This document presents a final thesis by Tegegn Temesgen on preparing Kevlar-29 fabric composite using shear thickening fluid (STF) and epoxy matrix for anti-ballistic application. The study aims to develop the composite material using hand lay-up technique, and analyze the mechanical properties, including tensile, impact, and flexural strengths, of the prepared composites. The document outlines the objectives, significance, methodology, and literature review of the study, which uses Kevlar-29 fabric, fumed silica, polyethylene glycol, epoxy resin, and hardener to prepare the STF and epoxy matrix, and develop the composite specimens.
IRJET- Mechanical Characterization of Polymer Matrix Composites for Transport...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the fabrication and mechanical characterization of a polymer matrix composite tube for transportation safety applications. The tube was fabricated using a hand layup process with layers of Kevlar and glass fibers in an epoxy matrix. Compression testing of the tube showed that it withstood a maximum load of 58.4 kN and had a compressive strength of 82.13 MPa, indicating its potential use for energy absorption applications in automobiles. A literature review presented research on the mechanical properties of Kevlar and fiber-reinforced composites, highlighting their use in impact and ballistic resistance.
ANALYSIS OF DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTIC OF EPOXY COTTON PLASTIC LAYER BASED SY...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the deformation characteristics of epoxy cotton plastic layer based syntactic foam. Samples were prepared with epoxy resin and hardener alone and with layers of polythene and plywood reinforcement. Testing was conducted to determine mechanical properties like tensile, impact and compressive strengths. Results showed compressive strength increased from 102.66 MPa without reinforcement to 124.44 MPa with polythene reinforcement. The study concluded that mechanical properties depend on the layer of thermoplastic reinforcement used, with strength growing as reinforcement layers increase. Syntactic foams have applications in transportation, marine, aerospace and engineering industries due to their light weight and high strength.
IRJET- Synthesis and Study on Effect of Thickness on 3-Point Bending Strength...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the effect of core thickness on the 3-point bending strength of sandwich composites. Sandwich composites were prepared with glass fiber skins and polyurethane foam cores of two different thicknesses using hand layup. Samples were tested according to ASTM standards and results were recorded. It was observed that core thickness greatly affects bending resistance, as thicker cores can sustain greater loads due to their increased load bearing area. Experimental data showed significant changes in flexural loading conditions between samples with different core thicknesses. The study aimed to evaluate how core thickness influences the mechanical properties of lightweight sandwich composites.
COMPARATIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF E -GLASS AND S-GLASS ARECA BANA...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation comparing the mechanical properties of E-glass and S-glass fiber reinforced composites with areca and banana fibers. Composites were prepared with E-glass or S-glass fibers reinforced with areca and banana fibers in an epoxy resin. The composites were tested according to ASTM standards to determine tensile, flexural, and impact strengths. The results showed that the S-glass fiber composite with areca and banana reinforcement performed better in all mechanical properties tested compared to the E-glass fiber composite.
1) The document investigates the effect of carbon fiber content on the mechanical properties of hybrid composite laminates made of woven carbon, glass fibers and epoxy resin.
2) Specimens with different carbon fiber percentages were tested for tensile strength, compression strength, impact strength, and flexural strength.
3) The results showed that increasing the carbon fiber content increased the mechanical properties of the composite laminate in all tests. The specimen with the highest carbon fiber content performed best mechanically.
Hybrid composites have unique features that can be used to meet diverse and competing design requirements in
a more cost-effective way than either - advanced or, conventional composites. The Natural-polymer hybrid composites reinforced with carbon fiber and jute with three different orientations - 0°, 30° and 45° using epoxy resin is fabricated by hand lay-up process. The tensile test is carried out to study the tensile behavior of the developed hybrid composite.
THEORETICAL ASPECT OF THE MUTUAL ATTRACTION AND REPULSION BETWEEN CHARGE PART...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the theoretical aspects of attraction and repulsion between charged particles. It summarizes research on developing composite materials using natural fibers reinforced with polymer matrices. Specifically, it examines creating polymer matrix composites using Luffa cylindrical fibers. The fibers are treated with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to increase surface roughness and reaction sites at the fiber-matrix interface, improving mechanical bonding and properties. The treated composites will then be tested under different environmental conditions to evaluate their mechanical properties and moisture absorption characteristics. The goal is to develop low-cost composite materials for various industrial applications.
IRJET- Fabrication and Characterization of Jute/Glass Fibre Reinforced Epoxy ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the fabrication and characterization of jute/glass fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Various composites with different weight percentages of jute and glass fibers were created using hand layup and epoxy resin. Tensile and bending tests found that composites with 20% jute and 20% glass fiber exhibited the highest tensile strength, while composites with 28% jute and 12% glass fiber showed the highest flexural strength. The study demonstrated that hybrid composites of jute and glass fibers can improve the mechanical properties of epoxy resin.
IRJET- Mechanical Characterization of Polymer Matrix Composites for Transport...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the fabrication and mechanical characterization of a polymer matrix composite tube for transportation safety applications. The tube was fabricated using a hand layup process with layers of Kevlar and glass fibers in an epoxy matrix. Compression testing of the tube showed that it withstood a maximum load of 58.4 kN and had a compressive strength of 82.13 MPa, indicating its potential use for energy absorption applications in automobiles. A literature review presented research on the mechanical properties of Kevlar and fiber-reinforced composites, highlighting their use in impact and ballistic resistance.
ANALYSIS OF DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTIC OF EPOXY COTTON PLASTIC LAYER BASED SY...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the deformation characteristics of epoxy cotton plastic layer based syntactic foam. Samples were prepared with epoxy resin and hardener alone and with layers of polythene and plywood reinforcement. Testing was conducted to determine mechanical properties like tensile, impact and compressive strengths. Results showed compressive strength increased from 102.66 MPa without reinforcement to 124.44 MPa with polythene reinforcement. The study concluded that mechanical properties depend on the layer of thermoplastic reinforcement used, with strength growing as reinforcement layers increase. Syntactic foams have applications in transportation, marine, aerospace and engineering industries due to their light weight and high strength.
IRJET- Synthesis and Study on Effect of Thickness on 3-Point Bending Strength...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the effect of core thickness on the 3-point bending strength of sandwich composites. Sandwich composites were prepared with glass fiber skins and polyurethane foam cores of two different thicknesses using hand layup. Samples were tested according to ASTM standards and results were recorded. It was observed that core thickness greatly affects bending resistance, as thicker cores can sustain greater loads due to their increased load bearing area. Experimental data showed significant changes in flexural loading conditions between samples with different core thicknesses. The study aimed to evaluate how core thickness influences the mechanical properties of lightweight sandwich composites.
COMPARATIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF E -GLASS AND S-GLASS ARECA BANA...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation comparing the mechanical properties of E-glass and S-glass fiber reinforced composites with areca and banana fibers. Composites were prepared with E-glass or S-glass fibers reinforced with areca and banana fibers in an epoxy resin. The composites were tested according to ASTM standards to determine tensile, flexural, and impact strengths. The results showed that the S-glass fiber composite with areca and banana reinforcement performed better in all mechanical properties tested compared to the E-glass fiber composite.
1) The document investigates the effect of carbon fiber content on the mechanical properties of hybrid composite laminates made of woven carbon, glass fibers and epoxy resin.
2) Specimens with different carbon fiber percentages were tested for tensile strength, compression strength, impact strength, and flexural strength.
3) The results showed that increasing the carbon fiber content increased the mechanical properties of the composite laminate in all tests. The specimen with the highest carbon fiber content performed best mechanically.
Hybrid composites have unique features that can be used to meet diverse and competing design requirements in
a more cost-effective way than either - advanced or, conventional composites. The Natural-polymer hybrid composites reinforced with carbon fiber and jute with three different orientations - 0°, 30° and 45° using epoxy resin is fabricated by hand lay-up process. The tensile test is carried out to study the tensile behavior of the developed hybrid composite.
THEORETICAL ASPECT OF THE MUTUAL ATTRACTION AND REPULSION BETWEEN CHARGE PART...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the theoretical aspects of attraction and repulsion between charged particles. It summarizes research on developing composite materials using natural fibers reinforced with polymer matrices. Specifically, it examines creating polymer matrix composites using Luffa cylindrical fibers. The fibers are treated with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to increase surface roughness and reaction sites at the fiber-matrix interface, improving mechanical bonding and properties. The treated composites will then be tested under different environmental conditions to evaluate their mechanical properties and moisture absorption characteristics. The goal is to develop low-cost composite materials for various industrial applications.
IRJET- Fabrication and Characterization of Jute/Glass Fibre Reinforced Epoxy ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the fabrication and characterization of jute/glass fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Various composites with different weight percentages of jute and glass fibers were created using hand layup and epoxy resin. Tensile and bending tests found that composites with 20% jute and 20% glass fiber exhibited the highest tensile strength, while composites with 28% jute and 12% glass fiber showed the highest flexural strength. The study demonstrated that hybrid composites of jute and glass fibers can improve the mechanical properties of epoxy resin.
EFFECT OF ADDTION OF POLYPROPYLENE FIBRE ON THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPE...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of adding polypropylene fiber to self-compacting concrete. It analyzes changes in physical properties like bulk density, apparent porosity, and water absorption and mechanical properties like compressive strength. The study found that compressive strength initially increased when adding 2% polypropylene fiber but then decreased with 3% fiber. Bulk density and compressive strength decreased with higher fiber content, while apparent porosity and water absorption increased due to the porous nature of the fiber. In conclusion, adding polypropylene fiber impacted both the physical and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete.
Wear Analysis of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and it’s Composites under Wet...IOSR Journals
In this paper, the effect of load, Velocity of sliding and sliding distance on friction and wear of
materials made of Polytetrafluoroethylele (PTFE) and PTFE composites under wet condition with filler
materials such as 25% bronze, 25% glass fiber and 25 % carbon have studied. The experimental work has
performed on pin-on-disc friction and wear test rig and analyzed with the help of Design Expert software. The
results of experiments are presented in tables and graphs which shows that the addition of bronze, glass and
carbon filler to the virgin PTFE decreases wear rate significantly and there is marginal increase in coefficient
of friction. The highest wear resistance was found for 25% carbon filled PTFE followed by 25% glass filled
PTFE, 25% bronze filled PTFE and virgin PTFE. Through this study, we can develop the best bearing material
for the various industrial applications which is available easily at the minimum cost.
Evaluation of Mechanical, Tribological and Water absorption behaviour of Glas...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates the mechanical, tribological, and water absorption properties of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites with and without silicon dioxide (SiO2) filler material. Composites were fabricated with 0%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% SiO2 by weight. Testing showed that tensile properties such as tensile strength and Young's modulus increased for materials with SiO2 compared to unfilled glass epoxy composite. The 10% SiO2 composite exhibited the highest tensile strength and wear resistance. Water absorption increased with higher SiO2 content filler compared to unfilled composites.
Fabrication and Characterization of Kevlar/Jute Reinforced EpoxyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research conducted on Kevlar/Jute fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Composite laminates were fabricated using hand layup with various combinations of Kevlar fiber, jute fiber, and epoxy resin. Specimens from the laminates underwent tensile, compression, and bending tests. The 3mm thick laminates exhibited the highest tensile, compressive, and bending strengths compared to 2mm and 4mm thick laminates. Increasing the Kevlar content improved the mechanical properties while reducing the weight and cost of the composites. The stacking sequence was found to significantly impact the flexural strength but had little effect on tensile properties. Further research on other natural fibers, polymers
Composites are engineered materials made from two or more constituents with different physical or chemical
properties, which remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. A fiber is a material, which is made into
a long filament with diameter generally in the order of 10 microns. The aspect ratio of length to diameter can be
ranging from thousands to infinity in continuous fibers. Increasing worldwide environmental awareness is
encouraging scientific research into the development of cheaper, more environmentally friendly and more
sustainable construction and packing materials. For environment concern on synthetic fiber (such as glass, carbon,
ceramic gibers etc) natural fibers (such as flax, hemp, jute, kenai) etc are widely used. Industrial hemp fiber is one
of the strongest of the natural fibers available and possesses benefits such as low cost and low production energy
requirements. The primary objective of this research is to fabricate the natural fiber composites with suitable
processing/manufacturing methods and to examine the mechanical properties when subjected to Tension, Bending
and to compare & contrast the results with the available literature. In this research work, hemp fiber reinforced
Epoxy matrix composites have been developed by hand layup method with varying process parameters, such as
coupling agent(with and without compatibilizers) and different fiber percentages (10%,20% and 30% by weight).
The developed composites were then characterized by tensile test and flexural testing. Results show that the tensile
strength and flexural properties increases with the increase in fiber percentage. However after a certain percentage
the tensile strength decreases again. Compared to untreated hemp fiber, no significant changes in the tensile strength
have been observed for treated hemp fiber reinforcement. The flexural strength / modulus of the composite were
higher compared to pure epoxy for all filler/fiber loadings.
Impact Testing of E Glass Fiber Epoxy Nanoclay compositesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact testing of E-glass fiber epoxy composites with varying amounts of nanoclay additive. Composites were fabricated with 1.5% and 3.5% nanoclay content using hand layup. Testing was conducted according to ASTM D256 standards on unidirectional, symmetric, and asymmetric laminate orientations. Results showed that impact strength increased with 1.5% and 3.5% nanoclay compared to an unmodified epoxy composite. Scanning electron microscopy also revealed improved fiber-matrix adhesion and strength with nanoclay modification.
Experimental Investigation On Mechanical Properties Of Hybrid Jute Fiber Rein...dbpublications
The composite manufacturing has been a wide area of research and it is the preferred choice due to its superior properties like low density, stiffness, light weight and possesses better mechanical properties. This has found its wide applications in aerospace, automotive, marine and sporting industries. There has been continuous lookout for synthesizing composites without compromising on the mechanical and physical properties. In this project, fiber reinforced composites is preparing with jute fibers & glass fiber of fiber length 5-6 mm. The resins used in this study are epoxy. The prepared composites were tested to study the mechanical properties of the composite such as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and hardness.
Structural Analysis of Kevlar-49 Fiber Reinforcement Composite Material using...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used finite element modeling to analyze the structural properties of Kevlar-49 fiber reinforced epoxy composite material. Eight different layer orientation configurations were modeled at thicknesses of 3mm and 5mm and subjected to a pressure load. The results were analyzed to determine which orientation configuration exhibited the least deformation. The study found that a configuration with layers oriented at 90 degrees showed the least deformation. This highlights how layer orientation impacts the structural properties of composite materials and can be optimized for specific applications.
NOISE ABSORBING MATERIAL USING BIOPOLYMERSIRJET Journal
This document discusses research into developing noise absorbing materials using biopolymers. Specifically, it analyzed different mixtures of agricultural waste, tire powder, and nylon to create novel nanocomposites and evaluated their material properties such as density, tensile strength, and acoustic absorption performance. Testing was conducted according to ASTM standards to measure properties like noise absorption factor and tensile strength. The results showed that whole-stalk hemp biocomposites exhibited notable acoustic absorption, with a peak absorption of 0.42 at 1500 Hz for a composite with 30% hemp. Biopolymers show potential for reducing environmental impacts compared to traditional materials and their properties can be optimized for noise absorption through adjusting fiber ratios and production methods.
Effect of short glass fiber and fillers on dry sliding wear behaviour of ther...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on the effect of short glass fiber and fillers on the dry sliding wear behavior of thermoplastic copolyester elastomer composites. Experiments were conducted using a Taguchi design of experiments with variables including filler content, sliding velocity, and sliding distance. Analysis of variance was used to determine the most influential parameters on specific wear rate. The experimental results showed that filler content had the greatest effect on specific wear rate, followed by sliding distance, while sliding velocity showed a negligible effect. Examination of worn surfaces revealed features associated with adhesion of the matrix to fibers as well as microcracking and debris formation.
Ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete. Part II Hydration and micro...Shakerqaidi
This document summarizes a review article on ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC). It discusses UHPFRC's hydration, microstructure, advantages, and disadvantages. Regarding hydration and microstructure: Cement hydrates similarly to traditional concrete but produces a denser matrix due to lower water content and finer supplementary cementitious materials. Increased curing temperature hastens hydration. The microstructure is highly dense and compact, with a tight fiber-matrix interface. Hydration products like calcium silicate hydrate contribute to a thick microstructure. The review aims to advance understanding of UHPFRC to promote further research and applications.
Review Paper on Nanotechnology-enhanced fiber-reinforced polymer compositesAdib Bin Rashid
Incorporating nanoparticles can significantly improve the performance and functionality of fiberreinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Different techniques exist for processing, testing, and implementing nanocomposites in various industries. Depending on these factors, these materials can be tailored to suit the specific applications of the automotive and aerospace industries, defence industries, biomedical and energy sectors etc. Nanotechnology offers several potential benefits for composites, including improved mechanical properties, surface modification, and sensing capabilities. This paper discusses the different types of nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nano-coating that can be used for reinforcement, surface modification, and property enhancement in FRP composites. It also examines the challenges associated with incorporating nanotechnology into composites and provides recommendations for potential opportunities in future work. This
study is intended to offer a comprehensive understanding of the current research on using nanotechnology in FRP composites and its potential impact on the composites industry
EFFECT OF SHORT GLASS FIBER AND FILLERS ON DRY SLIDING WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF THER...IAEME Publication
The dry sliding wear behaviour of thermoplastic copolyester elastomer (TCE) reinforced with fibers and fillers were slid against a steel counter face of a pin-on-disc tribometer. The filler and fiber reinforcements used are polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE), short glass fiber (SGF), short carbon fiber (SCF), silicon carbide (SiC), and alumina (Al2O3). The parameters like filler content, sliding velocity and sliding distance on the specific wear rate have been investigated. In this study, a plan of experiments based on the techniques of Taguchi was performed to acquire data in a controlled way.
Material advancement is nothing but the development of latest technologies. Composite material is one among the advancement of material in replacement for metals and ceramics. In the present era the material is still advanced and had come with new material called light weight material. These high impact light materials have great impact on all engineering applications. Light weight material is formed by addition of light weight hollow filler which is called as Foams. Closed foams are much used in various applications because of its strength, stiffness and insulation. Closed foam which be called as syntactic foams. Few researchers were investigated on various syntactic foams and come up with the better solution as part of application wise. Present study is to focus on the various foam combinations and to reveal the properties, characterization, development, problem facing and applications. This study also helps the researcher to develop the foam for low density applications. Goutham M | Dr. Mahesh V M | Dr. Ravishankar R "Review on Light Weight Foam Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52597.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/52597/review-on-light-weight-foam-composites/goutham-m
INFLUENCE OF RECYCLED RUBBER FILLER ON MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF WOVEN GLASS FI...IAEME Publication
The present work is to determine the mechanical properties of a polymer composite which consist of a vinyl ester as matrix and woven glass fiber (E-glass) filled with milled recycled rubber as reinforcement. The influences of different volume (0%, 3%, 6% and 9%) of the filler on the mechanical properties of the composites were studied. The composite materials are analyzed with the consideration of recycled rubber and without recycled rubber. The mechanical characteristics of these composite materials are compared in terms of young’s modulus and ultimate tensile stress using tensile test and flexural test as per the ASTM standards.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Properties of DGEBA based Epoxy ResinIRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the properties of epoxy resin modified with silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles. Tensile tests, fracture toughness tests, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry are performed on epoxy resin samples with 0%, 30%, 63%, and 70% SiO2 by weight. The results show that the epoxy resin sample with 63% SiO2 content has the highest tensile strength, fracture toughness, and thermal decomposition temperature. The glass transition temperature is determined through differential scanning calorimetry. The study aims to develop an epoxy resin composite with improved mechanical and thermal properties through SiO2 nanoparticle modification.
Fabrication and Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Graphe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated how the mechanical properties of epoxy composite materials are affected by the addition of graphene and nano silica. Samples were produced with epoxy resin reinforced with 6% graphene and 0-16% nano silica by weight. Testing showed that tensile strength increased up to 12% nano silica but decreased at 16% due to poor particle dispersion. Hardness increased for all samples due to improved interfacial interactions. Bending strength decreased for all nano silica contents due to poor mixing and crack formation, reducing flexibility. The study demonstrated that graphene and nano silica can enhance epoxy composites but proper mixing techniques are required.
A comparative study on the influence of MWCNT, GO, and Al(OH)3 gel matrix mo...Adib Bin Rashid
The main objective of this paper was to identify the influence of different filler materials on the properties of hybrid composites. The hybrid composites were fabricated using randomly oriented glass fiber mats, needle punched jute fiber mats, and epoxy resin as the matrix material. Three different kinds of filler materials were studied: Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs), Graphene Oxide (GO), and Aluminum Hydroxide (AlOH)
nanoparticles. The secondary reinforcements were dispersed in the epoxy matrix through ultrasonication. The
composites were made by conventional hand lay-up followed by applying high pressure and temperature under a hydraulic press to effectively cure and minimize voids within the final composite. These were compared with the
properties of the unmodified composite containing no filler. The influence on mechanical properties was evaluated through tensile, flexural, and impact tests. Failure modes of the fractured tensile specimen were observed
through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was done to observe
the changes in the chemical structure upon the addition of secondary reinforcements. Lastly, water absorption
behavior and flame retardancy were observed as well. The results showed that MWCNT resulted in the composite
exhibiting superior properties and GO, on the contrary, led to the deterioration of the properties. This could be
because an optimum concentration of MWCNT was used, whereas this was not the case for GO filler. The addition
of MWCNT resulted in a more substantial but brittle composite, while AlOH enhanced the ductility of the
composite by compromising the overall strength. Hence, it can be concluded that MWCNT resulted in the formation of composites with the most desired properties.
The document provides an overview of basic ice hockey rules, including:
1) It describes the layout of the rink including lines that divide zones and circles for face-offs.
2) It explains common stoppages of play from offsides and icing violations and the referee signals used.
3) It provides summaries of some common penalties like tripping, slashing, and hooking.
3D printing has been used for over 20 years to produce models and prototypes, with the first 3D printer invented in 1986 using stereolithography to solidify UV-cured polymer with a laser. 3D printers now build objects layer-by-layer using heated plastic that solidifies as the printer head moves. Digital designs are created using 3D modeling software and serve as blueprints for 3D printers to create physical objects. Bioprinting uses modified 3D printers to produce organic tissue and eventually organs by depositing layers of bio-ink containing living cells.
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This document discusses the effect of adding polypropylene fiber to self-compacting concrete. It analyzes changes in physical properties like bulk density, apparent porosity, and water absorption and mechanical properties like compressive strength. The study found that compressive strength initially increased when adding 2% polypropylene fiber but then decreased with 3% fiber. Bulk density and compressive strength decreased with higher fiber content, while apparent porosity and water absorption increased due to the porous nature of the fiber. In conclusion, adding polypropylene fiber impacted both the physical and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete.
Wear Analysis of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and it’s Composites under Wet...IOSR Journals
In this paper, the effect of load, Velocity of sliding and sliding distance on friction and wear of
materials made of Polytetrafluoroethylele (PTFE) and PTFE composites under wet condition with filler
materials such as 25% bronze, 25% glass fiber and 25 % carbon have studied. The experimental work has
performed on pin-on-disc friction and wear test rig and analyzed with the help of Design Expert software. The
results of experiments are presented in tables and graphs which shows that the addition of bronze, glass and
carbon filler to the virgin PTFE decreases wear rate significantly and there is marginal increase in coefficient
of friction. The highest wear resistance was found for 25% carbon filled PTFE followed by 25% glass filled
PTFE, 25% bronze filled PTFE and virgin PTFE. Through this study, we can develop the best bearing material
for the various industrial applications which is available easily at the minimum cost.
Evaluation of Mechanical, Tribological and Water absorption behaviour of Glas...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates the mechanical, tribological, and water absorption properties of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites with and without silicon dioxide (SiO2) filler material. Composites were fabricated with 0%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% SiO2 by weight. Testing showed that tensile properties such as tensile strength and Young's modulus increased for materials with SiO2 compared to unfilled glass epoxy composite. The 10% SiO2 composite exhibited the highest tensile strength and wear resistance. Water absorption increased with higher SiO2 content filler compared to unfilled composites.
Fabrication and Characterization of Kevlar/Jute Reinforced EpoxyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research conducted on Kevlar/Jute fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Composite laminates were fabricated using hand layup with various combinations of Kevlar fiber, jute fiber, and epoxy resin. Specimens from the laminates underwent tensile, compression, and bending tests. The 3mm thick laminates exhibited the highest tensile, compressive, and bending strengths compared to 2mm and 4mm thick laminates. Increasing the Kevlar content improved the mechanical properties while reducing the weight and cost of the composites. The stacking sequence was found to significantly impact the flexural strength but had little effect on tensile properties. Further research on other natural fibers, polymers
Composites are engineered materials made from two or more constituents with different physical or chemical
properties, which remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. A fiber is a material, which is made into
a long filament with diameter generally in the order of 10 microns. The aspect ratio of length to diameter can be
ranging from thousands to infinity in continuous fibers. Increasing worldwide environmental awareness is
encouraging scientific research into the development of cheaper, more environmentally friendly and more
sustainable construction and packing materials. For environment concern on synthetic fiber (such as glass, carbon,
ceramic gibers etc) natural fibers (such as flax, hemp, jute, kenai) etc are widely used. Industrial hemp fiber is one
of the strongest of the natural fibers available and possesses benefits such as low cost and low production energy
requirements. The primary objective of this research is to fabricate the natural fiber composites with suitable
processing/manufacturing methods and to examine the mechanical properties when subjected to Tension, Bending
and to compare & contrast the results with the available literature. In this research work, hemp fiber reinforced
Epoxy matrix composites have been developed by hand layup method with varying process parameters, such as
coupling agent(with and without compatibilizers) and different fiber percentages (10%,20% and 30% by weight).
The developed composites were then characterized by tensile test and flexural testing. Results show that the tensile
strength and flexural properties increases with the increase in fiber percentage. However after a certain percentage
the tensile strength decreases again. Compared to untreated hemp fiber, no significant changes in the tensile strength
have been observed for treated hemp fiber reinforcement. The flexural strength / modulus of the composite were
higher compared to pure epoxy for all filler/fiber loadings.
Impact Testing of E Glass Fiber Epoxy Nanoclay compositesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact testing of E-glass fiber epoxy composites with varying amounts of nanoclay additive. Composites were fabricated with 1.5% and 3.5% nanoclay content using hand layup. Testing was conducted according to ASTM D256 standards on unidirectional, symmetric, and asymmetric laminate orientations. Results showed that impact strength increased with 1.5% and 3.5% nanoclay compared to an unmodified epoxy composite. Scanning electron microscopy also revealed improved fiber-matrix adhesion and strength with nanoclay modification.
Experimental Investigation On Mechanical Properties Of Hybrid Jute Fiber Rein...dbpublications
The composite manufacturing has been a wide area of research and it is the preferred choice due to its superior properties like low density, stiffness, light weight and possesses better mechanical properties. This has found its wide applications in aerospace, automotive, marine and sporting industries. There has been continuous lookout for synthesizing composites without compromising on the mechanical and physical properties. In this project, fiber reinforced composites is preparing with jute fibers & glass fiber of fiber length 5-6 mm. The resins used in this study are epoxy. The prepared composites were tested to study the mechanical properties of the composite such as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and hardness.
Structural Analysis of Kevlar-49 Fiber Reinforcement Composite Material using...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used finite element modeling to analyze the structural properties of Kevlar-49 fiber reinforced epoxy composite material. Eight different layer orientation configurations were modeled at thicknesses of 3mm and 5mm and subjected to a pressure load. The results were analyzed to determine which orientation configuration exhibited the least deformation. The study found that a configuration with layers oriented at 90 degrees showed the least deformation. This highlights how layer orientation impacts the structural properties of composite materials and can be optimized for specific applications.
NOISE ABSORBING MATERIAL USING BIOPOLYMERSIRJET Journal
This document discusses research into developing noise absorbing materials using biopolymers. Specifically, it analyzed different mixtures of agricultural waste, tire powder, and nylon to create novel nanocomposites and evaluated their material properties such as density, tensile strength, and acoustic absorption performance. Testing was conducted according to ASTM standards to measure properties like noise absorption factor and tensile strength. The results showed that whole-stalk hemp biocomposites exhibited notable acoustic absorption, with a peak absorption of 0.42 at 1500 Hz for a composite with 30% hemp. Biopolymers show potential for reducing environmental impacts compared to traditional materials and their properties can be optimized for noise absorption through adjusting fiber ratios and production methods.
Effect of short glass fiber and fillers on dry sliding wear behaviour of ther...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on the effect of short glass fiber and fillers on the dry sliding wear behavior of thermoplastic copolyester elastomer composites. Experiments were conducted using a Taguchi design of experiments with variables including filler content, sliding velocity, and sliding distance. Analysis of variance was used to determine the most influential parameters on specific wear rate. The experimental results showed that filler content had the greatest effect on specific wear rate, followed by sliding distance, while sliding velocity showed a negligible effect. Examination of worn surfaces revealed features associated with adhesion of the matrix to fibers as well as microcracking and debris formation.
Ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete. Part II Hydration and micro...Shakerqaidi
This document summarizes a review article on ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC). It discusses UHPFRC's hydration, microstructure, advantages, and disadvantages. Regarding hydration and microstructure: Cement hydrates similarly to traditional concrete but produces a denser matrix due to lower water content and finer supplementary cementitious materials. Increased curing temperature hastens hydration. The microstructure is highly dense and compact, with a tight fiber-matrix interface. Hydration products like calcium silicate hydrate contribute to a thick microstructure. The review aims to advance understanding of UHPFRC to promote further research and applications.
Review Paper on Nanotechnology-enhanced fiber-reinforced polymer compositesAdib Bin Rashid
Incorporating nanoparticles can significantly improve the performance and functionality of fiberreinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Different techniques exist for processing, testing, and implementing nanocomposites in various industries. Depending on these factors, these materials can be tailored to suit the specific applications of the automotive and aerospace industries, defence industries, biomedical and energy sectors etc. Nanotechnology offers several potential benefits for composites, including improved mechanical properties, surface modification, and sensing capabilities. This paper discusses the different types of nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nano-coating that can be used for reinforcement, surface modification, and property enhancement in FRP composites. It also examines the challenges associated with incorporating nanotechnology into composites and provides recommendations for potential opportunities in future work. This
study is intended to offer a comprehensive understanding of the current research on using nanotechnology in FRP composites and its potential impact on the composites industry
EFFECT OF SHORT GLASS FIBER AND FILLERS ON DRY SLIDING WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF THER...IAEME Publication
The dry sliding wear behaviour of thermoplastic copolyester elastomer (TCE) reinforced with fibers and fillers were slid against a steel counter face of a pin-on-disc tribometer. The filler and fiber reinforcements used are polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE), short glass fiber (SGF), short carbon fiber (SCF), silicon carbide (SiC), and alumina (Al2O3). The parameters like filler content, sliding velocity and sliding distance on the specific wear rate have been investigated. In this study, a plan of experiments based on the techniques of Taguchi was performed to acquire data in a controlled way.
Material advancement is nothing but the development of latest technologies. Composite material is one among the advancement of material in replacement for metals and ceramics. In the present era the material is still advanced and had come with new material called light weight material. These high impact light materials have great impact on all engineering applications. Light weight material is formed by addition of light weight hollow filler which is called as Foams. Closed foams are much used in various applications because of its strength, stiffness and insulation. Closed foam which be called as syntactic foams. Few researchers were investigated on various syntactic foams and come up with the better solution as part of application wise. Present study is to focus on the various foam combinations and to reveal the properties, characterization, development, problem facing and applications. This study also helps the researcher to develop the foam for low density applications. Goutham M | Dr. Mahesh V M | Dr. Ravishankar R "Review on Light Weight Foam Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52597.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/52597/review-on-light-weight-foam-composites/goutham-m
INFLUENCE OF RECYCLED RUBBER FILLER ON MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF WOVEN GLASS FI...IAEME Publication
The present work is to determine the mechanical properties of a polymer composite which consist of a vinyl ester as matrix and woven glass fiber (E-glass) filled with milled recycled rubber as reinforcement. The influences of different volume (0%, 3%, 6% and 9%) of the filler on the mechanical properties of the composites were studied. The composite materials are analyzed with the consideration of recycled rubber and without recycled rubber. The mechanical characteristics of these composite materials are compared in terms of young’s modulus and ultimate tensile stress using tensile test and flexural test as per the ASTM standards.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Properties of DGEBA based Epoxy ResinIRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the properties of epoxy resin modified with silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles. Tensile tests, fracture toughness tests, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry are performed on epoxy resin samples with 0%, 30%, 63%, and 70% SiO2 by weight. The results show that the epoxy resin sample with 63% SiO2 content has the highest tensile strength, fracture toughness, and thermal decomposition temperature. The glass transition temperature is determined through differential scanning calorimetry. The study aims to develop an epoxy resin composite with improved mechanical and thermal properties through SiO2 nanoparticle modification.
Fabrication and Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Graphe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated how the mechanical properties of epoxy composite materials are affected by the addition of graphene and nano silica. Samples were produced with epoxy resin reinforced with 6% graphene and 0-16% nano silica by weight. Testing showed that tensile strength increased up to 12% nano silica but decreased at 16% due to poor particle dispersion. Hardness increased for all samples due to improved interfacial interactions. Bending strength decreased for all nano silica contents due to poor mixing and crack formation, reducing flexibility. The study demonstrated that graphene and nano silica can enhance epoxy composites but proper mixing techniques are required.
A comparative study on the influence of MWCNT, GO, and Al(OH)3 gel matrix mo...Adib Bin Rashid
The main objective of this paper was to identify the influence of different filler materials on the properties of hybrid composites. The hybrid composites were fabricated using randomly oriented glass fiber mats, needle punched jute fiber mats, and epoxy resin as the matrix material. Three different kinds of filler materials were studied: Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs), Graphene Oxide (GO), and Aluminum Hydroxide (AlOH)
nanoparticles. The secondary reinforcements were dispersed in the epoxy matrix through ultrasonication. The
composites were made by conventional hand lay-up followed by applying high pressure and temperature under a hydraulic press to effectively cure and minimize voids within the final composite. These were compared with the
properties of the unmodified composite containing no filler. The influence on mechanical properties was evaluated through tensile, flexural, and impact tests. Failure modes of the fractured tensile specimen were observed
through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was done to observe
the changes in the chemical structure upon the addition of secondary reinforcements. Lastly, water absorption
behavior and flame retardancy were observed as well. The results showed that MWCNT resulted in the composite
exhibiting superior properties and GO, on the contrary, led to the deterioration of the properties. This could be
because an optimum concentration of MWCNT was used, whereas this was not the case for GO filler. The addition
of MWCNT resulted in a more substantial but brittle composite, while AlOH enhanced the ductility of the
composite by compromising the overall strength. Hence, it can be concluded that MWCNT resulted in the formation of composites with the most desired properties.
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#Abstract:
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#Prerequisites:
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detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
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1. TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL
TRAINING INSTITUTE (TVTI)
FINAL THESIS PRESENTATION
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
PREPARATION OF KEVLAR-29 FABRIC COMPOSITE
USING SHEAR THICKENING FLUID AND EPOXY
MATRIX BY HAND LAY-UP TECHNIQUE FOR ANTI-
BALLISTIC APPLICATION
ADVISOR: DR. GURUMURTHY.BR (PHD )
AUGUST, 2022
ADDIS ABEBA ,ETHIOPIA
PREPARED BY: TEGEGN TEMESGEN
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2. Introduction
Statement of problem
Objectives
Significance and scope
Research questions of the study
Hypothesis
Literature review
Methodology
Experimental design
Result and discussion
Conclusion
Reference
Acknowledgement
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3. INTRODUCTION
• Shear thickening fluids (STFs) are a subclass of non-
Newtonian fluids that display sudden changes in viscosity
at a given shear strength.
• Shear thickening occurs in colloids and suspensions that are
densely packed.
• All materials' different behaviors are determined by their
underlying micro- and chemical structures.
• The research will develop composite material composed of
shear thickening fluid and matrix material (i.e. epoxy resin
and hardener).
• The research will provide the mechanical properties of the
composite material while testing their tensile, impact and
flexural strength.
11/29/2022
Tegegn - FDRE Technical and Vocational
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4. Statement of problem
• In recent the demand for protective equipment and security awareness has
increased with the advancement of science, technology, and the military.
• People are not only interested in the performance of individual protective
materials, but also in the material's softness and the wearer's comfort.
• Previous surveys show the gap of Kevlar fabric composites using shear
thickening fluid and epoxy resin and the combination of shear thickening fluid
and epoxy matrix by using taguchi design of experimental plan .
• So this research attempted to fill the gap observed in the course of literature
review
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5. Objectives
General objective
The overall aim of this thesis is Preparation of Kevlar- 29 Fabric composite
using Shear thickening fluid and Epoxy Matrix by Hand Lay-up
Technique for Anti-ballistic Application
Specific objectives
Preparation of shear thickening fluid by using fumed silica and polyethylene glycol to use
as filler material
Preparation of matrix material by using epoxy resin and hardener
To develop composite material by coating the fabric with STF and matrix material
To analyze the mechanical properties of the composite material
Optimization of mechanical properties using Taguchi method
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6. Significance of the research
It is helpful to implement for fabricating the body armor plates that can
withstand different levels of impacts by gun, revolver and knife stab, etc.
This will provide a lightweight and safe armor plate for people in the military,
security forces, police force, and bodyguards.
It can be used for researchers as initials for finding and investigating further
study.
it can be used as import substitute products and makes contribution of the job
creating as a business idea.
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7. Scope of the Research
This study focuses on the preparation of Kevlar-29 fabric composite using
STF and epoxy matrix by hand lay-up technique for anti-ballistic
application.
Different constituents were used to fabricate the composite specimen.
Kevlar-29 fabric Fumed silica PEG 400
epoxy resin
the methods used to manufacture the composite material was hand lay-up
method.
The experiment works was conducted by using Taguchi design of
experimental plan.
The tensile strength, impact strength and flexural strength were measured
using universal testing machine.
Finally the regression analysis, S/N ratio, and ANOVA were performed
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Tegegn - FDRE Technical and Vocational
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8. Research Questions of the Study
The research intentions to investigate preparation of composite material from
Kevlar 29 fabric using Shear thickening fluid and Epoxy Matrix by Hand Lay-up
Technique So, this research forwards to assess the following basic research
questions:
How can we prepare the solution of shear thickening fluid?
How can we prepare the solution of epoxy matrix?
What effect does the shear thickening fluid concentration have on mechanical
properties of composite material?
What effect does the fabric thickness have on mechanical properties of
composite material?
What effect does the Epoxy matrix concentration have on mechanical properties
of composite material?
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9. Hypothesis
• The research will predict and confirm the convenience of the composite material by
considering independent variables (which are fabric thickness, epoxy matrix
concentration and STF concentration) for the finding of relationship with dependent
variables with the fulfillment for all the required ASTM standards when testing
methods are carried out.
Hypothesis: 1
Hypothesis Statement: If the amount of the Epoxy matrix concentration increases,
then tensile, impact and flexural strength of the composite material also increases.
H1:Epoxy matrix concentration has a positive relationship and has a significant effect
on the Mechanical properties of the composite material.
Ho: Epoxy matrix concentration have no a positive relationship and have no any
significant effect on the mechanical properties of the composite material.
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10. Hypothesis: 2
Hypothesis Statement: If the amount of STF concentration increases, then tensile,
impact and flexural strength of the composite material also increases.
H1: STF concentration have a positive relationship and have a significant effect on
the mechanical properties of composite material.
Ho: STF concentration have no positive relationship and have a no any significant
effect on the mechanical properties of composite material.
Hypothesis: 3
Hypothesis Statement: If the amount of the fabric thickness of a composite material
increases, then tensile, impact and flexural strength of the material also increases.
H1: Fabric thickness has a positive relationship and has a significant effect on the
Mechanical properties of the composite material.
Ho: Fabric thickness have no a positive relationship and have no any significant
effect on the mechanical properties of the composite material.
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11. Literature review
Composites work on the premise of combining a matrix and reinforcement to create a
new material. There are thousands of different composite materials available today, and
their uses are what drive technological progress.
Matrix
• The part's shape is determined by the composite's matrix. It begins as a viscous fluid
before curing. This fluid, known as resin, is made up of polymers, which are lengthy
chains of molecules.
• The matrix serves a number of functions: it shapes the part, distributes load into the
reinforcement fibers, and protects the reinforcement from wear.
Reinforcement
• The fiber material that is contained by the matrix is the reinforcement. It imparts
stiffness and strength to the loads that are applied to the matrix.
• The amount of strain experienced by any given load in the matrix and the
reinforcement will be identical in an ideal matrix-to-reinforcement bond.
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12. Composite manufacturing techniques
• Open contact moulding
• Resin infusion processes
• Compression moulding
• Injection moulding
• Filament winding
• Pultrusion process
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13. Why are composite materials important?
• Composites have high strength to weight ratio, which is
critical in weight-limited applications, such as spacecraft,
aircraft, and sports equipment.
• Composites have high stiffness to weight ratio, which is
critical in natural frequency limited applications, such as
spacecraft, aircraft, and sports equipment.
• Some composites are impact energy absorbing, so can be used
in armor.
• Some composites have consistent frictional characteristics
across a very wide temperature range, so are useful for high
performance brake discs (race cars, F-16, Space Shuttle).
• Some have high temperature resistance, so can be used for
spacecraft heat shields and jet engine parts.
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14. Fig 1 : Flow chart of experimental procedures
Preparation of shear thickening fluid by using fumed
silica and PEG
Preparation of matrix material by using epoxy resin
and hardener
Combining the two prepared solution
Application of prepared solution on textile sample
material
Testing different parameter on developed samples
Analyzing the developed sample results
METHODOLOGY
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15. Materials and Methods
Kevlar-29 fabric
Fumed silica
Poly ethylene glycol
Epoxy resin
Hardener
Pvc sheet and Wax
Auxiliary chemicals
• Beakers
• Glass (60cm x 60cm)
• Roller
• Brush
• Universal testing machine
• Weighing balance
• scissor
Materials Equipment's and Tools
Kevlar-29 fabric Fumed silica Epoxy resin
Hardener
Polyethylene glycol
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16. Preparation of shear thickening fluid
• PEG and silica nanoparticles are used to
make STF colloidal dispersions
(Polyethylene Glycol).
• Mechanical mixing was used to make the
STF. According to their weight %, silica
was gradually added to the PEG.
• To properly disperse the particles
throughout the PEG solution, several
hours of mixing were needed.
• To remove the bubble and improve the
fluid's stability, the STF was dried in a
vacuum oven at 25°C for around 24 hours.
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17. Preparation of the resin hardener system
The resin and hardener were to be blended in
a proportion of 100:10 by weight, as follows:
We weighed an empty beaker and a
brush.
Resin was added to the beaker and brush
arrangement, which were then put on the
electronic balance until the weight
remained consistent.
After adding the hardener to the beaker, it
was taken from the balance.
The resin and hardener were well mixed
with a stirrer and are now being used.
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18. Preparation of composite materials
• To begin, three layers of fabric
measuring (250x120) mm2 were cut.
The fabric layers were then infused with
the required amount of epoxy material
and STF.
• Each impregnated layer was rolled
using a locally produced anti-bubble
roller to remove air bubbles.
• Finally, each composite material sheet
was cut into different test specimens
using a jigsaw (MAKITA, Japan) or a
strong scissor.
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19. Fabrication methods of composite material
Hand lay-up techniques
• Hand lay-up is a composite material
fabrication technique that uses open
contact molding.
• After treating the mold with mold release,
dried fibers or fabrics are placed on it, and
prepared solution is poured and
disseminated onto the fiber or fabric beds.
• Using a roller or brush, wet the fibers or
fabrics and remove any trapped air in the
lay-ups.
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20. Fabrication process of composite materials
Cutting the kevlar-29 fabric Weighing the chemicals on electronic balance
Applying STF and epoxy resin on fabric Developed samples
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21. Design of Experimental plan
Factor Factors Name Min Max
A Fabric thickness (mm) 1.25 1.65
B Epoxy matrix concentration (%) 90 100
C STF concentration (%) 5 8
Exp no A B C Tensile
strength
Impact
strength
Flexural
strength
1 1.25 90 5
2 1.25 90 5
3 1.25 100 8
4 1.25 100 8
5 1.65 90 8
6 1.65 90 8
7 1.65 100 5
8 1.65 100 5
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22. The following tests are carried out to test the
mechanical and structural characteristics of the
developed samples
Tensile strength test (ASTM D3039)
Impact strength test (ASTM D256)
Flexural strength test (ASTM D790)
Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)
Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
Testing Conditions
Tensile testing m/c
Impact strength m/c
DSC m/c
FTIR m/c
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23. Samples Trials Length(mm) Width(mm) Thickness(mm) Tensile
strength (Mpa)
Average
1 A 250 25 1.5 294 293
B 250 25 1.5 292
2 A 250 25 1.5 333 297
B 250 25 1.5 261
3 A 250 25 1.5 334 323
B 250 25 1.5 312
4 A 250 25 1.5 338 325
B 250 25 1.5 314
5 A 250 25 1.5 364 358
B 250 25 1.5 352
6 A 250 25 1.5 356 360
B 250 25 1.5 364
7 A 250 25 1.5 379 376
B 250 25 1.5 373
8 A 250 25 1.5 374 379
B 250 25 1.5 384
In comparison to all other laminates, the sample 8 kevlar-29 fabric composite has an
extremely high tensile strength (379Mpa), while the sample 1 kevlar-29 fabric
composite has a 293Mpa tensile strength, which is extremely low.
Tensile test results
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24. 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
sample 1
sample 2
sample 3
sample 4
sample 5
sample 6
sample 7
sample 8
stress
strain
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
sample 1 sample 2 sample 3 sample 4 sample 5 sample 6 sample 7 sample 8
Tensile strength
tensile strength
The eight composites are all shown in figure have a linear rise in tensile stress.
When compared to sample 7 and sample 8 composites, the sample 1
composites, however, had a sluggish decline in the curve.
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25. Statistical analysis of Tensile strength
Tensile strength = -111.1 + 146.88 fabric thickness (mm) + 2.375 matrix concentration (%)
+ 1.750 STF concentrations (%)
Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F-Value P-Value Inference
Regression 3 8086.38 2695.46 653.44 0.000 Significant
Fabric thickness(mm) 1 6903.13 6903.13 1673.48 0.000 Significant
Matrix concentration (%) 1 1128.13 1128.13 273.48 0.000 Significant
STF concentration (%) 1 55.13 55.13 13.36 0.022 Significant
Error 4 16.50 4.12
Total 7 8102.88
Based on the results of the regression analysis, the fabric thickness has the most impact on
tensile strength, followed by epoxy matrix concentration and STF concentration at the very
end.
Analysis of variance
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26. Level
Fabric
thickness(mm)
Matrix
concentration (%)
STF
concentration (%)
1 49.80 50.25 50.47
2 51.32 50.87 50.66
Delta 1.52 0.63 0.19
Rank 1 2 3
Noted from the S / N responses is that fabric thickness, which is ranked first among other
parameters in above table. based on signal to noise ratio analysis, it has the greatest
impact on tensile strength.
Signal to Noise Ratios analysis of Tensile strength
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27. Statistical analysis of Impact strength
Impact strength = -4.384 + 2.794 fabric thickness (mm) + 0.03775 matrix concentration
(%) + 0.0558 STF concentrations (%)
Based on the results of the regression analysis, the fabric thickness has the most impact
on impact strength, followed by epoxy matrix concentration and STF concentration at the
very end.
Analysis of variance
Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F-Value P-Value Inference
Regression 3 2.83874 0.94625 157.38 0.000 Significant
fabric thickness(mm) 1 2.49761 2.49761 415.40 0.000 Significant
Matrix concentration (%) 1 0.28501 0.28501 47.40 0.002 Significant
STF concentration (%) 1 0.05611 0.05611 9.33 0.038 Significant
Error 4 0.02405 0.00601
Total 7 2.86279
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28. Noted from the S / N responses is that fabric thickness, which is ranked first among
other parameters in above table. based on signal to noise ratio analysis, it has the
greatest impact on impact strength.
Signal to Noise Ratios analysis of Impact strength
Level
Fabric
thickness(mm)
Matrix
concentration (%)
STF
concentration (%)
1 9.669 10.540 10.757
2 12.408 11.537 11.319
Delta 2.739 0.997 0.562
Rank 1 2 3
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29. Samples Trials Length(mm) Width(mm) Thickness(mm) Flexural
strength (Mpa)
Average
1 A 250 20 1.5 192 186
B 250 20 1.5 180
2 A 250 20 1.5 187 188
B 250 20 1.5 189
3 A 250 20 1.5 196 199
B 250 20 1.5 202
4 A 250 20 1.5 204 202
B 250 20 1.5 202
5 A 250 20 1.5 238 236
B 250 20 1.5 234
6 A 250 20 1.5 240 239
B 250 20 1.5 238
7 A 250 20 1.5 260 258
B 250 20 1.5 258
8 A 250 20 1.5 253 260
B 250 20 1.5 267
In comparison to all other laminates, the sample 8 kevlar-29 fabric composite has an
extremely high flexural strength (260Mpa), while the sample 1 kevlar-29 fabric
composite has a 186Mpa flexural strength, which is extremely low.
Flexural test results
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30. 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
sample 1
sample 2
sample 3
sample 4
sample 5
sample 6
sample 7
sample 8
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
sample 1 sample 2 sample 3 sample 4 sample 5 sample 6 sample 7 sample 8
Flexural strength
flexural strength
The eight composites are all shown in figure to have a linear rise in flexural
stress. When compared to sample 7 and sample 8 composites, the sample 1
composites, however, had a sluggish decline in the curve.
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31. Statistical analysis of Flexural strength
Flexural strength = -134.1 + 136.25 fabric thickness (mm) + 1.750 matrix concentration (%)
- 1.333 STF concentration (%)
Based on the results of the regression analysis, the fabric thickness has the most impact
on flexural strength, followed by epoxy matrix concentration and STF concentration at
the very end.
Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F-Value P-Value Inference
Regression 3 6585.00 2195.00 675.38 0.000 Significant
Fabric thickness(mm) 1 5940.50 5940.50 1827.85 0.000 Significant
Matrix concentration (%) 1 612.50 612.50 188.46 0.000 Significant
STF concentration (%) 1 32.00 32.00 9.85 0.035 Significant
Error 4 13.00 3.25
Total 7 6598.00
Analysis of variance
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32. Noted from the S / N responses is that fabric thickness, which is ranked first among
other parameters in above table. based on signal to noise ratio analysis, it has the
greatest impact on flexural strength.
Signal to Noise Ratios analysis of Flexural strength
Level
Fabric
thickness(mm)
Matrix
concentration (%)
STF
concentration (%)
1 45.74 46.47 46.85
2 47.89 47.15 46.78
Delta 2.15 0.68 0.07
Rank 1 2 3
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33. Taguchi parameter optimization for Tensile strength
Parameters
Response Goal Lower Target Upper Weight Importance
Tensile Maximum 293 379 1 1
The main goal is maximizing tensile strength and the target value is 379 Mpa
Solution
Fabric
thickness(mm)
Matrix
concentration
(%)
STF
concentration (%)
Tensile
Fit
Composite
Desirability
1 1.65 100 8 382.75 1
Solution
The optimum values to maximize the tensile strength are 1.65mm, 100%, and 8% of
fabric thickness, matrix concentration, and STF concentration respectively.
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34. Taguchi parameter optimization for Impact strength
Parameters
Response Goal Lower Target Upper Weight Importance
Impact Maximum 2.72 4.35 1 1
The main goal is maximizing impact strength and the target value is 4.35 J
Solution
Fabric
thickness(mm)
Matrix
concentration
(%)
STF
concentration (%)
Impact
Fit
Composite
Desirability
1 1.65 100 8 4.49 1
Solution
The optimum values to maximize the impact strength are 1.65mm, 100%, and 8% of
fabric thickness, matrix concentration, and STF concentration respectively.
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35. Taguchi parameter optimization for Flexural strength
Parameters
Response Goal Lower Target Upper Weight Importance
Flexural Maximum 186 260 1 1
The main goal is maximizing flexural strength and the target value is 260 Mpa
Solution
Fabric
thickness(mm)
Matrix
concentration
(%)
STF
concentration
(%)
Flexural
Fit
Composite
Desirability
1 1.65 100 5 1
Solution
The optimum values to maximize the flexural strength are 1.65mm, 100%, and 5%
of fabric thickness, matrix concentration, and STF concentration respectively.
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36. Conclusions
In this work, the tensile, impact and flexural strength of Kevlar-29 fabric composite and
Optimization of parameters namely, fabric thickness, epoxy matrix concentration, and STF
concentration in Kevlar-29 fabric composite using taguchi’s method of regression, signal-
to-noise ratio, and ANOVA analysis were studied.
The following are the conclusions based on the results of the experimental study.
According to analysis 1.65mm, 100%, 8% of fabric thickness, matrix
concentration, and STF concentration, respectively are the optimum values to
maximize the tensile strength.
According to analysis 1.65mm, 100%, 8% of fabric thickness, matrix
concentration, and STF concentration, respectively are the optimum values to
maximize the impact strength.
According to analysis 1.65mm, 100%, 5% of fabric thickness, matrix
concentration, and STF concentration, respectively are the optimum values to
maximize the flexural strength.
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37. Acknowledgements
I would like to thanks ONE God our Jesus Christ, for what he has done
to me.
• My greatest and heartfelt thanks to my advisor DR.GURUMURTY.B.R
(PH.D) for his unreserved scholarly comment, constructive suggestions
and encouragement to complete this thesis work.
• I would like to thank all TVTI textile department staffs who have
helped me in one way or another, in writing this research work.
• Finally, I thank my family for their encouragement, continual and
support during my thesis work.
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38. Reference
1. Advanced Space Transportation Program: Paving the Highway to
Space
https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/background/facts/astp.html.
2. A. Brent Srong. Fundamentals of Composites Manufacturing. Society
of Manufacturing Engineers, Dearborn, Michigan,2008.
3. Terry Richardson. Composites: A Design Guide. Industrial Press Inc,
1987.
4. ACMA: Resins http://compositeslab.com/composite-materials/resins/.
5. Stu Luce Introduction to Composite Technology. Society of
Manufacturing Engineers, Dearborn, Michigan,1988.
6. John Wanberg. Composite Materials, Handbook #1, Composite
Garage Series. Wolfgang Publications Inc. Stillwater, MN, 2013.
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