Final MSc. dissertation Presentation as a part of the Integrated Urbanism and Sustainable Design program, a double degree program between Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt and Stuttgart University in Germany.
The presentation took place on 14.9.2015
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Final MSc. Presentation - "Connecting Urban Policy Making and Implementation - Case of Maspero, Egypt
1. Case of Maspero, Cairo, Egypt
IUSD 3 | MennatuAllah Hendawy
Connecting
Urban
Policy
making
and
implementation
والتنفيذ انرالعم سياسات وضع ربط
مرص القاهره ماسبريو حاله اسهرد
2. AGENDA
Introduction
Literature Review
Understanding the context
Maspero
Relationship of policy making and implementation
Key Findings
Conclusion
Discussion and next steps
Connecting Urban
Policy Making and
Implementation
*Cairo
3d of Maspero from MADD 2014
3. If those in power claim
to be concerned with
sustainable urban
development, then why
is the urban condition
not improving?
12. What makes urban policies implementable and
sustainable?
Why is it important to connect urban policy making
and implementation?
What is the relationship between urban policymaking
and implementation, and what happens in Egypt and
Maspero?
I INTRODUCTION
Research Question(s)
13. I INTRODUCTION
Research Journey: Approach
ِهِــب ُعَــفـَتـْنـُي ٌمـْلـِع ...أو
...or a Beneficial knowledge
14. I INTRODUCTION
Research Journey: Methodology
Understand
& Reflect
Literature
Review
Interviews/
Roundtable/
EUF
Act
Question/
Observe
Review
Phase 1 : Data Collection Thesissubmissionanddisseminatingoffindings
Phase 2: Validate research findings
Phase 3 : Deliver research recommendations
Author based on (Wadsworth, 1998; Kamali, 2003), graphics inspired from (May, et al., 2003)
1 2
2
3
3
4
1
16. Introduction & Methodology
What is supposed to happen
Problem, Goal and questions
Guidelines
What happens in Egypt
What happens in Maspero
Analysing Maspero
Broad Issues
Context
Case study
Literature review
Egyptian Context
Maspero
Lessons
Recommendations
Conclusion
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
I INTRODUCTION
Thesis Structure
17. Author based on literature review of chapter 2
Ii Literature review
Conceptual Framework
Agenda Setting
Policy
Formulation
Policy Evaluation
Policy
Implementation
Urban Policies
National urban Policies
Urban Governance
Studied Elements
Context Egypt /Case of Maspero
Research TopicPolicy Cycle
Actions and Decisions
Urban Conditions:
Development/
Deterioration
Urban Management
ductionDimension
PoliticalDimension
Policy
Implications
Policy
Making
Process Connect-
ion
Policy
Implementation
*Cairo
18. III uNDERSTANDING CONTEXT
3d of Maspero from MADD,2014
Research Scope
Connecting Urban
Policy Making and
Implementation
*Cairo National context of
Egypt
Case of Maspero
19. Connecting Urban
Policy Making and
Implementation
*Cairo
Learning from
Maspero
Principles
Redefinero
les
* * Starting point
Short term Target
Long Term Target/Impact
III uNDERSTANDING CONTEXT
Concept
20. Planning in Egypt
III uNDERSTANDING CONTEXT
Projects
Plans
Programs
Policymaking
(National Level)
(Regional
Level)
Functional
devision/General
(all sectors)
Central
governement
Spatial devision/
devided into
Different fields
(i.e. Urban
planning)
Local
Governement
Area/district
Level
Local
Governement
Policy
Implementation
(Local Level)
Policy
Planning Levels
Planning
in Egypt
Policy and
Governance
levels in Egypt ScopeActors
The National
Develeopment Plan
Regional Planning
Cities Planning
Detailed Urban
Planning
Projects
Author based on (Salheen El Khateeb, 2012) reviewed with (Elshaarawy, 2015)
21. IiI uNDERSTANDING CONTEXT
Author based on (Khalifa, 2013; Alfiky, 2014; El-Shahat El-khateeb, 2013; Azouz, 2015; Mansour, 2011; Youssry, 2015)
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 20101950
1967
Start of War
1954
Nassir Sadat Mubarak
1970 1984 2011
1952
Announ-
cing
Egypt as
a republic End of War
1992
Earthquake
2011
Revolution
Socialist policy
Arab Nationalism,
Arab Socialism and Pan-
Arabism
Industrlisation
Public housing mass
production and
establishing industrlising
the desert in new towns
Housing the desert, and
connecting downtown
Cairo with the Nile
More investments in the desert by gulf
developers and famous business men,
creating gated cities inside the city
Social and urban equity
and inclusion
State Driven with support of private sector Public Private Partnerships in favour of
investors
Rise of community, civil
society, International
organisations
Open door
policy/ Liberal
Capitalism
Privatisation
Contested,
Bureaucratized.
personalised
towards participation?
Top-down / centrelised / Rellocation of urban poor
Free market economy/ privatization
policy Entrepreneurial Planning
Community
importance
Sustainable Urban
Towards Strategic
planning Development
NationalpoliciesEvents
Policy
Making
Policy
ImplementationProcesses
Morsi/ SiSi
Strategicplanning
Priorityfor
militaryexpenses
Policies in Egypt
23. A vital area
An ongoing project
Availability of Data and persons for communication
Urgency of the situation/Area in need
A multi-dimensional case
Importance of the project
Uniqueness of the case
Complexity and opportunity to generalise research findings
A challenging case for politicians and planners (Abd el Kawy, 2015)
An example for: the disconnection, the parallel practice
and the connection of both domains
image from Madd, 2014
iv Maspero
Why Maspero
28. May
2013
Jan
2011
May
2015
2009
Cairo 2050 approval
2012 2013
Residents demand their
rights to srtay
2011
Egyptian Revolution
2010
Downtown
Competition
2012 2013
Proposal from Cairo
governorates
2013
MADD proved the
unpracticality of proposal
2014
Conferences with the
governement
2013
MADD proposal
2015
Agreement for a
win win proposal
$ //
RELLOCATE REVOLUTE RESTART WIN-WIN
2009
Cairo Gov proposal
iv Maspero
Maspero Overtime
Author based on (MADD, 2014; Associated Consultants, 2010; Cairo Governorate, n.d.; Gate way, 2014; Selim, 2015)
29. Author based on the roundtable discussion
iv Maspero
Roles
*Cairo
Minister Laila Eskandar
(Political support)
Cairo
Govornorate
Gateway as an offical
consultant
MADD
(Parallel practice) Maspero Youth Association
(MYA)
Initiation
Response
Conflict
Po
licymakerimplements!
30. Author Author Based on based on (MADD, 2014) Revised with (abdulaty, 2015; Borhan, 2015)
iv Maspero
Roles
Facilitator
Reinforcing law
Caretaker of public benefit
Conflict of intrest of
Maspero company
public intrest is not
commonly defined among
governemental bodies
Profit making
workersfor
investorsor
governement
Reseaech
Natural
Leaders
Inhabitants
News
production
Profit
making
Indirect
Investor
Lawsand
Regulations
Undefined
public
News production
Protecting
rights
Advocacy
Advocacy
Protecting rights Research
Advocacy
Development
Negotiating their rights
for space
Conflict of intrest of
those working for the
investors
Governement Investors Media and
Political
parties
Human Rights
Organisations
Academia
and Project
partners
SectorExpectedRoleConflictWhathappensinreality
Residents
X?
31. Contensed land
ownership - mixed
tenure
Disconnected
Weak role of Local
governement and lack of
documentation
Deterrioration
Maspero
Over Time
Actions
Urban
Conditions
Urban
Governance
Urban
Mangement
What was happening in Maspero
iv Maspero
Policy
Making
Process/
Connection
Policy
Implementation
Policy
Implication
Cause
Effect
«UrbanChallenges»
(Bad governance
and ineffecient
mangemnet)
Author reviewed with (Abdulaty, 2015; Borham, 2015)
32. What is the relationship between urban policy making
and implementation, and what happens in Egypt and
Maspero?
33. Author based on (DEVAS, 1999; Devas, 2004)
Actors/
Interests
Context, constrains, sources of power/legitimacy
Outcomes
Relationships
and decision-
making
What is supposed to happen (theoratically)
v RELATIONSHIP
Cyclic/ two way process
34. Governement
Context, constrains, sources of power/legitimacy
Outcomes
Poor
connection
TOP DOWN
decision
making process
What is happening in Egypt
v RELATIONSHIP
Author based on (Ansari, 2011; Borham, 2012; Serag, 2015; Ibrahim Singerman, 2014; Devas, 2004; Devas, 1999)
reviewed with (Shaath, 2015; Elshaarawy, 2015; Abdulaty, 2015; Borham, 2015)
35. Governement
+ Investors
+ Residents
Outcomestwo way process
Negotiations
Supporting
Actors
President/ Prime
minister/MURIS
Residents
part of investors
Resisting
Actors
Governorate
part of investors
Physical planners
(Theoracticaly) (Hidden)
What is happening in Maspero
v RELATIONSHIP
Author, based on (Zaaza, 2015; Borham, 2015; Abdulaty, 2015)
36. Policy and
Governance
Level
Planning
Level
Driving
Actor
Policymaking
(Strategic Level)
(Tactical Level)
Policy
Implementation
Implication
(Operational Level)
Central
Governement
Local
Governement
Community
Programs
Practice
Plans
Politics Policy
Projects
Author based on concept of Transition management by (loorbach 2007), concept of tiering in strategic actions (Arts , et al., 2005; Salheen
El Khateeb, n.d.), and levels of authority and action (Borham, 2012), graphica inspired from (Simer et al, 2014)
What is supposed to happen (theoratically)
Urban Governance
Urban Mangement
Urban Conditions
cycle
v RELATIONSHIP
37. What is happening in Egypt
Policy and
Governance
Level
Planning
Level
Driving
Actor
Policymaking
(Strategic Level)
(Tactical Level)
Policy
Implementation
Implication
(Operational Level)
PresidentCentral
Governement
Local
Governement
Community
Programs
Programs
Practice
Plans
Plans
Politics Policy
Projects
Urban Governance
Urban Mangement
Urban Conditions
Author revised with (Shaath, 2015; Elshaarawy, 2015; Borham, 2015; Abdulaty, 2015)
v RELATIONSHIP
38. Policy and
Governance
Level
Planning
Level
Driving
Actor
Policymaking
(Strategic Level)
(Tactical Level)
Policy
Implementation
Implication
(Operational Level)
PresidentPMM
URIS
Local
Governorate
Community
Programs
Practice
Plans
Politics Policy
Maspero
project
Author revised with (Abdulaty, 2015; Borham, 2015)
What is happening in Maspero
Urban Governance
Strong Connection
Weak Connection
Urban Mangement
Urban Conditions
v RELATIONSHIP
39. Author based on (Borham, 2015; Abdulaty, 2015; Elshaarawy, 2015)
INTERCONNECTION
OF POLICY MAKING AND
IMPLEMENTATION
THEORATICALLY IN MASPERO
TOWARDS
IMPROVEMENT?
Policymaking
(National/
Strategic Level)
Policy
Implementation
(Local/Operational
Level)
Policy
Implication
(reality)
(Regional/Tactical
Level)
Central Governement
Local Governement
(Governorates)
Residents
Province Departments
What is supposed to happen
(theoratically)
Central Governement is planning
and managing the project through
MURIS
Residents
ResidentsandActivists/planners
contactedtheminister
Cyclic,twowayprocess
Province Departments
Local Governement
(Governorates)
What is currently happening
in Maspero project
OVERLAP
OF POLICY MAKING AND
IMPLEMENTATION
IN EGYPT
Presidemt and Central
Governement (ministries)
Local Governement
(Governorates)
Residents
Province Departments
What happens in Egypt
Topdown,Centrelisedandduplicated
v RELATIONSHIP
41. Vi Findings
Status quo of Maspero
Author revised with (Zaaza, 2015; Borham, 2015; Abdulaty, 2015; Hassan, 2015)
Actions
Urban
Governance
Urban
Management
Policy
Processes
DecisionsOutcomes
Practice
?
X
Planning
Levels
Governance
Levels
Strong political
will supporting
the project
(participation,
development, and
rights of residents)
Contested
Role of local
governement is
questionable given
its weak competency
on the national level,
in addition to the
centralised planning
process in Egypt
Still in progressUrban
Conditions
(Deteriortion)
Directcontactbetweenthecommunity,plannersandthe
centralgovernement
Actors
Central
Governement
Local
Governement
Who manages?
Community
42. Vi Findings
Issues and Concerns in Maspero
problem
in defining
urban areas
Centralized
and
personalized
planning
Conflict of
interest
?
Lack of
coordination
Lack of
represe-
ntation
Need to
tackle
Root of the
problem
Lack of civil
society
Laws
Excemption
Physical
planning
laws
Participation
undefined
What drives
development?
43. Supporting
factors
Strong and active political will
pro-development
Maspero Youth association
)people will(
Announcing the area as a replanning
area gives an opportunity for
development
Interest of the state to develop the
area
Constitution included informal areas
and right to adequete housing and
condemed forced evictions
Resisting
factors
Maspero
Now
Centralized and personalized planning
process
Lack of official representatives for the
community and absence of civil society
organisations
Lack of civil society organisations
Proposals ignore the root of the current
situation of Mixed land tenure
Announcing the area as a replanning area
gives more power to the state
Conflict of interest of the government as a
state and indirect investor
Many laws are exempted in Maspero
Recent attempts of forced evictions
Vi Findings
Lessons from Maspero
46. Connecting Urban
Policy Making and
Implementation
*CairoNational
Level
(Egyptian context)
Resources
Local
Level
(Case of Maspero)
Demands
vii conclusion
General outlook
49. Discussing
the
IN-BETWEEN
Discussing
the
IN-BETWEEN
Towards connecting urban policy making and implementation
in Egypt/Maspero
connection/
process
Policy
making
Good
Governance
Urban
development
Good/integrated urban
Mangement
?+
=
Development
Policy
implementation
Policy
implementation
Central
governement
Local
Governement
Towards Connection
vii conclusion
50. Communication
Author, pictures from Madd.tumbler
Democrcacy
L calisation
V S I O
RANSPERANCY
DUCATION
apacity building
wareness
O
W
E
R
c
O
N
N
E
C
T
I
O
n
f
n
a
n
c
e
m
a
n
a
g
m
e
n
t
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
i
o
I
C
E
N
T
E
R
L
I
S
A
T
I
O
N
vii conclusion
Towards Connection
onitoring
51. Urban
Development
Strong political will
and defined Rights
based policies
What is needed
Efficient urban
management,
Define who manages
and who monitors
Coherent decisions and
actions for connected
urban policy making and
implemen-
tation
Policy
Making
Process/
Connection
Policy
Implem-
entation
Policy
Implication
Cause
Effect
«UrbanChallenges»
*Cairo
Actions
Urban
Conditions
Urban
Governance
Urban
Mangement
MASPERO‘S FUTURE ?
vii conclusion
Final Remarks
52. MASPERO‘S FUTURE ?
vii conclusion
Final Remarks
“If you do what you have always done,
you will get what you have always gotten”
Anthony Robbins