Final report salehuddin emoshm 7

IMPROVEMENT OF SELF REGULATORY PRACTICES IN OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND SAFETY PLANNING
AT SHELL OIL REFINERY PORT DICKSON
SALEHUDDIN BIN ABDUL KADIR
A project report submitted in fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Executive Master of Occupational Safety and Health Management
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
DECEMBER 2013

ii
DECLARATION
I declare that this thesis entitled “Improvement Of Self Regulatory Practices In
Occupational Safety And Health Management System And Safety Planning At Shell
Oil Refinery Port Dickson” is the result of my own research except as cited in the
references. The project report has not been accepted for any degree and is not
concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature : ..............................................
Name : SALEHUDDIN BIN ABDUL KADIR
Date : 15 DECEMBER 2013

iii
DEDICATION
To my family
Nurshamshida Bt Md Shamsudin
Ayra Natasha Bt Salehuddin
Arissa Hannah Bt Salehuddin
To my parents
Normah Bt Mohamad
Abdul Kadir bin Taib
For the strength to be strong
For the will to carry on
For truth that will never change
I turn to them
When I lose the will to win -
They’re always giving me encouragement
When I’m down –
They’re always pushing me to the top.
I can do anything
Cause their love is so amazing

iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Highest level of gratitude to:
Allah the Most Compassionate.
My Family.
My Parents.
My Supervisor Prof. Dr. Nik Hasnaa Nik Mahmood.
My Co-Supervisor Nelidya Md Yusof
Hj Musa Mustafa – Shell Refining Company, Port Dickson
Zackaria Abdullah – Shell Refining Company, Port Dickson
Zulkarnain Mohd Said – Shell Refining Company, Port Dickson
Dr. Mohd. Nizam Jemoin – Shell Refining Company, Port Dickson
Rossyu Hazlin Bt. Ab. Rahim – Shell Refining Company, Port Dickson
Ashari Ishak – Shell Refining Company, Port Dickson
Siti Elina Abdul Rahman – MISC Berhad (Validator)
Engineering Safety Officer – Sime Darby (Validator)
Everyone directly involved with this research project.
Everyone indirectly involved with this research project.

v
ABSTRACT
Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems should be constantly
improved to avoid unnecessary incidents that could cause injuries, death and
financial lost by self regulation as required by legislation. Even the leading
Occupational Safety and Health role model which is the oil and gas industry
experience minor and catastrophic incidents. On that note, the project will identify,
examine and improve the current benchmark practice in the oil and gas industry. The
literature reviews was defined, analyzed and synthesized into various themes into a
conceptual framework. This project adopts the qualitative Grounded Theory Method
of open, selective and theoretical coding whilst constant comparison inductive
deductive of Spradley’s Semantic Relationship Criteria method supported by
quantitative descriptive statistics which is suitable for configuring the case study
approach and uses methodological triangulation to analyze data from many sources.
The triangulation method aids to the development of the research design framework
which includes; (1) examining documentation, (2) interview, (3) questionnaire and;
(4) observation. The data analysis from the rich data produces an emerging theory of
THOUGHT PROCESS encompassing compliance rigidness, objectivity,
involvement, financial consideration and additional suggestions. The emerging
theory is integrated into the Occupational Safety and Health Management System
producing an improved management system. This new discovery has potential to
further evolve and mature for the benefit of all stakeholders and the body of
knowledge.

vi
ABSTRAK
Sistem Pengurusan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan seharusnya
sentiasa diperbaiki untuk mengelakkan kejadian yang boleh mengakibatkan
kecederaan, kerugian harta dan nyawa melalui usaha sendiri seperti yang tertakluk
dalam undang-undang. Industri minyak dan gas yang merupakan pengamal hebat
sistem ini juga mengalami kemalangan yang kecil dan besar. Oleh itu, projek ini
akan mengenalpasti, mengkaji dan menambahbaik apa yang sedang diamalkan oleh
industry minyak dan gas. Kajian lepas dihalusi, dianalisis dan disintesis beberapa
tema kepada sebuah kerangka konsep. Projek ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif
Grounded Theory iaitu mengekod secara buka, pilihan dan teori sambil perbandingan
berterusan induktif deduktif dari kaedah Spradley’s Semantic Relationship Criteria
yang disokong oleh statistic deskriptif kuantitatif yang sesuai untuk mengkonfigurasi
pendekatan kajian kes dan menggunakan triangulasi metodologi untuk analisa data
dari sumber pelbagai. Ini akan bantu pembentukkan bentuk rangka kajian yang
melibatkan; (1) pemeriksaan dokumentasi, (2) temuramah, (3) kaji selidik dan;
(4) pemerhatian. Analisa data menghasilkan teori THOUGHT PROCESS yang
merangkumi pematuhan teguh, objektif, keterlibatan, pertimbangan kewangan dan
saranan tambahan. Teori ini diintegrasi ke dalam Sistem Pengurusan Keselamatan
dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan menghasilkan sistem pengurusan yang lebih baik.
Penemuan baru ini mempunyai potensi untuk evolusi dan matang untuk kebaikan
semua pihak dan bidang ilmu yang berkaitan.

vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xivxiv
LIST OF APPENDICES xv
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background of Problem 1
1.3 Problem Statement 3
1.4 Research Objectives 5
1.5 Research Questions 5
1.6 Scope 6
1.7 Significance of the Project 6
1.8 Definition of Terms 6
1.9 Summary 7

viii
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 ‘Funnel’ Analysis 9
2.2.1 Management Theories 10
2.2.2 OSHMS 13
2.2.3 OSHMS Self Regulation 14
2.2.4 OSHMS Issues 16
2.2.5 OSHMS Issues in Oil and Gas Industries 18
2.3 Synthesis 20
2.4 Conceptual Framework 24
2.5 Summary 24
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 25
3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 Research Design 25
3.2.1 Qualitative 27
3.2.1.1 Qualitative Case Study 28
3.2.1.2 Triangulation 29
3.2.2 Quantitative 30
3.3 Population and Sample 31
3.3.1 Sampling for Interview 31
3.3.2 Sampling for Questionnaire 31
3.4 Data Collection and Analysis 32
3.4.1 Examine OSHMS Documentation 33
3.4.2 Interview 36
3.4.3 Questionnaire 37
3.4.4 Observation 38
3.5 Data Analysis 38
3.5.1 Qualitative Analysis 38
3.5.2 Quantitative Analysis 40
3.6 Propose OSHMS Arrangement 40
3.7 Summary 40

ix
4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 41
4.1 Introduction 42
4.2 OSHMS 43
4.2.1 SRC HSEMS 43
4.2.2 Comparison to MS 1722:2011 45
4.3 Qualitative Data Analysis 46
4.3.1 Open Coding 47
4.3.1.1 Documentation 47
4.3.1.2 Interview 50
4.3.1.3 Questionnaire 50
4.3.1.4 Observation 51
4.3.2 Selective Coding 52
4.3.2.1 Compliance Rigidness 52
4.3.2.2 Objectivity 54
4.3.2.3 Involvement 55
4.3.2.4 Financial Implication 56
4.3.3 Theoretical Coding 57
4.4 Quantitative Data Analysis 59
4.4.1 Reliability 60
4.4.2 Descriptive Results 61
4.4.2.1 Compliance 62
4.4.2.2 VMO 63
4.4.2.3 Form 64
4.4.2.4 Policy 65
4.4.2.5 Arrangement 66
4.4.2.6 Implementation 67
4.4.2.7 Financial Implication 68
4.4.2.8 Financial Consideration 69
4.4.3 Overall Descriptive Results 70
4.5 Additional Findings 70
4.5.1 Other Improvement Suggestions from Data 71
4.5.2 SRC Positive Aspects in OSHMS 72
4.6 Summary 73
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 74
5.1 Introduction 75
5.2 Integration of Findings 76

x
5.2.1 Improvised OSHMS 77
5.2.2 Approach to Implement Improvised OSHMS 78
5.3 Validation 83
5.4 Contribution 83
5.5 Conclusion 84
5.6 Limitations 84
5.7 Implication 85
5.8 Recommendation for Future Work 85
REFERENCES 86
Appendices A - O 91-120

xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Tabularized Synthesis 20 ..
3.1 Research Type 27 ....
3.2 Case Study Configuration 29 ....
3.3 Triangulation Types 30 ....
3.4 Summarized Sampling Techniques 31
3.5 Examine OSHMS Documentation 34
3.6 Questionnaire Design 37 ....
3.7 Likert-Item Scale 37 ....
3.8 Relationship in Coding 39 ....
4.1 QSR NVivo 8 Functions Used in Coding Process 46 ....
4.2 Themes Identified During Documentation Open Coding 48 ....
4.3 Reliability Statistics 61 ....
4.4 Overall Descriptive Results 61
4.5 Quantitative Analysis Supporting Qualitative Findings 70

xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 Distribution of incidents from the WOAD ...................................... 4
2.1 “Funnel” analysis............................................................................. 9
2.2 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs......................................................... 10
2.3 Deming’s PDCA cycle .................................................................. 11
2.4 ILO OSHMS elements................................................................... 11
2.5 OSHMS MS 1722 implementation framework ............................. 12
2.6 OSH strategic drivers for the national OSH master plan............... 15
2.7 Stability versus flexibility in OSHMS........................................... 17
2.8 Conceptual framework................................................................... 23
3.1 Research design ............................................................................. 26
3.2 Triangulation for research.............................................................. 30
3.3 Interview plan ................................................................................ 36
3.4 Qualitative data analysis................................................................ 39
3.2 Inductive and deductive coding..................................................... 40
4.1 SRC HSSEMS Visualized Elements ............................................. 44
4.2 Comparison to MS 1722:2011....................................................... 45
4.3 Nodes Identified During Open Coding Process............................. 50
4.4 SRC PD Safety Induction Coding in NVivo 8 .............................. 51
4.5 Generated Model for Selective Coding Skeleton .......................... 52
4.6 Cenerated Model for Compliance Rigidness Selective Coding .... 53
4.7 Generated Model for Objectivity Selective Coding ...................... 54
4.8 Generated Model for Involvement Selective Coding .................... 55
4.9 Generated Model for Financial Implication Selective Coding...... 56
4.10 Generated Model for THOUGHT PROCESS Theoretical Coding58
4.11 Pie Chart of Position/Department of Survey Respondents............ 59
4.12 Pie Chart of Departments of Survey Respondents ........................ 60
4.13 Comply Bar Graf ........................................................................... 62

xiii
4.14 Vision Bar Graf.............................................................................. 63
4.15 Form Bar Graf................................................................................ 64
4.16 Policy Bar Graf.............................................................................. 65
4.17 Arrangement Bar Graf ................................................................... 66
4.18 Implementation Bar Graf............................................................... 67
4.19 Finance Bar Graf............................................................................ 68
4.20 Consideration Bar Graf.................................................................. 69
4.21 Generated Model for Additional Improvement Suggestions......... 71
4.22 Generated Model for Positive SRC Aspects.................................. 72
5.1 Integration of Findings in SRC HSSEMS ..................................... 75
5.2 Proposed Improvised 6 Step OSHMS ........................................... 76
5.3 HSSEQ Liaison Contact Person – Hj Musa Mustafa on the Left . 84

xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ALARP - As Low As Reasonably Practicable
BS - British Standard
CEO - Chief Executive Officer
CSDS - Chemical Safety Data Sheet
DOSH - Department of Occupational Safety and Health
EQA - Environmental Quality Act
ERP - Emergency Response Plan
FMA - Factory and Machinery Act
HAZOP - Hazard Operability
HIRARC - Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control
HR - Human Resource
HRA - Hazard Risk Assessement
HSSE & SP - Health, Safety, Security, Environment and Social Performance
HSSEMS - Health, Safety, Security and Environment Management System
HSSEQ - Health, Safety, Security, Environment and Quality
ILO - International Labor Organisation
JHA - Job Hazard Analysis
MBO - Management by Objective
MD - Managing Director
MS - Malaysian Standard
MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
OHD - Occupational Health Doctor
OHSAS 18001- Occupational Health and Advisory Services 18001
OHSAS - Occupational Health and Safety Advisory Service
OSH - Occupational Safety and Health
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Act
OSH-MP 15 - Occupational Safety and Health Master Plan - 2015
OSHMS - Occupational Safety and Health Management System
SHO - Safety and Health Officer
SRC - Shell Refining Company
VMO - Vison, Mission and Objective
WOAD - World Oil and Gas Database

xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX NO. TITLE PAGE
A Interview Questions 91
B Questionnaire Form 92
C Observation Checklist Recording Form 94
D QSR NVivo 8 Generated Project Summary Report 95
E NVivo Nodes Used in Open Coding 100
F Interview Transcript with SHO 101
G Interview Transcript with Head of HSSEMS 105
H Interview Transcript with HR Representative 108
I Interview Transcript with Occupational Health Nurse 111
J Interview Transcript with OHD 113
K Observation Notes for Safety Induction 116
L Observation Notes for HSSE Meeting 117
M Selective Coding in NVivo 8 118
N Validation E-mail from HSE Manager MISC Bhd. 119
O Validation E-mail from Safety Officer Sime Darby 120

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
OSH has been recognized as a vital element in the working environment at
the global scale including Malaysia. The OSH Master Plan in Malaysia was created
to supplement the national OSH legislative framework and boost the OSH
performance of the country (Ministry of Human Resource, 2001). The national OSH
act states employers must practicably ensure the OSH of its workers (Occupational
Safety and Health Act, 1994). Even a Malaysian standard has been developed as a
choice to implement OSHMS in the workplace (Department of Occupational Safety
and Health, 2011). Locally, the oil and gas industry spearheads the self regulation of
OSH including OSHMS. But unsafe incidents at the international and national level
in the oil and gas industry still occur which proves there are still room for
improvement. Since OSHMS is a universally utilized system used by all, the oil and
gas will be the best platform to further enhance the self regulatory practice for the
benefit of all industries.
1.2 Background
A good implementation of OSH in industries will avoid the loss of lives and
money. There are many integral aspects of OSH such as safety engineering, OSHMS,
system safety, process safety and behavior-based safety. From the many aspects,

2
OSHMS is considered the foundation and backbone of OSH implementation and
directly affect other safety aspects. This integral aspect is applied in industries such
as oil and gas, nuclear power, aerospace, aeronautical, construction and
manufacturing. Consequently, the oil and gas industry being one of the most
dangerous and hazardous industries has become one of the leading industries in
implementing OSHMS.
The oil and gas industry consists of many important organizational roles from
the financial administration to the processing of the oil and gas itself. Among the
several significant components pertaining safety in the oil and gas industry involves:
1. Upstream (exploration, development and production).
2. Downstream (oil tankers and refineries).
3. Pipeline.
4. Marine.
5. Services and Supply
Downstream is considered one of the important components, considering it is
the turning point when extracted crude oil is processed into useable hydrocarbon
products. SRC Berhad of Shell Malaysia is a leading downstream company in
implementing the downstream component winning numerous awards in OSH at the
national and international level. Therefore, it is a great platform to conduct the
research in regards of OSHMS.
All the above components involved are not exempted from implementing a
self regulatory practice of OSHMS. Self regulation is defined here as a regulatory
process whereby an industry sets and enforces rules and standards relating to the
conduct of field in the industry (Gupta, 1986). In the context of Malaysia, it implies
that the primary responsibility for formulation and enforcement of regulatory
standards lies with the organization of the industry with guidance from DOSH. This
gives freedom to organizations to decide and enforce a workable OSHMS within its
capabilities and means.

3
The main objective of OSHMS and safety planning is to provide a holistic
fundamental foundation of the OSH self regulatory practices that will spearhead
OSH at the workplace. Having a good self regulatory practice in OSHMS safety
planning will be the key factor to ensure the success of OSH and fulfill the
requirements of the following:
1. National OSH Master Plan 2015.
2. Laws on OSH - FMA 1967, Petroleum Act 1984 and OSHA 1994.
3. Laws related to OSH - Employment Act 1955, EQA 1974, etc.
4. DOSH legislations - regulations, order and code of practice.
5. OSHMS guidelines - OHSAS, MS 1722, etc.
1.3 Problem Statement
OSHMS is a vital element in managing safety systems for the oil and gas
industry. A weak OSHMS may cause negative implications afterwards. Atherton
and Gill (2008) have noted several devastating international oil and gas industry
incidents such as Bleve LPG France 1966, Whiddy Ireland 1979, Bhopal India 1984,
PEMEX LPG Mexico 1984, BP Grangemouth USA 1987, BP Grangemouth
Scotland 1987, Shell Depot France 1987, Piper Alpha UK 1988, FCCU France 1992,
AVON Tosco USA 1997, ESSO plant Australia 1998, Tupras Refinery Turkey 1999,
PETROBRAS Brazil 2001, Motiva Delaware USA 2001 and BP Texas USA 2005.
Many of these incidents and major accidents have caused fatalities and big financial
lost due to factors involving OSHMS and safety planning in particular.
Christou and Konstantinidou (2012) from the European Commision has
produced a joint research report of world safety in oil and gas operations. The report
uses data from WOAD as being one of the most reliable and most complete
databases of failure, incidents and accidents in the oil and gas sector. From the
analysis, 83% of the hazardous events have caused either accidents or incidents of
hazardous situation as shown in Figure 1.1. One of the findings from the report

4
states clearly that failures of OSHMS are almost always the underlying cause of
major accidents which sometimes relate to design, failure to identify hazards, unsafe
operations or lack of adequate response procedures.
Figure 1.1: Distribution of Incidents from the WOAD 2012
A lot of case studies have been made on the operation of extracting crude oil
from offshore such as the Piper Alpha UK 1998 incident. But another component
that should not be taken lightly is the processing at oil refineries. Incidentally, many
of the oil and gas industry incidents mentioned by Atherton and Gill (2008)
happened at oil refineries. Besides the abovementioned, an incident happened at an
oil refinery at Shell Port Dickson in May 2011 where a leakage for unprocessed fuel
occurred during the plant’s maintenance (Reuters, 2011). Luckily, the news article
reports that immediate measures were taken and did not involve any injuries or
fatalities. The source of the leakage has been rectified, but the occurrence of such
incidents proves there is room to improve and avoid such incidents from happening
in the future through OSHMS and safety planning.

5
1.4 Research Objectives
To avoid broad connotation from the title of the research, the objectives of
this project will focus primarily on the following:
1. Examine the current practice of OSHMS safety planning in Shell Port
Dickson.
2. Compare the current practice with DOSH guidelines for OSHMS.
3. Identify possible room for improvements for OSHMS safety planning.
4. Propose a modified or enhanced OSHMS safety planning
method/model validated by experts.
1.5 Research Questions
Based on the research objectives, the following research questions will be the
backbone of the whole project:
1. What are the current practices in OSHMS safety planning Shell Port
Dickson?
2. What are the results of comparison from OSHMS guideline by
DOSH?
3. What are the rooms for improvement in the current practices?
4. How the current self regulatory practice in OSHMS safety planning
can be improved?

6
1.6 Scope
This research project will be focusing the aspect of continuous OSHMS
safety planning of an oil refinery situated at Port Dickson under Shell Malaysia. This
narrows down the research to OSHMS and safety planning and does not cover safety
design and safety process. The limitation and boundary will depend on how much
access to the required research data is given by Shell Port Dickson throughout the
project.
1.7 Significance of the Project
This research project will optimistically increase the efficiency of OSHMS
and result in lower accidents or incidents. It will benefit many parties including
Shell oil refinery of Port Dickson, other related industries and OSH at the national
level. This research project will also greatly benefit the field of OSH through the
following:
1. Enhance current approaches to self regulatory in OSH.
2. A practical alternative method/model for safety systems.
3. Valuable research outcome for added value to OSHMS.
4. Contribution to the OSH body of knowledge.
1.8 Definition of Terms
The definitions of terms for the title of the project are conceptually defined
for better comprehension of the research project:

7
Assessment – a justified judgment of data towards a specific or stated goal (Taras
2005).
Self Regulatory – OSH practices applied with own effort as stated in the OSH act; It
shall be the duty of every employer and every self-employed person to ensure, so far
as practicable, the safety, health and welfare at work of all his employees.
(Occupational Safety and Health Act, 1994).
Occupational Safety and Health Management System – A set of interrelated or
interacting elements used to establish occupational safety and health policies,
objectives and to achieve those objectives (Department of Standards Malaysia,
2005).
Safety Planning – Addresses activities including the assessment or arrangement for
the development and implementation of OSHMS.
1.9 Summary
OSHMS safety planning should be constantly improved to avoid unnecessary
incidents that could cause injuries, death and financial lost. This component is
justified through several rules, regulations and national policies. Therefore, the
research will identify, examine and improve the current practice through an
improvised method or model. For the purpose of this project, the research will be
done at a Shell oil refinery in Port Dickson. This project will greatly benefit the
OSH body of knowledge and many parties involving OSH. Though several
definitions of terms are explained to align the meaning of the research title to the
research project, the following chapters are also arranged in a sequential order to
easily understand the flow of the research project.

8
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The literature review identifies relevant theories and relates to the concepts
used in the study. It covers all forms of literature materials ranging from past
research to books that have connection and in conjunction with this particular
research and field of knowledge. Furthermore, the review may identify deficiencies,
reveal inconsistencies and discern knowledge that should be created or improved
with respect to the latest development of the topic (Kee & Hoon, 2009).
Throughout the process, specific attention is given to self regulatory practices
in OSHMS for the oil and gas industry. Equally important is the research objective
providing the axis to align the critical analysis of the materials systematically
according by theme. The correlation of each thematic analysis will also result in
identifying the appropriate related research gaps. Consequently, the thematic
analysis is then synthesized to produce the conceptual framework which will be the
solid foundation and the center of gravity for the following chapters.

2.2 “Funnel” Analysis
The reviews of literature
approach to zoom in and filter onto the desired state conveying the research title and
objective. The flow of this chapter comprises of funneled subject area and
management theories actin
2.1, followed by synthesis resulting in a conceptual model.
Analysis
reviews of literatures are analyzed using the widely used “
management theories acting as the top foundation for the funnel as shown in
, followed by synthesis resulting in a conceptual model.
Figure 2.1: “Funnel” analysis
MANAGEMENT THEORIES
OSH MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM (OSHMS)
OSHMS SELF
REGULATION
OSHMS
ISSUES
OSHMS
ISSUES IN
OIL& GAS
9
analyzed using the widely used “funnel”
g as the top foundation for the funnel as shown in Figure

2.2.1 Management Theories
In theory, OSHMS is basically derived from management theories which
originate from the management and business management school of thought. This
predicament is similar to foundations of other management systems. Yates (2011)
revealed many theories which functions as the underpinning and basis of OSHMS,
starting with the importan
shown in Figure 2.2
justifies the realization of OSH in the workplace and OSHMS as a way to administer
and manage OSH.
Yates (2011) identifies other theories that are applied directly or indirectly
with OSHMS. Among the theories
Hezberg motivational theory, (3) Deming cycle, (4) management by objective, (
contigency theory, (6) chaos theory and; (7) management s
theory applied in OSHMS is Deming’s PDCA c
Figure 2.3. OSHMS follows the path of many other management systems such as
Management Theories
e from the management and business management school of thought. This
starting with the importance of safety and health in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Figure 2.2. Safety being the second most important needs of a human
Figure 2.2: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
with OSHMS. Among the theories explained are; (1) Mcgregor’s t
Hezberg motivational theory, (3) Deming cycle, (4) management by objective, (
contigency theory, (6) chaos theory and; (7) management styles. The most prominent
lied in OSHMS is Deming’s PDCA cycle as shown in
. OSHMS follows the path of many other management systems such as
10
e from the management and business management school of thought. This
ce of safety and health in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
. Safety being the second most important needs of a human
explained are; (1) Mcgregor’s theory X and Y, (2)
Hezberg motivational theory, (3) Deming cycle, (4) management by objective, (5)
tyles. The most prominent
ycle as shown in
. OSHMS follows the path of many other management systems such as

11
‘total quality management’ with this particular theory and gives great emphasis on
the concept of improving the current state to a better condition. The adaptation for
the PDCA cycle into OSHMS for ILO and MS 1722 can be seen in Figure 2.4 and
Figure 2.5.
Figure 2.3 : Deming’s PDCA cycle
Figure 2.4: ILO OSHMS elements

12
Figure 2.5 : OSHMS MS 1722 implementation framework
The Offshore Petroleum Industry Training Organisation aka OPITO Oil and
Gas Academy of UK curriculum similarly teaches OSHMS with the abovementioned
theories in Henri Fayol’s Theory (OPITO Oil and Gas Academy, 2013). However,
there is one conflicting theory in the syllabus called ‘paternalistic management’.
This type of management theory underlines management by having the best interest
towards employees without consulting the employees. This may result in
management not having precise depiction or feedback from employees and might
cause inaccurate assumptions by top management.
Since OSHMS is new and still have room to develop and mature, there are
many other management theories that have big potential to be tapped and applied in
OSHMS. Many of these theories are not given consideration possibly because of
unsuitability or overlooked upon. For example, Simon (1960) introduced ‘decision
theory of management’ by looking at management as a decision making open-ended
subjective thought process. Another example, Hale (1997) presented a concept
through a problem solving cycle in modeling safety management systems and

13
recommends future work in this matter. Unfortunately, there is scarce literature in
enhancing OSHMS through other theories in the OSH body of knowledge which has
high potential to be exploited and integrated.
2.2.2 OSHMS
From the management theories postulated previously, many OSHMS
strategies and standards has been developed from the past couple of decades.
Podgorski (2010) and Robson (2006) classifies 4 levels of OSH management
strategies; level 1 as being passive, level 2 as reactive, level 3 as proactive and level
4 as proactive through continuous improvement originating from Deming’s PDCA
cycle. Furthermore, the level 4 strategy have been realized into many standards such
as BS 8800, OHSAS 18001, ILO-OSH 2001 and MS 1722. In addition, ‘behavior
based safety management’ has also been integrated into current OSHMS
(Podgorski, 2010). Currently, many industries have already adopted and integrated
these strategies, models and standards into their organization.
Redinger & Levine (1998) propose a set of assessment criteria to be used as
OSHMS auditing instruments. They further highlight that auditing involves
measurement towards standards and compliance to items in the form of checklists.
This has been applied through ‘guidelines in OSHMS’ produced by DOSH by setting
out a set of guidelines in implementing OSHMS that includes examples of forms and
checklists to be applied in OSHMS. These assessment instruments are rigidly
structured in the form of checklists and forms and are considered best practices in the
industries that will greatly determine the attainment of the desired OSHMS standard
certification. But, the drawback with these assessment instruments is that there is no
room for consideration towards unforeseen factors or in the event of unexpected
occurrence that is not included in the OSHMS forms and checklists. This is in
contrast with the required thought process in ‘decision theory management’.
Furthermore, an OSHMS standard has to be generalized for compatibility with any
industries.

14
Grote (2011) supports OSHMS generalization that requires universal
compatibility and high configuration according to the nature of the industry itself. In
addition to being generalized, the necessity for OSHMS to be taken into account
from the aspect of financial cost is also imperative. Pomfret (1978) quoted Drucker
(1954) regarding economical factors as the main drive towards successful
management. OSHMS models and standards do not consider financial cost or
economic factors that are interrelated with the finance of the organization.
Rationally, disregarding financial implication in OSHMS will cause trivial or
marginal focus for top management in the implementation of OSHMS. This
contradicts from Frick (2011) on OSHSMS obligation as a tripartite involvement
involving the government, employers and employees.
2.2.3 OSHMS Self Regulation
A tripartite involvement for OSHMS initiates from the government setting
the regulation for OSH and OSHMS implementation. Frick (2011) and Robson
(2006) clarifies OSHMS as being either mandatory or voluntary. This has already
been applied in Malaysia by the government through specific OSH regulations,
OSHA and empowerment of implementing OSH through self regulation. Grote
(2011) points out that the majority of industries often give more emphasis on external
legal regulations when compared to self regulation. When in fact, a mindset of self
regulation should spearhead OSHMS while at the same time comply with external
regulations.
Gupta and Lad (1986) acknowledge the fact that governments should provide
guidelines to enforce self regulation that will produce the formulation of the
organization’s OSHMS. The formulation can be put together to adhere any OSHMS
standards for certification. Together, it is also ideal for government representatives
to validate and endorse the formulation and arrangement of OSHMS. In Malaysia,
involvement of government is attained from DOSH from the Ministry of Human
Resource.

15
Besides DOSH, the essence of OSHMS self regulation is constituted by the
law through a section in OSHA which states: It shall be the duty of every employer
and every self-employed person to ensure, so far as practicable, the safety, health
and welfare at work of all employees (Occupational Safety and Health Act, 1994).
This particular mention in the OSHA is aligned with the National OSH Master Plan
vision for self regulation through enforcement as shown in Figure 2.6.
.
Figure 2.6: OSH strategic drivers for the national OSH master plan
Unfortunately, many industries perceive self regulation in OSH and OSHMS
as only an industry standard and liability rather than an asset due to legal compliance.
According to Bennet (2002), this has resulted in ‘compliance mentality’ and
detrimental to continual improvement since the improvement stops at compliance.
Industries tend to lose focus on continual improvement caused by complying with
the chosen OSHMS standard. This defeats the purpose of the originating PDCA
cycle in the first place. A possibility to overcome this dilemma is by integrating the

16
concept of focusing in a well articulated thought process in the OSHMS that takes
consideration of legal regulations as the guideline and boundary.
2.2.4 OSHMS Issues
The loss of focus and ‘mental compliance’ has resulted in many OSHMS
issues discussed by scholars in the field. Fernandez-Muniz (2006) addresses an issue
in safety management that links to organizational safety performance indicators
which is usually measured by number of accidents, injury and illnesses. These
numbers are collected by reports and may be inaccurate due to unreported cases.
Robson (2006) and Redinger (2002) agrees that OSHMS effectiveness judged from
illness, injury and fatality rates may trigger suppression of reports and cause
inaccurate measurements. Frick (2011) further claims that accident reports are often
suppressed to maintain the image of OSHMS excellence adhering to the OSHMS
standards certification.
The next issue is the rigidness outcome of OSHMS which contradicts with
the nature of how OSHMS should be implemented. Grote (2011) states that OSHMS
need for stability outweighs flexibility which causes rigid standardization as shown
in Figure 2.7. This may cause overlooking circumstances that are not in the self
regulated OSHMS standard. Logically, there is a need for a balanced stability and
flexibility in the arrangement of OSHMS. Makin and Winder (2007) reflected the
ideal organization to implement OSHMS is a “thinking organization” with a more
flexible feedback control and holistic involvement from tripartite parties.

17
Figure 2.7: Stability versus flexibility in OSHMS
Involvement from employees as part of the tripartite cooperation is another
issue in OSHMS. Hasle (2011) concluded that workers lose influence in the process
of the arrangement of OSHMS. Frick (2011) points out that this is a result of a top-
down approach in implementing OSHMS. This issue is confirmed by Saurin and
Cambaria (2005) empirical studies on the need of a holistic participatory
involvement, especially by the employees. Due to this, it is confirmed when
Podgorski (2010) mentions the possibility of less employee involvement due to
bureaucratic implementation as one of the disadvantages of the current application
OSHMS standards.
Other issues listed by Podgorski (2010) are OSHMS losing focus caused by
integration with quality and environmental management systems, neglecting the
financial implication in the arrangement of OSHMS and questioning the
effectiveness of OSHMS. Even Frick (2011) questions the effectiveness by
revealing several examples in the industries where major accidents still occur even
when OSHMS standards are complied. Both Podgorski (2010) and Frick (2011)
justifies that there is much room and need to further develop and enhance the current
OSHMS to a better level. Hale (2009) reaffirms by confirming the sparse literature
on the effectiveness of OSHMS and intervention options by organizations including
the oil and gas industries to improve on.

18
2.2.5 OSHMS Issues in Oil and Gas Industries
The review of literatures for OSHMS in oil and gas continues by elaborating
and emphasizing OSHMS issues from the perspective of the oil and gas industries.
Atherton and Gil (2008) collected case studies of incidents in the oil and gas
industries and conclude that accidents are always directly or indirectly contributed by
OSHMS factors. Mearns and Flin (1995) refer to the supervisor as playing a key role
in translating OSH policy into a safe, effective and productive behavior at the
worksite and evaluating the means which is critical for OSHMS. Furthermore,
Mearns, Whitaker and Flin (2003) relates to the actual practices, roles and functions
associated with OSHMS that has been overtaken by a complacent routine ‘paper
system’ which impairs the dynamic nature of OSHMS. Improvements in the
arrangement of OSHMS are needed to depict the actual practices, roles and functions
associated to OSHMS. Besides the significance of roles and functions of
appointments, operational aspects in OSHMS could also provide safety indicators for
preventing offshore oil and gas deepwater blowouts (Skogdalen, Utene & Vinnem,
2011).
Within the operational aspects of OSHMS are the hazard identification tools
such as HAZOP, JHA and HIRARC. Avila, Pessoa and Andrade (2013) states that
HAZOP only identifies common human error slips neglecting mistakes resulted from
making wrong decisions and recommends different strategies involving decision
making. Rizwan and Al-Marri (2012) observes JHA in OSHMS are viewed by
employees in the oil and gas industry as a form that is required to be filled rather than
a useful tool in the OSHMS. Another questionable related issue is the status of
prioritization for OSHMS regarding safety measures as the last consideration in
operational aspects of the industry and OSH related matters. Khan and Amyotee
(2002) comments that in the typical approach, safety measures are considered as a
last add-on control measure. Even a paper presented by Reyes and Watt (2002) on
suggesting their ‘systemic safety management system’ sequenced OSH policy as the
last consideration to an effective OSHMS. Consequently, these issues created a
cascading effect similar to Heinrich’s ‘domino theory’ as stated in new

19
methodologies for assessment (Srivastava & Gupta, 2010). The issues involved in
the cascading effect may also include the level of involvement from employees.
Vinnem (2010) recommended the main thrust for offshore emergency
preparedness in view of rare accidents is by evaluation involvement from multiple
sources of input. This can be achieved by a holistic involvement in the arrangement
of OSHMS. Hovden et al. (2007) related findings on OSH representative influence
in OSH matters are caused by limited understanding of employers towards OSH, late
involvement in decision making and insufficient influence in the arrangement of
OSHMS. Rundmo, Hestad and Ulleberg (1998) also discovers job stress is due to
less opportunity to influence decisions and rarely consulted before the decision
making process. Antonsen, Skarholt and Ringstad (2011) concludes that the negative
outcome of less employee participation in OSHMS results in disempowerment and
increased bureaucracy.
Antonsen, Skarholt and Ringstad (2011) also mention other OSHMS issues in
the oil and gas industry in their case study by criticizing that the OSHMS
arrangement is not based on any economic rationality that can hinder the
implementation when not endorsed by top management due to minimal involvement
from the financial department. Whereby another issue by Watson (1993) claims
numerous OSHMS being utilized for safety improvements have varying degrees of
success. Some being successful and many are unsuccessful. Albeit all the issues for
OSHMS in the oil and gas industry, there are success stories for the ability to be
creative outside from the OSHMS ‘paper system’ and ‘compliance mentality’ under
extreme pressures in a crisis situation. The summary of the story is as followed:
A crew was trapped in fire. The foreman named Wagner ordered his men to lie down
in ashes which are inflammable material. The crew that followed his orders survived.
Those that did not suffered injury or death. This action by the foreman was not
outlined in any SOP, routine, training and OSHMS (Antonsen, Skarholt & Ringstad,
2011).

20
2.3 Synthesis
According to the Oxford Dictionary, synthesis is a combination of elements
to form a connected whole. This definition confirms the higher level of synthesis in
contrast of analysis which is basically making sense out of the complex or into
something understandable. Thus the synthesis is performed towards the findings of
the analytical assessments from the “funneled” literature review.
The previous analysis uncovers a certain recurring correlation among the
literatures that can be categorized into different unique themes and requires further
synthesis. In order to achieve this, synthesis is achieved through a series of
deduction from the theories, identified themes and analytical assessments to
produced synthesized results. The outcome is shown in Table 2.1. These results
become the ultimate ingredient to develop the conceptual framework.
Table 2.1: Tabularized Synthesis
THEME SUMMARIZED ANALYTICAL
ASSESSMENTS
RESULT
Theory OSHMS theories originate from
business management theories. (1) Main
theory directly related to OSHMS is the
Deming PDCA Cycle. (2) Majority of
other theories are supportive in nature to
OSHMS or only related to leadership
aspects of management.(3) Strong
potential to fully exploit Decision
Theory (Simon, 1960) and
Management by Objectives (Drucker,
1954).
Research takes high
consideration towards
Decision Theory and
Management by
Objectives.

21
Table 2.1: Continued
Self
Regulatory
Confirms the importance of applying
self regulatory with certain guidelines
and compliance to government OSH
regulation.
Already applied in
Malaysia (Occupational
Safety and Health Act,
1994).
Focus (1) Considerations towards OSH are
usually last. (2) “compliance mentality”
detriment the element of continual
improvement in PDCA.
‘Management by
objective’ can realign the
loss of focus.
Rigidness Overwhelmingly implied in the
literatures by: (1) Improving and
upgrading assessments, audits hazard
identification tools and the OSHMS
itself. This does not promote
consideration for elements outside of the
tools and processes. (2) OSHMS focus
on documentation resulted a ‘paper
system’ and ‘mental compliance’
neglecting the spirit and heart of OSH
(3) Suppression of incident report to
achieve good track record. (4) Success
stories for thinking out of the box.
‘Decision theory’ as an
open-ended subjective
thought process in
management can
overcome the rigidness
application for OSHMS.
Involvement (1) Tripartite involvement conveyed in
regulation. (2) High bureaucracy. (3)
OSHMS applied top-down. (4)
Insufficient influence and late
involvement from employees.
Requires a “holistic
involvement” from all
relevant parties for all
levels and aspect of
OSHMS.

22
Cost Economical results are the main drive
for top management but OSHMS is not
based on economic rationality.
Need to integrate
“financial implications”
to OSHMS.
Integration Integration of OSHMS with other
management systems such as quality
and environment.
Already applied in
majority of industries in
Malaysia.
Generalization Supportive for generalization of
OSHMS to suit all industries.
Already realized though
OSHMS guidelines by
DOSH. Integration of
‘decision theory’ will
achieve greater
configurability in
OSHMS.
Other Issues Recurring emphasis on importance to
improve current OSHMS and sparse
literature regarding the issue.
Justifies this research.
Questionnable ‘Paternalistic theory’ regarding
management without consultation from
employees but for the interest of
employees at heart.
Will not take this into
consideration of the
research due to conflict
with the other literatures
and “holistic
involvement” requiring
involvement of
employees.

2.4 Conceptual Framework
A conceptual framework, either graphically or in narrative form justifies the
relationship between several interrelated concepts to be used in the research (Kee
Hoon, 2009). From the synthesis, the main elements assimilated into the conceptual
framework are ‘decision
involvement” and “financial
illustrated in Figure 2.
thought process to overcome
‘Management by o
objectivity including a
involvement while giving consideration to th
consideration.
Conceptual Framework
relationship between several interrelated concepts to be used in the research (Kee
ecision theory’, management by objective
“financial implications”. The finalized conceptual framework is
illustrated in Figure 2.8. ‘Thought Process acts as the underlying philosophy in the
to overcome compliance rigidness for the OSHMS arrangement
objective’ is in the OSHMS arrangement itself
including a well articulated “holistic participation
while giving consideration to the “financial cost”
Figure 2.8 : Conceptual framework
23
relationship between several interrelated concepts to be used in the research (Kee &
bjective theory’, “holistic
. The finalized conceptual framework is
as the underlying philosophy in the
for the OSHMS arrangement and
is in the OSHMS arrangement itself to ensure
holistic participation” to ensure
to ensure financial

24
2.5 Summary
Elements of the literature review have been defined accordingly. The
literatures collected analyzed by the “funnel” approach of the subject matter starting
from management theories to OSHMS issues in oil and gas. Analyses from the
literatures are then synthesized into various themes to find recurring correlation.
Relevant themes that facilitate in achieving the research objectives are then
visualized into a conceptual framework that becomes the core fundamental and act as
the launching pad for Chapter 3.

25
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the research methodology used to ensure the validity
and trustworthiness of the findings. When embarking on the research methodology,
it is crucial to inquire the research method to be adopted. The three inquiry method
consists of ‘positivist method’, ‘interpretative method’ and ‘critical method’.
Piaw (2012) points out that researcher who want to improve the social conditions of
mankind usually use the ‘critical method’ which involves the use of multiple sources
as the basis of their comparative studies and is generally regarded as qualitative
research and can be supported by quantitative elements. This research’s inquiry
method is critical method because of the above reason and research questions from
chapter 1.
3.2 Research Design
The result of a research is determined by the research design and method
which in turn are determined by the aim of the research. No one research design can
be used for all research, but a research can be conducted using several research
designs. Research designs are categorized as qualitative or quantitative and
experimental or non-experimental. The research design for this research is mixed
method qualitatative-quantitative and non-experimental as shown in Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1: Research design
26

27
3.2.1. Qualitative
Qualitative research is employed where data cannot be explained by
quantitative and requires in depth analysis as shown in Table 3.1. Since the
fundamental core of this study mainly involves analytical comparison of multiple
sources, then it is established that the research is mainly qualitative research. This
establishment fits in congruence with the foundation of OSHMS theory in
management or social science. Although the research is qualitative in nature, it can
still be supported by elements of quantitative where the amount of data is sufficient
to further strengthen its validity. The tool that is be used in the qualitative analysis is
the software QSR NVivo 8.
Table 3.1: Research Type
Objective Question Type of Data
Examine the current
practice in OSHMS
safety planning in Shell
Port Dickson.
What are the current
practices in OSHMS safety
planning Shell Port
Dickson?
Qualitative
Compare the current
practice with DOSH
guidelines for OSHMS.
What are the results of
comparison from the
DOSH OSHMS guideline?
Qualitative
Identify possible room
for improvements for the
OSHMS safety planning.
What are the rooms for
improvement in the current
practices?
Qualitative that can
be supported with
quantitative data or
stand on its own.
Propose a modified or
enhanced OSHMS safety
planning method/model
validated by qualified
person in the field.
How the current self
regulatory practice in
OSHMS safety planning
can be improved?
Qualitative

28
Piaw (2012) further describes qualitative research as:
1. Research does not have a control and treatment group, thus no pre-test
or post-test.
2. Conducted when the treatment cannot be implemented..
3. To study the relationship between independent and dependent variables
without manipulating the variables.
4. Therefore qualitative is a non-experimental research.
3.2.1.1 Qualitative Case Study
There are many non-experimental research to choose from comprising of
survey research, field research, case study, action research and historical research. It
is important for this research to be configurable in nature and highly flexible when
required to be mixed with any other research methodologies to strengthen the
validity. Case study is chosen for the reason that it suits the research objectives and
adaptable to diverse sources of rich in-depth data. According to Glaser and Strauss
(1967), the discovery and research of something which is grounded in rich data is
called Grounded Theory Method or Study. Urquhart (2013) continues by explaining
that a qualitative case study by critical method can use the Grounded Theory Method
which finds gaps and themes using the literature review or Grounded Theory Study
where the literature review is done after the data analysis. This research will use the
Grounded Theory Method in the coding process after the literature review and
collection of data. The configuration of the case study is in Table 3.2. Suffice to
say, case study requires great emphasis on the process of gathering information from
diverse sources from different perspectives known as triangulation.

29
Table 3.2 : Case Study Configuration
CASE STUDY CATEGORY SUITABILITY
Intrinsic: Understand a particular case in-depth Partly
Instrumental: Collect rich data related to a theory Partly
Collective: Combination of Intrinsic and Instrumental to form a
theory on a larger scale
Yes
CASE STUDY FUNCTION SUITABILITY
Exploratory: Pioneer research or pilot study to determine if
further study is required
No – time
constraint
Explanatory: Explain a phenomenon or test validity of a theory No
Descriptive: Theory used to guide researcher on study Yes
Descriptive: Understand by describing Yes
Comparison: Understand by comparing Yes
Correlation: Understand the cause and effect No
Action: Understand changes under special action No
Field: Observe in natural setting Yes
Developmental: Understand over a period of time No
Historical: Understand past to predict future No
3.2.1.2 Triangulation
When collecting qualitative data using the triangulation technique, a
phenomenon is viewed from different perspectives, with each perspective detected
by using a different methods (Kee & Hoon, 2009). This has been widely agreed
upon in other fields of knowledge such as ‘quality management’ by quality guru
Dr. Howard Gitlow and coined as a different terminology called paradigm
(Covey, 2004). Further on, Denzin (1978) identified 4 types of triangulation as
shown in Table 3.3. The type of triangulation used in this research is methodological
triangulation by reason of suitability with the research objectives and questions. The
triangulation of the research is shown in Figure 3.3.

30
Table 3.3 : Triangulation Types
TYPE SUITABILITY
Data Triangulation Involves time, space and individuals.
Investigator Triangulation Involves multiple researchers.
Theory Triangulation Involves multiple theories.
Methodological
Triangulation
Involves multiple methods to gather data: interviews,
observations, questionnaires and documents
Figure 3.3: Triangulation for research
Assessment
of Shell PD
OSHMS
Examine
Documents
Interview
Observation
Survey
Questionnaire

31
3.2.2 Quantitative
Quantitative is associated with numerical data which is stated precisely
(Piaw, 2012). In qualitative research, when the research sample is large and the data
is homogenous, it can be quantified using descriptive statistics. Data is collected and
basic statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean standard deviation and
description score are reported. In this research, descriptive statistics are used for the
research survey samples in the overall qualitative study further strengthening the
validity of the qualitative study. The tool that will be used in the quantitative analysis
is the software IBM Statistics 21.
3.3 Population and Sample
In the context of this research project, the population is the total of all the
individuals working in the oil refinery at Shell Port Dickson. Due to limitation from
Shell to disclose particulars of their employees, appropriate samples are used to
represent the homogenous population for the interview and questionnaires. The
sampling procedure is shown in Table 3.4 and further elaborated.
Table 3.4: Summarized Sampling Technique
RESEARCH
ACTIVITY/INSTRUMENT
PROCEDURE
Interview Non-Probability Sampling : purposive Sampling and;
continue with snowball sampling if required.
Questionnaire 1. Identify population size.
2. Determine sample size by using Krejcie and Morgan.
3. Non -Probability Sampling : convenience Sampling.

32
3.3.1 Sampling for Interview
Piaw (2012) elaborates that interview samples are based on non-probability
sampling procedures. Among the seven procedures, this research uses purposive
sampling and snowball sampling. Purposive sampling meaning that the subjects are
chosen as respondents based on certain characteristics. Snowball sampling is when
after an interview is completed, the subject is asked to recommend another possible
subject with suitable characteristics defined by the researcher if required.
The purposive sampling involved subjects chosen as repondents because they
have certain characteristics that suits the requirement of this research. Snowball
sampling for similar characteristic was conducted when the chosen subject is not
available or not allowed to be interviewed by any reason. The purposive samples
conducted in no particular order are:
1. Head Operational HSE.
2. Head of HSSEMS.
3. OHD.
4. Occupational Health Nurse.
5. HR representative.
3.3.2 Sampling for Questionnaire
The number of samples used in qualitative research is usually small
(Piaw, 2000). A small sample is sufficient due to the homogenous characteristisc of
the population regarding direct or indirect involvement with OSHMS. Piaw (2012)
further explains that expenditure of time, cost and number of researchers should also
be considered in determining sample sizes. The procedure used to determine the
sample size for the distribution of questionnaires are; (1) Identify the Population
Size. N = population size and; (2) Determine sample size using Krejcie and Morgan
sample size determination table. In SRC PD, the estimated population size is 250.
Therefore, the sample size should be 256. But due to constraints by SRC PD, onl a
total of 25 samples responded to the questionnaires.

33
3.4 Data Collection and Analysis
The data collection and analysis comprises of; (1) examine OSHMS
documentation; (2) interview; (3) questionnaire and; (4) observation. Each of these
activities use different instruments and seperate initial analysis before combining into
a final domain analysis. Each activity is explained in the following pages.
3.4.1 Examine OSHMS Documentation
This process involves: (1) acquiring OSHMS and related documentations
from Shell Port Dickson; (2) study the documentation, and; (3) comparison with
OSHMS standard. The relevant OSHMS documentations were acquired and studied
will be conducted in several steps for greater efficiency at a manageable level as
shown in Table 3.5. Once the documentation is acquired and studied, a comparison
is performed towards relevant external OSHMS standards and at the same time
considering the elements of ‘self regulation’ that they practice. The related
documentation for comparison includes: (1) OSHMS MS 1722 and; (2) Guidelines
for OSHMS MS 1722. Throughout the data collection phase, a total of 67
documents were acquired for the analaysis.
The process of examining OSHMS documentation itself answers the first two
research questions research objectives:
What are the current practices in OSHMS safety planning Shell Port Dickson?
and
What are the results of comparison from the DOSH OSHMS guideline?

34
Table 3.5: Examine OSHMS Documentation
STEPS OSHMS & RELATED
DOCUMENTS
SELECTIVE CODING THEMES
TO CONSIDER IF APPLICABLE
Compliance
Rigidness
Objectivity
Financial
Cost
Involvement
Step 1
Policy
&
Organisation
Company policy.
OSH policy.
Company organisation
structure.
Roles and responsibilities
of each department /
section.
HSSEQ department
organisation structure,
appointments, roles and
responsibilities.
OSH committee
organisation structure.
OSHMS standards
certification main
documents.
OSH related minutes of
meeting.
Step 2
Manual,
Procedures
& Plans
Initial Review
Initial documentation for
OSHMS arrangement.
Periodic OSHMS
arrangement
OSH manual.
OSH related procedures.
OSHA related legal
register.
OSH training procedures
and records.
Permit to work procedures.
OSH related plans.
OSH related

35
DOCUMENTS
THEMES TO CONSIDER IF
APPLICABLE
Compliance
Rigidness
Objectivity
FinancialCost
Involvement
Step 3
Audits,
Reviews,
Records &
Forms
HIRARC forms or similar
tools (JHA,JSA, etc.)
Incident reports.
Audit reports and reviews
Incident statistical report.
Worker’s compensation
claims procedures.
Work environment
monitoring.
Inspection, calibration and
equipment maintenance
records.
OSH performance data.
Incident investigation
reports.
Exposure assessment.
Medical surveillance
documents.
ERP drill report.
Toolbox meeting record.
Step 4
Other
related
documents
Other OSH and OSHMS
related documentations.

3.4.2 Interview
The interview method is one of the methods of collecting data in this
research. Based on the research objective and conceptual framework revolving
themes, the questions in the interview
face-to-face individually.
the needs of the research. According to Piaw (2013), the appropriate number of items
for an individual interview is
3.3 and interview questions
reliability, all interview
The interview
method. The constant comparative method involves breaking down the data into
discrete ‘incidents’ (Glaser
continually comparing specific incidents in the data, the coding process refines these
categories, identifies their properties, explores their relationships to one another and
integrates them into the desired result.
Interview
themes, the questions in the interview was in semi-structured form
face individually. In addition, questions were added or dropped according to
for an individual interview is 8-15 questions. The interview plan is shown in
and interview questions based on the interview plan in Appendix A
interviews were recorded with an audio recorder.
Figure 3.3 : Interview plan
The interview was transcribed to be analysed using the constant comparative
The constant comparative method involves breaking down the data into
discrete ‘incidents’ (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) and coding them to categories. By
ies their properties, explores their relationships to one another and
integrates them into the desired result.
36
structured form and conducted
added or dropped according to
15 questions. The interview plan is shown in Figure
Appendix A. For
to be analysed using the constant comparative
The constant comparative method involves breaking down the data into
Strauss, 1967) and coding them to categories. By
ies their properties, explores their relationships to one another and

37
3.4.3 Questionnaire
The questionnaire was designed by the researcher in consideration of the
main important themes synthesized from Chapter 2. Types of questions were based
on the information of the underlying theme as shown in Table 3.6 and the type of
questions was Likert-Type. The questionnaire was then constructed as in
Appendix B. Unfortunately, due to the time limitation of the project, a pilot test for
the questionnaire was not done.
Table 3.6 : Questionnaire Design
UNDERLYING THEME TYPE OF
QUESTIONS
Focus in OSHMS with ‘mental
compliance’ or ‘thought process’.
Likert-Type
Measure level of flexibility or
rigidness of OSHMS arrangement.
Financial consideration in OSHMS.
Level of involvement for
employees towards OSHMS
arrangement.
Data from Likert-Type questions was converted using descriptive statistics to
calculate the mean score and interpreted accordingly with the underlying theme. The
Likert-Type question was scaled from one to five representing the intent of the
respondent as shown in Table 3.7.
Table 3.7: Likert-Item Scale
Likert- Scale Interpretation
5 Strongly Agree
4 Agree
3 Somewhat Agree
2 Disagree
1 Strongly Disagree

38
3.4.4 Observation
The two types of observation methods are systematic observation and
participant observation (Piaw, 2012). The method used in this research is participant
observation where the observer as a participant and his status as the researcher is
known to the participants. The observation instrument is a structured observation
form as in Appendix C. Sampling for observation was based on activities or events
that are related to the research. Therefore, quota sampling was used to determine the
events to observe. Two observations were conducted in this research; (1) Safety
induction for 1 day from 0900H to 1700H and; HSSE meeting for the duration of 2
hours. Data were recorded using digital camera and audio recorder then filled up the
observation forms which then was analyzed qualitatively.
3.5 Data Analysis
As mentioned, the data analysis was conducted qualitatively and
quantitatively based on the source of the data. Qualitative analysis was utilized for;
(1) Documentation; (2) Interview and; (3) Observation and quantitative analysis
utilized questionnaire type of data.
3.5.1 Qualitative Analysis
The qualitative data analysis implemented Grounded Theory Method coding
and Spradley’s Semantic Relationship Criteria. Various data gathered from the
previous processes are then constant comparatively coded as recommended by
Glaser (1967) as shown in Figure 3.4 via:
1. Open Coding – Attaching codes identified categories.
2. Selective Coding – Clustering categories into themes.
3. Theoretical Coding – Semantic Relationship of themes and categories
into one emergent framework/theory/model.

Spradley (1980) defines
data that symbolically contains all the previous levels of categorizat
relationship in the theoretical coding is
criteria’.
From ‘Spradley’s
coding are linked by relation
Nvivo. The theoretical coding
in Figure 3.5. For reliability, the coding process
rationally by referring, comparing and
theories. From the results of the
be answered which is:
What are the rooms for improvement in the current practice?
Data Open
Coding
Documentation Sub
Theme
Data
Questionnaire
Data
Observation
Sub
Theme
Data Interview
Spradley (1980) defines semantic relation as a categorization summary of
data that symbolically contains all the previous levels of categorizat
relationship in the theoretical coding is based on ‘Spradley’s
Figure 3.4 : Qualitative data analysis
Spradley’s semantic relation criteria’, the results
linked by relation as shown in Table 3.8 or a generated model by QSR
theoretical coding was coded by ‘inductive’ and or ‘deductive
. For reliability, the coding process was based on social
rationally by referring, comparing and relating with past literature and related
theories. From the results of the theoretical coding, the third research question will
be answered which is:
Table 3.8 : Relationship in Coding
Open
Coding
Relationship Selective
Coding
Relationship
Sub
Theme
1
Associated Theme 1 Is a reason for
doing
Is a kind of Is a place for
doing
Sub
Theme
2
Is a place in Is used for
Is a part of Is a way to do
Is a result of
Theme 2
Is a step in
Is a cause of Is a stage in
Is an
attribute of
Is a
characteristic of
39
as a categorization summary of
data that symbolically contains all the previous levels of categorization. The
Spradley’s semantic relation
s of the theoretical
or a generated model by QSR
deductive’ as shown
based on social-scientific proof
relating with past literature and related
, the third research question will
Relationship Theoretical
Coding
Is a reason for
doing
Is a place for
doing
Is used for
Is a way to do
Is a step in
Is a stage in
Is a
characteristic of

40
Figure 3.5: Inductive and deductive coding
3.5.2 Quantitative Analysis
The quantitative analysis was conducted by applying descriptive statistics to
the result of the likert-type questionnaires. By combining the questionnaire results of
all the respondents, the mean score, percentage and frequency was calculated and
translated in comparison with the qualitative analysis. This is how the quantitative
analysis supports the qualitative findings.
3.6 Propose OSHMS Arrangement
A modified or enhanced OSHMS safety planning method/model validated by
qualified expert is then proposed from the result of the data synthesis which will
answer the fourth research question:
How the current self regulatory practice in OSHMS safety planning can be
improved?
3.7 Summary
This research adopts the critical study that is generally known as qualitative
method. The qualitative method supported by quantitative is suitable for this

41
configurable case study approach and uses methodological triangulation that analyses
data from many sources. This triangulation method aids to the development of the
research design framework which includes; (1) examining documentation,
(2) interview, (3) questionnaire and; (4) observation. Firstly, examining the
documentation will be conducted in several progressive steps and finally compared
to DOSH OSHMS guidelines. Next is the population sampling for interview and
questionnaire. Interviews are analyzed using the constant comparative method and
questionnaires using descriptive statistics. Observation is then conducted as a
participant observer and also analyzed using the constant comparative method. The
final data synthesis combining all data analysis from varied sources is by using
Grounded Theory method coding and Spradley’s Semantic Relationship Criteria.
Whereby, the quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics to
compare and support the qualitative analysis. Finally, based on the Chapter 2
conceptual framework and the results of the data synthesis, a modified or enhanced
OSHMS is proposed.
.

42
CHAPTER 4
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses the data collection analysis from the acquired rich data
of the research. Presented are the findings from the aspect of the OSHMS for SRC,
comparison with MS 1722:2011, qualitative data analysis/synthesis coding,
quantitative analysis to support the qualitative findings and any other additional
findings. As a rule of thumb, the analysis will focus on the Research Question
derived from Chapter 1:
1. What are the current practices in OSHMS safety planning Shell Port Dickson?
2. What are the results of comparison from the DOSH OSHMS guideline?
3. What are the rooms for improvement in the current practice?
4. How the current self regulatory practice in OSHMS safety planning can be
improved?

43
4.2 OSHMS
According to the DOSH (2011) from the Ministry of Human Resource in
their Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems; OSHMS
is a set of interrelated or interacting elements to establish and implement OSH
policy, objectives and to achieve those objectives. OSHMS is part of the
organization’s overall management system used to manage OSH risks. A
management system should include organizational structure, planning activities,
responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources.
4.2.1 SRC HSSEMS
The current practice of OSHMS used in SRC is called HSSEMS which
combines matters in addition to OSH consisting of Security and Environment.
Referring to the SRC (2013) HSSEMS, their OSHMS covers the activities of SRC
and defines the overall manner by which SRC manages HSSE & SP activities and
also describes how the HSSE & SP risks of its activities are managed in a manner
consistent with the principles and standards set out in Manufacturing, Business and
Downstream SRC. Contractors carrying out activities in SRC are required to manage
HSSE & SP in a systematic manner that is consistent with the SRC HSSE & SP
standards and procedures.
This HSSEMS applies to arrangements for the assessment and management
of the physical asset security risks for manufacturing sites. This document does not
apply to business related security issues such as theft, fraudulent activities or
information technology. Advice on these types of security matters is provided by
Shell Malaysia Security Advisor. This HSSEMS complements the existing SRC PD
Management System. The HSSEMS manual aims to:
1. Provide guidance on all aspects of the HSSEMS within the refinery.
2. Demonstrate that HSSE & SP management controls are in place within the
organization, supported by procedure and documentation.

44
3. Assure management that major hazards are identified and the corresponding
risks effectively managed to ALARP in the various refinery activities.
Figure 4.1: SRC HSSEMS Visualized Elements
A summarized visualized of the eight elements from the SRC HSSEMS is
shown in Figure 4.1. The first element of HSSEMS is Leadership and Commitment
which describes the demonstration of leadership of SRC leadership team on the field
and the link of MD towards Shell HQ Malaysia. The second element is Policy and
Strategic Objectives outlines the compliance of SRC towards local
regulations/legislations, Shell’s control framework and other requirements. The third
element covers Organization, Responsibilities, Resources, Competence, Standards
and Documentation which defines the HSSE organization structure, role of HSSE
appointments, resources and competence in training, internal/external
communication and the management of standards/documents/procedures in SRC.
The fourth element is Hazards and Effects Management which includes HRA and
JHA which is similarly close to HIRARC.

The next important
consisting of HSSE planning, ERP,
CSDS/MSDS. The sixth element is Implementation, Monitoring and Reporting
explaining the HSSE key performance indicators and
reporting/investigation.
external, HSSE walkabout and performance data verification.
Management Review
process.
4.2.2 Comparison to MS 1722:2011
SRC uses OHSAS 18001
MS 1722:2011. Since Shell is a global company, it is logical that SRC opted for
OHSAS 18001 for their OSHMS accreditation as it is an internationally
well known OSHMS standard.
MS 1722:2011 and this comparison would provide useful insight on SRC HSSEMS
towards Malaysia’s own MS 1722:2011. Figure 4.2 describes how SRC HSSEMS
addresses the requirements of the core elements in MS 1722:2011.
The next important element is the fifth element; Planning and Proced
consisting of HSSE planning, ERP, crisis management and legal requirements
The sixth element is Implementation, Monitoring and Reporting
explaining the HSSE key performance indicators and
reporting/investigation. The seventh element is Audits ranging from internal,
external, HSSE walkabout and performance data verification. The last element is the
Management Review where the HSSEMS is reviewed through an annual assurance
Comparison to MS 1722:2011
SRC uses OHSAS 18001 as the certification for OSHMS standards and not
OHSAS 18001 for their OSHMS accreditation as it is an internationally
well known OSHMS standard. Nevertheless, OHSAS 18001 is similar in nature with
e requirements of the core elements in MS 1722:2011.
Figure 4.2 : Comparison to MS 1722:2011
45
element is the fifth element; Planning and Procedures
crisis management and legal requirements of
The sixth element is Implementation, Monitoring and Reporting
explaining the HSSE key performance indicators and incident
The seventh element is Audits ranging from internal,
The last element is the
where the HSSEMS is reviewed through an annual assurance
as the certification for OSHMS standards and not
OHSAS 18001 for their OSHMS accreditation as it is an internationally accepted and
Nevertheless, OHSAS 18001 is similar in nature with
e requirements of the core elements in MS 1722:2011.

46
Based on the results of the comparison, many of the components in MS
1722:2011 can be found in SRC HSSEMS. Besides the commonality of the
visualization in the figure, there are also several components of MS 1722:2011 that is
not found in SRC HSSEMS; (1) Initial Review is not part of the HSSEMS, as
explained by the SRC HSSE representative, the initial review was disposed because
of company policy of disposing documents when reached a certain number of years;
(2) The Objectivity and Program is not in the HSSEMS, due to change of the SRC
HSSE objectives that change annually during the annual management
review/meetings; and (3) The Management of Change is not mentioned in the
HSSEMS, but there is a separate document of form/checklist on Management of
Change in SRC. In a nutshell, SRC HSSEMS is similar to MS 1722:2011 but
organized in a different order. There is also several lacking components of MS
1722:2011 in the HSEMS.
4.3 Qualitative Data Analysis
The research is a qualitative case study applying methodological triangulation
involving multiple sources of data gathering consisting of documentation, interview,
observation, survey questionnaire and observation. Grounded Theory Method of
doing a literature review before the data analysis is applied and not Grounded Theory
Study which does the literature review after the data analysis. The coding conducted
is by constant comparative simultaneously inductive and deductive. The tool used in
the coding process in QSR Nvivo 8 by the use of nodes, trees, relationhip and models
generated by the software as shown in Table 4.1. The project summary report of the
qualitative analysis generated by the software is in Appendix D.
Table 4.1 : QSR NVivo 8 Functions Used in Coding Process
Coding Process QSR NVivo 8 Functions
Open Coding Nodes
Selective Coding Trees
Theoretical Coding Relationship
Models

47
4.3.1 Open Coding
Open coding is attaching codes or sub themes which relates to the identified
categories based on the conceptual framework produced in the literature review. In
other words, it is basically labeling the data accordingly to the suitability of the
research. The function used in NVivo 8 for open coding is nodes for each of the
source of data; (1) Documentation; (2) Interview; (3) Questionnaire and;
(4) Observation. A nodes summary report is generated by NVivo 8 in Appendix E.
4.3.1.1 Documentation
Throughout the data collection, a total of 41 documents were acquired from
SRC PD. Not all of the requested documents were received due to the fact that some
of the data in the unreleased documents were confidential to Shell. Nevertheless, the
documents attain will have to make do and is actually rich data to proceed with the
open coding. The open coding summary of documentation can be referred to in
Appendix D and summarized open coding according to selective coding themes in
Table 4.2. The documentation that was not able to be acquired:
1. Initial Review
2. Initial Documentation for OSHMS arrangement.
3. Audit reports and reviews.
4. Worker’s compensation claim procedures.
5. Work environment monitoring.
6. Inspection, calibration and equipment maintenance records.
7. Incident investigation reports.
8. Exposure assessment.
9. Medical surveillance documents.

48
Table 4.2 : Themes Identified During Documentation Open Coding
DOCUMENTS
SELECTIVE CODING THEMES
TO CONSIDER IF APPLICABLE
Compliance
Rigidness
Objectivity
Financial
Cost
Involvement
Step 1
Policy
&
Organization
Company policy. n/a yes No n/a
OSH policy. n/a yes No n/a
Company organisation
structure.
n/a yes n/a yes
Roles and responsibilities
of each department /
section.
n/a not all n/a yes
HSSEQ department
organisation structure,
appointments, roles and
responsibilities.
n/a yes no yes
OSH committee
organisation structure.
n/a yes no not all
OSHMS standards
certification main
documents.
yes yes no no
OSH related minutes of
meeting.
yes yes no yes
Step 2
Manual,
Procedures
& Plans
Initial Review SRC disposed
Initial documentation for
OSHMS arrangement.
SRC disposed
Periodic OSHMS
arrangement (through
management review)
not accessible
OSH manual. yes yes no no
OSH related procedures. yes yes no no
OSHA related legal
register.
yes yes no no
OSH training. yes indirect no yes
Permit to work procedures. yes yes n/a yes
OSH related plans. yes yes no yes

49
DOCUMENTS
THEMES TO CONSIDER IF
APPLICABLE
Compliance
Rigidness
Objectivity
FinancialCost
Involvement
Step 3
Audits,
Reviews,
Records &
Forms
HIRARC forms or similar
tools (JHA,JSA, etc.)
room to
loosen
yes no no
Incident reports. yes yes no No
Audit reports and reviews not accessible
Incident statistical report. not accessible
Worker’s compensation
claims procedures.
not accessible
Work environment
monitoring.
not accessible
Inspection, calibration and
equipment maintenance
records.
not accessible
OSH performance data. yes not
updated in
OSHMS
no no
Incident investigation
reports.
not accessible
Exposure assessment. not accessible
Medical surveillance
documents.
not accessible
ERP. yes yes no yes
Toolbox meeting record. not accessible
Step 4
Other
related
documents
Other OSH and OSHMS
related documentations.
yes yes no no

50
4.3.1.2 Interview
The interviews were conducted semi-formally based on purposive sampling
then snowball sampling. Unfortunately, out of the seven targeted samples to
interview, only three purposive samples were interviewed and two snowball samples
based on recommendation. The other interviewees that were not interviewed due to
reasons of unavailability and their tight schedule were; (1) HSSEQ Manager; (2) HR
Manager; (3) Financial Department Manager and; (4) SRC MD. The interview was
conducted with the design of questions and intent based on the conceptual
framework from the literature review. The interviews were recorded by audio and
transcribed in; (1) Appendix F – SHO; (2) Appendix G – Head of HSSEMS;
(3) Appendix H – HR Representative; (4) Appendix I - Occupational Health Nurse
and; (5) Appendix J - OHD. A total of 67 open codes were identified using NVivo as
shown in Figure 4.3.
Figure 4.3 : Nodes Identified During the Open Coding Process
4.3.1.3 Questionnaire
In the survey questionnaire, there were two qualitative questions that were
subjective and open ended asking for the respondents’ suggestion to improve on the
current SRC HSSEMS. While the majority of the respondents answered, there were
typically some who did not. The answers given can be grouped into 5 similar
suggestions and have been coded into Nvivo 8. The 5 similar suggestions were:
1. Increase communication.
2. Increase site visit.
3. Improve internal audit.

51
4. Improve reward and recognition system.
5. Add more awareness campaign.
4.3.1.4 Observation
The observation conducted involves participation observation as per
convenient quota sampling. Throughout the data collection, only two events were
given access by SRC to participate in observation. Although only two events were
observed, but really meaningful and full of rich data that is related to the research
conducted. The events were safety induction and HSSEQ meeting. The safety
induction was video recorded as shown in Figure 4.4, HSSEQ meeting audio
recorded and both recordings translated onto an observation form in Appendix K and
Appendix L which is designed based on the conceptual framework in the literature
review. The observation form is then coded in Nvivo 8.
Figure 4.4 : SRC PD Safety Induction Coding in NVivo 8

52
4.3.2 Selective Coding
Continuing the coding process from the open coding is selective coding
which involves the clustering of codes into themes identified from the conceptual
framework from the literature review. The identified main themes to cluster and
categorized from the open coding will be placed under either; (1) Compliance
Rigidness; (2) Objectivity; (3) Involvement and; (4) Financial Implication. For
Selective Coding, NVivo uses the function of trees as shown in Appendix M in
clustering the previous open codes. A generic model is then generated based on the
associated main themes for the selective coding as shown in Figure 4.5.
Figure 4.5: Generated Model for Selective Coding Skeleton
4.3.2.1 Compliance Rigidness
For the theme identified compliance rigidness from the constant comparison
inductive and deductive coding, the generated model form NVivo is shown in
Figure 4.6. The relationship using the Spradley’s Semantic Relationship Criteria is
identified as “ is a cause of ”.

53
Figure 4.6: Generated Model for Compliance Rigidness Selective Coding
Based on the analysis, compliance rigidness in SRC is a cause of treating the
HSSEMS as a mother document that must be “religiously” followed. This translates
to the reliance on safety tools (JHA, JSA, checklists, etc.) whereby the tools are used
which is checklist natured with little space to allow thought process. For example,
the rigid categorizations specified as high hazard as specified in their HEM. These
assessments such as reviews and tools are used on a needs basis.

54
This scenario has evolved to a reactive mindset where actions are taken to
avoid incident that has happened in SRC and other similar industries from happening
again in the future rather than preventing an incident from happening in the first
place. This has also embedded a compliance mindset to comply rules, regulations
and legislations. When the mindset of compliance have been incepted, this triggers
the absence of continuous improvement which is the heart of OSHMS whereby what
is needed is only complying to regulation.
4.3.2.2 Objectivity
For the theme identified compliance rigidness from the constant comparison
inductive and deductive coding, the generated model from NVivo is shown in Figure
4.6. The relationship using Spradley’s Semantic Relationship Criteria is identified as
“ is a characteristic of ”.
Figure 4.7: Generated Model for Objectivity Selective Coding

55
Based on the analysis, objectivity is a characteristic of lack of objective
translated or dissipated throughout SRC where the top management intent and
objective is occasionally not successfully absorbed down to the bottom employees.
This not only applies to SRC but also to contractors working at SRC due to lack of
emphasis on objectivity during the procurement and contract management. When
lack of emphasis on the objectivity, the focus diverts on past experience, lesson
learnt and maintaining what is considered an acceptable level of safety. This will
obstruct the nature of continuous improvement in the long haul.
4.3.2.3 Involvement
For the theme identified involvement, from the constant comparison
inductive and deductive coding, the generated model from NVivo 8 is shown in
Figure 4.8. The relationship using Spradley’s Semantic Relationship Criteria is
identified as “ is a characteristic of “.
Figure 4.8: Generated Model for Involvement Selective Coding

56
Based on the analysis, involvement is a characteristic of SRC relying heavily
on the top-down approach where eventually bottom loses initiative to simultaneously
contribute a bottom-up feedback for a complete synergy in a successful OSHMS.
For example, some departmental role and task have not included elements of their
commitment to OSHMS. Delegating the responsibility of ownership may impede the
sense of belonging to a certain extent. Questions may arise such as ‘Why should I
mind about other safety issues when it is not under my responsibility?’ As a result,
OSH has become a non-holistic accountability and lacks comprehensive inclusive
involvement participation. Therefore deepens the challenge of involvement in
OSHMS.
4.3.2.4 Financial Implication
For the theme identified financial, from the constant comparison inductive
and deductive coding, the generated model from NVivo 8 is shown in Figure 4.8.
The relationship using Spradley’s Semantic Relationship Criteria is identified as “ is
a characteristic of “.
Figure 4.9: Generated Model for Financial Implication Selective Coding

57
Based on the analysis, financial is a characteristic of and possibly caused by
lack of financial needs channel involving OSH matters. This may be rooted by lack
of financial consideration by SRC in spending OSH matters because of Shell having
a big budget and always have no problems in spending in any OSH related matters.
This might not be the case for small companies where budget is conserved as much
as possible and will avoid spending in any way possible.
In SRC, there is no specific cost analysis before spending in any safety
measures. Basically, when there is a need, just spend. Nevertheless, there is in the
documentation regarding cost of loss calculations but there is no angle in terms of
cost benefit analysis. The approach of spending when obliged or when the need
arises can only be achieved by an organization with big financial resource like Shell.
4.3.3 Theoretical Coding
The final step is theoretical coding where the previous selective codes are
once again constant comparison by inductive and deductive using Spradley’s
Semantic Relationship Criteria of the themes and categories into one emergent
framework /theory/model. The relationship of; (1) Associated; (2) Is a cause of and;
(3) Is a characteristic of; is embedded into the overall final finding.
The result of analysis is subjectively synthesized based on the conceptual
framework and past related theories from the literature review. The generated model
of the overall qualitative data analysis is shown in Figure 4.10. The model clearly
relates all the qualitative findings into one central core, which is defined by the
researcher as the THOUGHT PROCESS that is needed to improve OSHMS and
safety planning in SRC and also other industries.

58
Figure 4.10: Generated Model for THOUGHT PROCESS Theoretical Coding

59
4.4 Quantitative Data Analysis
The quantitative analysis in this mixed method research design is intended to
support the qualitative analysis and findings. Descriptive statistics is used based on:
(1) mean; (2) frequency and; (3) percentage. The survey questionnaire in
Appendix B is also designed according to the conceptual framework in the literature
review and be constant comparatively support the qualitative findings. The number
of sample is determined by using the Krejcie Morgan table where the suitable
number of sample is 256 and convenient sampling due to the dispersal of the
questionnaire can only be done by the appointed liaison contact person by SRC.
Unfortunately, the completed respondent questionnaire received at the end of the
data collection is only a mere 25. From the 25 samples, there were 18 different
positions and appointments where the majority is supervisor which is 20% from the
correspondence as shown in Figure 4.11. From the 25 samples, there were 9 different
departments where the majority is QHSSE which is 20% from the correspondence as
shown in Figure 4.11.
Figure 4.11: Pie Chart of Position/Appointment of Survey Respondents
20%
4%
4% 4%
4%
4%
4%
4%
4%
8%
8%
8%
4%
4%
4%
4%
4%
4%

60
Figure 4.12: Pie Chart of Departments of Survey Respondents
4.4.1 Reliability
Reliability test used for the quantitative analysis is Cronbach’s Alpha which
is commonly used as an estimate of the reliability for a sample of correspondence. A
pilot test was not done due to the hardship of getting respondents survey
questionnaire back. The result of the reliability test is 0.58 and when the figure is
rounded results in 0.6 and is considered acceptable by Sekaran (2003) because within
the range of 0.6 to 0.7. Reliabilities which are less are considered poor and a higher
value have a better reliability. Bearing in mind that the number of sample is a narrow
range has deflated the value of alpha and that there is a possibility that if the number
of sample is bigger could result in the increase of the value of alpha.
40%
20%
12%
8%
4%
4%
4%
4%
4%

61
Table 4.3: Reliability Statistics
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha
Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Standardized
Items
N of Items
.583 .353 9
4.4.2 Descriptive Results
Based on the number of sample N, the mean and standard deviation is as
shown in Table 4.4. Referring to the values based on likert-scale ranging from value
1 to 5 which the interpretation from strongly disagree to strongly agree. The eight
likert type questions were based on the conceptual framework of the literature review
consisting of the items in Table 4.4.
Table 4.4: Overall Descriptive Results
Questionnaire Item N Mean
Comply 25 4.4400
Vision 25 4.9200
Form 25 4.7600
Policy 25 4.0000
Arrangement 25 4.4400
Implementation 25 4.8000
Finance 25 4.7200
Consideration 25 4.3600

62
4.4.2.1 Compliance
The statement for this item in the survey questionnaire is as follows:
Occupational Safety and Health is only complying and conforming to regulation.
The item relates and supports compliance rigidness from the conceptual framework
of the literature review. From the results shown in Figure 4.13, the majority of 72%
correspondences strongly agree with a mean score of 4.4. This outcome supports the
qualitative findings on the compliance rigidness mindset.
Figure 4.13: Comply Bar Graf

63
4.4.2.2 VMO
Occupational Safety and Health is not in the Mission and Vision of Shell.
The item relates to objectivity from the conceptual framework of the literature
review. The results in Figure 4.14 show the majority of 92% correspondences
strongly agree with a mean score of 4.92. This outcome does not support the
qualitative findings on the objectivity. This shows that employees and or contractors
at SRC is aware that the VMO contains OSH matters and the real concern is how
much of the VMO is embedded in their hearts and mind in dealing with their
everyday work since the qualitative findings translates that objectivity is an issue to
be concerned with.
Figure 4.14: Vision Bar Graf

64
4.4.2.3 Form
Occupational Safety and Health Management is only filling out forms and checklists.
correspondences strongly agree with a mean score of 4.76. This outcome supports
the qualitative findings on the compliance rigidness mindset.
Figure 4.15: Form Bar Graf

65
4.4.2.4 Policy
I only take action from the safety policy and identified hazards.
correspondences strongly agree with a mean score of 4.0. This outcome supports the
qualitative findings on the compliance rigidness mindset that the majority of
employees and or contractors are “only” alert to what is stated in the policy and
identified hazard stated by SRC. But what about the possibility of hazards that has
not been identified?
Figure 4.16: Policy Bar Graf

66
4.4.2.5 Arrangement
I’m not involved in the planning and arrangement of the Safety and Health
Management System.
The item relates and supports involvement from the conceptual framework of the
literature review. From the results shown in Figure 4.17, the majority of 76%
correspondences strongly disagree with a mean score of 4.44. This outcome supports
the qualitative findings that employees and or contractors are not really holistically
involved in the arrangement of OSHMS in SRC.
Figure 4.17: Arrangement Bar Graf

67
4.4.2.6 Implementation
I’m involved in implementing Safety and Health matters.
The item relates and supports involvement from the conceptual framework of the
literature review. From the results shown in Figure 4.18, the majority of 88%
correspondences strongly agree with a mean score of 4.8. This outcome combined
with the previous arrangement findings indicates that the majority of employees and
or contractors are only involved in implementing OSH and not in the arrangement
and planning of it.
Figure 4.18: Implementation Bar Graf

68
4.4.2.7 Financial Implication
Occupational Safety and Health Management System affects Shell’s finance.
The item relates and supports financial implication from the conceptual framework
correspondences strongly agree with a mean score of 4.72. This result shows that the
majority of employees and or contractors are aware that financial costs are involved
in OSH matters. But what is concerning that there are also a percentage of 4%
strongly disagree. This indicates a small minority thinks that OSH does not give any
financial implication.
Figure 4.19: Finance Bar Graf

69
4.4.2.8 Financial Consideration
The Safety and Health Management System should include more financial
consideration.
The item relates and supports financial implication from the conceptual framework
correspondences strongly agree with a mean score of 4.3. This result shows that the
majority of employees and or contractors should include more financial
consideration. This could be caused due to the qualitative findings that SRC takes for
granted with the big financial resource to spend that there is no specific dedicated
channel to budget OSH besides the management periodic reviews.
Figure 4.20: Consideration Bar Graf

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