception flags:
overflow, underflow, inexact, and invaid.It supports trapped overflow and underflow, where
the result is returned with an additional bias applied to the exponent. All of these features are
supported in hardware. This adder was designed with area minimization in mind, so it is single
path, has a leading zero encoder rather than predictor, etc. The adder is also a single-cycle
design.

23.Design of Finite Impulse Response filter
This project details with major design considerations before the design and implementation of a
15-tap programmable Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter. Firstly, two adder structures are
examined and compared in terms of area, speed and power consumption. In this delay-balancing
techniques were applied to the block to reduce power consumption further The mathematical
structure of a 3-tap FIR filter is shown below. The signal input is a number representing the
magnitude of a sampled analogue signal. The z-1 blocks store their input and delay it by one
sample period. The Cox blocks contain the coefficients that shape the FIR filter frequency
response. The design specification for the system to be designed details the coefficients for the
test of the system as signed floating-point numbers.

24.Desining a module to Implement REED SOLMEN ENCODER
Reed Solomon (RS) codes have been widely used in a variety of communication systems.
Continual demand for ever higher data rates makes it necessary to devise very high-speed
implementations of RS decoders. This eliminates the need of retransmission of messages

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over a noisy channel First the syndrome unit calculates the syndromes. Then the key equation
solver solves the key equation for the error location polynomial. The correction unit calculates
the error location and value and then adds the error sequence to the received code word to get
the corrected code word. The memory unit is used to store the received code word while the
decoder calculates the syndromes and solves the key equation. During the correction stage, the
stored code word is read out from the memory and added to the error sequence to get the
corrected code word.
25.Design of Peripheral Connect Interface Protocol
The main aim of the project is to design, simulate and synthesis a Peripheral Component
Interconnect- Extend using a hardware description language i.e.verilog. This project deals with
designing the MASTER of the PCI-X. The PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) is a high
performance Bus for interconnecting chips, expansion boards, and memory cards. It was
originated at Intel Inc. In the early
1990’s as standard methods of interconnecting chips on a board. The proposed project “ PCI-X
Master” aims for the design of system and devices that can operate at higher speeds. Devices are
beginning to appear on the market that supports either a 64-bit bus, 66 MHz clock frequency on
both with peak bandwidth capabilities up to 533 MB/sec. Because of faster I/O Technologies
such as Giga bit Ethernet, Ultra 3 SCSI and fiber channel, faster system-interconnect buses are
required.

26.Design of RS232 system Controller
The main aim of the project is to design, simulate and synthesis a RS-232 SYSTEM
CONTROLLER using a hardware description language i.e.verilog. we are implementing RS-232
which is an interface, for carrying information between two devices, distance of up to 20
meters. It is intended inunderstanding what is available in the core, and how to use it.The
RS-232 is a popular communications protocol for connecting computers to modems and varied
peripherals. RS-232 is interface for carry information between two devices distance of up to
20 meters. The information is carry along patch wires higher voltage than is standard 5V
for greater interference immunity. Data transfer is asynchronous with closely set
transmission speed and synchronization by trailing edge start pulse . Its purpose was to develop
a “serial-port-to-bus-interface”

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27. Design of a MICROCONTROLLER (16 BIT)
The main aim of the project is to design, simulate and synthesis an 16-bit Micro Controller using
a hardware description language i.e.VHDL (Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware
Description Language). A typical Micro Controller contains a CPU, RAM, ROM memory
and various parallel input-output interfaces, all on a single chip. This type of Micro Controller
can be used in simple control applications such as Thermostats, Appliance Controllers, and Key
less entry systems etc.

28.Design of Cyclic Redundancy Checker Generator
The Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is a technique for detecting errors in digital data, but not
for making corrections when errors are detected. It is used primarily in data transmission. In the
CRC method, a certain number of check bits, often called a checksum, are appended to the
message being transmitted. The receiver can determine whether or not the check bits agree with
the data, to ascertain with a certain degree of probability whether or not an error occurred in
transmission. If an error occurred, the receiver sends a “negative acknowledgement” (NAK)
back to the sender, requesting that the message be retransmitted. Basically the CRC is based on
polynomial arithmetic, in particular, on computing the remainder of dividing one polynomial in
GF (2) (Galois field with two elements) by another. It is a little like treating the message as a
very large binary number, and computing the remainder on dividing it by a fairly large prime
such as intuitively, one would expect this to give a reliable checksum. The technique is also
sometimes applied to data storage devices, such as a disk drive. In this situation each block
on the disk would have check bits, and the hardware might automatically initiate a reread of the
block when an error is detected, or it might report the error to software. The material that
follows speaks in terms of a “sender” and a “receiver” of a “message,” but it should be
understood that it applies to storage writing and reading as well.
29.Design of Phelix Algorithm for fast Encryption and Authentication
Securing data in transmission is the most common real-life cryptographic problem. Basic
securityservices require both encryption and authentication.Thisis almost always done using a
symmetric cipher—public-key systems are only used to set up symmetric keys—and a Message
Authentication Code (MAC).The AES process provided a number of very good block cipher
designs, as well as a new block cipher standard. The cryptographic community learned a lot
during the selection process about the engineering criteria for a good cipher. AES candidates

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were compared in performance and cost in many different implementation settings. We learned
more about the importance of fastrekeying and tiny- memory implementations, the cost of Sboxes and circuit-depth for hardware implementations, the slowness of multiplication on some
platforms, and other performance considerations.
30. A VLSI Progressive Coding for Wavelet-based Image Compression
The proposed TSIHT coding keeps low bit-rate quality as SPIHT algorithm and has three
improved features. Firstly, to reduce the amount of memory usage, TSIHT coding introduces tag
flags to store the significant information instead of the coordinate-lists in SPIHT. The tag flags
are four two-dimensional binary tag arrays including Tag of Significant Pixels (TSP), Tag of
Insignificant Pixels (TIP) and Tag of Significant Trees (TST) respectively. When comparing
with SPIHT coding, TSIHT only needs 26 K bytes memory to store four tag-arrays for a
256×256 gray-scale image. Secondly, both sorting-pass and refinement-pass of SPIHT coding
are merged in one in TSIHT coding in order to simplify hardware- control and save unnecessary
memory. Finally, TSIHT uses the Depth-First- Search (DFS) traversal order to encode bitstream rather than the Breadth-First-Search (BFS) method as the SPIHT coding. Since, DFS
method searches the root node and each one of the branching node of the immediate descendants
until it reaches the deepest leaves. For the hierarchical pyramid nature of the spatial orientation
tree, DFS provides a better architecture than BFS method. Additionally, a VLSI image
compressor called PIE (Progressive Image Encoder) core for TSIHT coding has been
implemented onto a chip with 0.38 μm one-poly-four-metal CMOS technology.

31. Design of Triple Des Algoritm
Cryptography is the study of mathematical techniques related to aspects of information security
such as confidentiality, data integrity, entity authentication and data origin authentication. In
data and telecommunications, cryptography is necessary when communicating over any
unreliable medium, which includes any network particularly the internet. In cryptographic
terminology, the message is called plaintext or clear text. Encoding the contents of the message
in such a way that hides the contents from outsiders is called encryption. The encrypted
message is called cipher text. The process of retrieving the plaintext from the cipher text is
called decryption. Encryption and decryption usually make use of a key and the coding
method is such that the decryption can be performed only by knowing the proper key.

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32.Design of 10/100 Mbps Ethernet Switch
Ethernet is a low level data delivering technology used in Local Area Networks (LAN’s) and
data is transmitted over network in discrete packets and Ethernet switch allows mutually
independent connections to be established among pairs of computers through the same
interconnecting device. Therefore, if a LAN of N node uses a switch, there can be as many as
N/2 one-to-one connections at any given instant. LAN switching provides dedicated, collisionfree communication between network devices, with support for multiple simultaneous
conversations. LAN switches are designed to switch data frames at high speeds. A LAN
Switch Can Link 10-Mbps and 100-Mbps Ethernet Segments.
33.Design of a module to implement I2C Interface
I2C is an integrated circuit, which serves as an interface between most standard parallel-bus
micro controllers/microprocessors and the serial I2C-bus. These provides both master and slave
functions. Communication with the I2C-bus is carried out on a byte-wise basis .It converts
the data from serial to parallel and from parallel to serial. That means in transmitter mode it
receives the data from micro controller/microprocessor serially and send it to the slaves parallel
and when it is in receiving mode it receives data from slaves parallely and send it to the master
serially. I²C is a multi-master serial computer bus invented by Philips that is used to attach
low-speed peripherals to a motherboard, embedded system, or cell phone. The name stands
for Inter- Integrated Circuit and is pronounced I-squared-C. The I2C bus physically consists of 2
active wires and a ground connection. The active wires, called SDA and SCL, are both bidirectional. SDA is the Serial Data line, and SCL is the Serial Clock line.
34.Implementatin of TURBO ENCODER FOR LTE PROCESS
In a digital transmission system, error control is achieved by the use of channel encoder at the
transmitter and a corresponding decoder at the receiver. The aim is to ensure that the received
information is as close as possible to the transmitted information. A well known result
from information theory is that the randomly chosen code of sufficiently large block length is
capable of approaching channel capacity. The goal of coding theorist has been to develop codes
that have large equivalent block lengths.Turbo codes are a class of high performance error
correcting codes of all practical error correction methods, turbo codes comes closest to the
approaching Shannon limit, the theoretical limit of maximum information transfer rate over a
noisy channel

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35.Design of DDR3 based lookup circuit for high performance network Processing
Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAMs have been prevalent in the PC memory market in recent
years and are widely used for networking systems. These memory devices are rapidly
developing, with high density, high memory bandwidth and low device cost. However, because
of the high-speed interface technology and complex instruction-based memory access
control, a specific purpose memory controller is necessary for optimizing the memory access
trade off. In this paper, a specific purpose DDR3 controller for high-performance table lookup is
proposed and a corresponding lookup circuit based on the Hash-CAM approach is presented.
36. Design of Dual Elevator Controller
Elevator controller controls the entire operation of the Dual elevator system. The proximity
sensors located to sense the positions of the cars, provide the current state storing it in register.
The obstruction sensors provide the status of obstruction. The elevator controller also reads the
requests, if any, from any of the request positions through the flip-flops. If the door of any
elevator is open, the timer signals from the elevator keep the controller informed of being busy.
The control state machine receives all these signals. It is programmed to the algorithm by which
it should control the system. The CSM then generates control signals for the next position and
movement of the elevators. Elevators on receiving the signal address to the request, as been
asked by the controller. In this work, the real-time Dual elevator controller will be modeled with
Verilog HDL code using Finite-State machine (FSM) model to achieve the logic in optimized
way.

Abstract: Robotics
1. Obstacle Sense And Anti-Falling Robot.
The objective is to design an intelligent and autonomous robot. This work is a small scale
prototype model which can be used with great versatility in other robotics applications. This

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obstacles sensing and anti falling sensor robot senses the edges and obstacles. A set of infrared
sensors avoid it falling from heights and Ultrasonic sensor is interfaced with controller so that
when it senses obstacle it will send signals to the controller so that appropriate action is taken by
controller. Movements and directions are displayed on a local liquid crystal display (LCD)
interfaced with 8-bit processor.

2. Dtmf Based Rescue Robot.
The objective of the project is for Rescue operations. ROBOT is based on 8 bit controller. It
is interfaced with GSM modem, DTMF decoder circuitry, LCD and DC motor Control to
perform rescue operation. The user has to first make a call from his mobile to the GSM modem
in the above system. This call is identified by the controller using GSM modem and it accepts this
call by sending the appropriate command to the GSM modem. Once the call is answered by the
system, the user can press appropriate keys on his mobile keypad to perform Rescue operation.
When the user presses a key, the corresponding DTMF signals are received from GSM modem.
This DTMF signal from GSM modem is given to DTMF decoding circuit which decodes it and
finds out the key pressed and feeds it to the controller. Depending on this key, the controller
wills Perform Specific Action
3. Automatic Color Sensing Robot.
4. Voice Controlled Intelligent Wheelchair.

5. The Design And Implementation Of An Autonomous Campus Patrol Robot.
The main aim of this project is to develop a computer controlled hi-tech car with RF camera. We
have a camera in our system through which we can see the video. A car, which will be having the
camera. The police can keep track of the gangster’s movements by seeing the video, which is
displayed in the computer. The computer is placed in Police Car so that they can control the
device from a particular distance and keep track of their movements so that if the police come to
know where they are, they can easily attack and catch them .The Car can be moved in all
directions such as left, right, forward and reverse to get their positions properly. Using this car
we can find the Bomb place also since human beings cannot go to find that bomb and also the
explosion time is not known.


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6. Line Follower Robot With Intelligence.
The main aim of this project is develop a Robot vehicle which will find out its lane using
proximity sensor. We can implement this robot where ever we want routine work for long time.
The path is tracking by proximity sensor. According to sensor output signal the microcontroller
controls the vehicle by using (forward/reverse/stop) DC motor which are placed in vehicle. If
there is no path the microcontroller will stop the vehicle. The buzzer will indicate the status of the
vehicle in the form of sound and the LCD will display the current moving direction
(forward/reverse/stop) of the vehicle.
7. Use Of A Cellular Phone In Mobile Robot Voice Control.
Advanced Robotic Pick And Place Arm And Hand System.
This is the most advance version of “Pick n Place Robot” using visual perception, perhaps and
most popular and widely used in recent industries. A person from a remote place can comfortably
control the motion of robotic arm without any wire connection. Again there are two systems one
at the transmitter side in which a software program written in Embedded C generates control
signals. These signals are encoded and transmitted by RF transmitter chip. At another end RF
receiver chip will demodulate these signals and decoder will decode it & finally Microcontroller
will take desired controlling action on robotic arm.


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Final Year Engineering Project Title List for Electronics & Electrical Branches at Bangalore

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Final Year Engineering Project Title List for Electronics & Electrical Branches at Bangalore