APPLICATION OF GIS FOR URBAN PLANNING amp MANAGEMENT.pdf

IRJMSH Vol 11 Issue 1 [Year 2020] ISSN 2277 – 9809 (0nline) 2348–9359 (Print)
International Research Journal of Management Sociology & Humanity ( IRJMSH ) Page 449
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APPLICATION OF GIS FOR URBAN PLANNING & MANAGEMENT
Dr. Sandeep Kumar Jha
S/o Kaushal Kumar Jha, Moh.- Janakpuri Colony, Ekmi Road, Laheriasarai, Darbhanga (Bihar)
1. INTRODUCTION :
This is an attempt to popularise the geomatics and its uses in various fields of
geospatial system. This is the time of science and technology, which aims to strike a balance
between growing human numbers and availability of limited natural resources. Moreover,
development through sustainable means has become an imperative for the sustenance of our
ecology and ecosystem. The recent technology proposes and advocates the use and importance of
Remote Sensing, GIS, GPS, Geo informatics geomatics etc. through which a symbiosis of human
and resources be established for posterity. (Pratop, R., 2008). The propose of the study is to
highlight the application and use of GIS in the various fields in general and urban planning and
management in particular. The secondary source of information has been taken for the base
study.
Geomatics can be easily defined as the discipline of gathiring, storing, processing
and delivery of geographic information or spatially referenced information. B. Dubuisson (1969)
applied the term 'Geomatics' as tools and techniques and used it is land surveying, Remote
Sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and in
several other related forms of earth mapping (Tripathi, S.K. 2008). Now a days geomatics is
becoming popular as Geomatics Engineering which is defined in a larger extent as; "a modern
discipline which in integrates acquisition, modeling, analysis and management of spatially
reference data, i.e. data identified according to their locations. Application areas of geomatics
include :
(i) The Environment, (ii) Land management & Reform, (iii) Urban Planning, (iv) Infrastructure
Management (v) Natural Resource monitoring and development (vi) Coastal zone management
and mapping, (vii) Archaeological excavation and survey for GIS application and (viii) Disaster
informatics for discusser risk reduction and response Here, an attempt has been made to
highlight the application of GIS for urban planning and management.
2. URBANIZATION : Urban development has become a universal growth sequence
throughout the world. India is also a developing nation where urbanization and industrialization
have become the most active aspects of the national life. Numerous problems have been created
with the development trends of urban systems. There is a continuous process on existing urban
areas due to rapid and uncontrolled migration of rural population toward cities for various
reasons. This in turn has resulted into unplanned urban growth and its overall adverse impact
upon urban infrastructure and service functions such overcrowding, housing problems, poor

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sanitation, safe drinking water problem, inadequate sewerase disposal provisions, mushrooming
of slums, etc. (Verma, S.S., 2008)
The urban areas in the developing world are also under constant pressure of a
growing population. Indian cities are experiencing on accelerated pace of growth since
independence cities are now emerging as centres of domestic and international investments in an
era of economic reforms, liberalization and globalization. This has created opportunities for
technologists and planning professionals to snide and develop the process of planned
development and management. (Yadav, R.B., 2008)
3. URBAN PLANNING :
It is now being recognized that urban areas are the engines of growth at both
regional and national level. To facilitate and sustain this growth, cities have to provide both a
high quality of life and an efficient infrastructure fro economic activities.
Urban planning is basically resources generation, resource development and
resource management exercise. The efficiency of urban settlements largely depends upon how
well they are planned, how economically they are developed and how efficiently they are
managed. Planning inputs largely govern the efficiency level of human settlements. Urban
planning and development refers to a process that harnesses spatio-economic potential of an area
for the benefit of the people. Its scope ranges from a cluster & houses to the entire settlement and
beyond to a region and even the nation as a whole. Urban planning includes
preparation/rendering of:
(1) Master Plan,
(2) Perspective Plan,
(3) Development Plan,
(4) Annual Plan,
(5) Schemes and projects, and
(6) Participatory approach for supply of land and infrastructure
development (Verma, S.S.2008).
3.1. The Master Plan
The master plan, which was perceived to be process rather than a conclusive
statement, provides guidelines for the physical development of the city and guides people in
locating their investments in the city in short, Master Plan is a design for the physical, social,
economic and political frame work for the city, which greatly improve the quality of Urban
Government also.

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The functions of the Master Plan/Development plan are as follows:
(1) To guide development of a city in an orderly manner so as to improve the
quality of life of people,
(2) Organise and coordinate the complex relationships between urban land uses,
(3) Chart a course for growth and change, be responsive to change and
maintain its validity over time and space, and be subject to continual review,
(4) Direct the physical development of the city in relation to its social and economic
characteristics based on comprehensive surveys and studies on the present status
and the future growth prospects and
(5) Provide a resource mobilization plan for the proposed development works.
3.2. Perspective Structure Plan :
The long-term Perspective Structure Plan could be prepared by the MPCs broadly
indicating goals, policies and strategies for spatio-economic development of the urban
settlement. The perspective plan may include:
(1) Physical characteristics and natural resources,
(2) Direction and magnitude of growth and development-area and population
(Demography),
(3) Arterial/grid road network and mass transit corridors with modular
development block,
(4) Infrastructure network - water, sewage, drainage, roads, bus and truck
terminals, rail network, etc.
(5) Broad compatible and mixed land use packages and zones,
(6) Community open space system and organization of public spaces,
(7) Environmental conservation and preservation of areas of rchitectural, heritage
and economic logical importance,
(8) ajor issues and development constraints,
(9) Financial estimates and fund flow patterns, and
(10) Policy and plans of EWS housing.

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3.3. Infrastructure Development Plan :
Integrated infrastructure Development Plan should be prepared by ULBs in the
context of the approved Perspective Plan. The scope of the Plan should cover an assessment of
existing situation, prospect and priorities and development including employment generation
programs, economic base, transportation and land use, housing, and development, and
environmental improvement and conservation programs The development plan may include.
(1) Identification of gaps and shortcomings in the delivery of municipal
services,
(2) Identification of service and remunerative project and their
prioritization along with capital budgeting and investment
programmes; and
(3) Housing and land development programmes, including identification
of areas for residential and non-residential development of trunk
infrastructure.
3.4. Annual Plan :
Within the framework of Development Plan, Annual action plans for the urban
areas should be prepared by the ULBs specifying the proejcts and schemes with costing and cash
flow for both on-going and new projects. The Annual action plan should provide and in-built
system for implementation of the Development Plan. In this plan various urban development
schemes should be integrated spatially and financially. Annual plan may consist of - targets to be
achieved - physical and fiscal; fund flow; and Project design and specification, including tender
document for implementation.
3.5. Projects and Schemes :
As part of the Development plans and Action plans, projects and schemes within
towns/cities could be taken up for any area/activity related to housing, commercial centers,
industrial areas, social and cultural infrastructure, transport, environment, urban renewal etc. by
governmental bodies/local agencies / private sector and through public private-partnership. Such
projects could be both long-term and short term and in conformity with the development
requirements of the respective town/city.
3.6. Participatory Approach for Supply of Land and Infrastructural Development:
For the urban planning people participation for providing the private land for
development activities and society participation for creation of infrastructure mitigate the burden
on ULB.

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3.7. Stages of Urban Planning:
Urban areas face critical environmental problems which are manifested at the
time of crises. To avoid such occurrences the first requirement is quantification and "resources
potentiality", its availability and consumption in the urban areas which requires a comprehensive
urban information system (UIS) to be developed to cater to the development needs of the
growing urban areas.
* Thematic map preparation from satellite data using visual interpretation techniques,
* Generation of spatial framework in GIS environment for perspective and
development plans,
ROLE OF GIS FOR URBAN PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
* Integration of thematic maps using GIS techniques for urban sprawl analysis and
urban land use change analysis,
* Area required for urbanisation will be determined on the basis of population
projection of the city and its growth centers.
* Calculation of land requirements for urban development based on the carrying
capacity of the region,
* Projection urban land use suitability analysis,
* Urban environmental sensitivity analysis based upon both psychical as well as air
quality parameters, and
* Determination of composite functionality index to setup various amenities such as
educational, medical, recreational etc.
The urban planning needs a up-to-date database regarding the spatial distribution
and availability of resources, services, and land use pattern with the urban centre as well as
country side. The conventional method of survey and data collection i.e. ground survey is time
consuming, labour oriented costly and sometime inefficient too. Some times the data available
from the ground survey neither serve the purpose of analysis not become sufficient to
interpretation the problem which as under investigation. Now space technology provide a quick
efficient, cheap, unbiased, repetitive spatial data acquisition system through interpretation of
remotely sensed data products and computer assisted analytical tool (GIS) for analysis
superimposition and presentation of data which has been found to be a very useful and has a
potential to generate desired spatial database for analysis and planning of urban centres.
As regard urban data acquisition and analysis through remote sensing technique it
provides all the relevant information regarding spatial pattern of land use types, house types and

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their pattern, socio economic activities, urbanization and establishment, transport system, its
volume flow and temporal intensity at particular place, parking places open and recreational
spaces (parks, playground gardens, orchard etc) monitoring of trend of urban growth, urban
sprawl-its process and temporal dynamics, estimation dwelling units and population, urban land
use zoning, change detection, outcome of implementation of previous planning and so on. The
remotely sensed data able to provide the data of various physical and cultural elements which are
pre-requisite for the selection of the site for new urban centres. The data available from remote
sensing can be effectively use for operational development restorative and proper site of urban
centres as well as urban activities and services and infrastructure. A number of application of this
techniques have been developed so far, which for teh sake of convenience can be grouped into
following nine categories :
(1) Selection of proper site of new urban centres of location of niw
facilities and services for old urban centres,
(2) Urban land use classification, mapping, analysis, pattern and process
of changing land use pattern.
(3) Estimation of dwelling units and population of a particular locality
of a town or a whole town,
(4) Analysis of housing quality,
(5) Intensity, quality, movement process, a pattern of flow and parking
places,
(6) Engineering projects,
(7) Municipal inspection and monitoring, and
(8) Monitoring of change in physical cultural and environment elements,
and
(9) Outcome of the past decisions.
3.8. Surveys for Urban Planning :
The preparation of any plan for the development of urban area requires reliable
factual data regarding existing physical and social-economic conditions such as housing,
transport, industries, social services and recreational facilities. The process of collection such
data is called a planning survey, which consist of the following components -
(1) Preparation of Base Map,
(2) Existing land use survey,

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(3) Utilities and the Services survey,
(4) Community facilities survey, and
(5) Sample household survey for collecting essential data.
For the urban development plans the base maps are to be drown on large scale and
should show a physical topography, cultural features, administrative and planning boundaries.
The Aerial Photograph Remote Sensing Geographical Information System are very efficient tool
for making the base map, serve of existing land use, infrastructure and services, community
facilities and sample house hold survey.
3.9. GIS for Urban Planning & Management :
Preparation of exiting land use map, land use planning, projection of future
population and economic activities accordingly prescribing the zoning pattern transport
infrastructure and reservation of public amentias along with specification of development
controlled regulation are the essential elements of urban planning. Master plan or development
plan is end product the governs the future development of an urban area. Preparation of mater
plan for a specific urban centre or town or planning for specific micro areas in city are other
dimension of the urban planning.
3.9.1. Application of GIS:
On the basis of the experience in the use of GIS and remote sensing in urban
planning the following basis activities and recommended for wider adoption:
* Preparation of existing land-use map.
* Study of urban sprawl over a given time period to understand the underlying
driviforces,
* Assessment of land use conversion in different parts to help understanding of the
impact of the policies pursued.
* Land suitability analysis based on physical, environmental and accessibility parameter
to guide the selection process for opening the land for urban development,
* Accessibility analysis for proposed major development project like airport, growth
centre and stadium.
* Evaluation of public suggestions and objections on the draft planning proposals, and
* Publications of maps at various scales with relevant details.

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Besides the above listed primary tasks there are many other planning tasks that
can be gainfully dried out using GIS. Examining net density (density computed as ratio of
population and developable are in different parts for rational allocation of resources,
implementation of Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) guidelines and reviewing the development
status of reservations are some examples.
Manual survey to prepare the existing land-use map has been the traditional way.
This very first step in formulating the Plan takes considerable time and efforts, particularly, for
metropolitan cities and large towns. In the late 1980s, however, thanks to the advent of
Geographic Information System (GIS) technology and Remote Sensing technology, the process
of urban planning in India received a new impetus, Capturing the spatial details by remote
sensing, either by satellite imageries or aerial photographs and organizing some of the urban
planning activities outline above. Several such applications for a variety of towns and cities are
available.
3.9.2. GIS for Future Plan:
Development Plan or Master Plan for a given area is prepared for 15-20 year
period. Its review is usually made after say, 5 or 10 years after the sanction. Obviously, plan
preparation or its revision is not a frequent exercise. Nevertheless, the database organized under
GIS can prove useful for many allied urban planning and management activities as outline
below:
3.10. Infrastructure Planning:
Land-use plan identifies roads in different categories (e.g. arterial, major, highway
etc.) that are to be developed over the plan period. Next stage is to implement those proposals.
quite a few of the existing needs in the urban areas thus need widening. For all such road
network expansion work, land acquisition becomes critical. Ownership database under the GIS
would prove very handy in such matters. Moreover, use of innovative measures like Transfer of
Development Rights (TDR) and Accommodation Reservation (AR) for development of road and
other reservations can be evaluated in both visual and analytical terms by the standard GIS
utilities such as buffer generation, overlaying and clipping.
Planning for utilities like water supply, sewerage and storm water drain within the
framework of Development Plan is an equally important task. Augmentation of their capacities
in relation to the projected population and economic activities in different urban pockets is a
major responsibility of the urban local body. This gives rise to design challenge that can be
adequately addressed by GIS functions. Some of these provisions are made by other specialized
agencies like water supply and sewerage Board and sharing of GIS database by various
departments of a local body or with different agencies can therefore prove economical.

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Solid waste management in urban areas is emerging as a major issue. Identifying
new dumping sties, evaluating the residual potential of the existing sites, formulating of waste
collection and transportation strategies are some of the critical components of this task and GIS
can substantially assist in these activities.
3.10.1. Planning Disaster Mitigation Measures:
Natural disasters like earthquake, flood and fire and now man-made disasters like
building collapse due to faulty design and use of sub-standard material and terrorist attack can
paralyze the city life and economy to a large extent. Contingency planning is necessary to meet
such likely disasters. Appropriate spatial database showing the historic monuments, transport
terminals, office complexes and other important places and transport network in their vicinity
can help identifying the escape routes and rushing the relief measures by network analysis
utilities normally available in a standard GIS software package.
3.10.2. Urban Renewal Planning:
Presence of a large chunk of land under obsolete use is a common feature in big
towns and cities in India. Closing down of medium and large manufacturing units, textile mills
and market yards are such examples. GIS would facilitate assessment of redevelopment plans for
such areas keeping in view their citywide impact. In particular, planning the landscape and
visualising the effects of regeneration proposals would be simplified.
3.10.3. Planning of Urban Services:
Spread of computer and the use of the Internet are expected to increase in future
in our urban areas. Posting of planning information on suitable web site by the urban local
biddies would therefore become essential. Access to modern and responsive service will be the
demand of the urban residents in future. This can be initiated say be posting of Development
Plan, first at the draft stage and then after its sanction at a web site to facilitate wider
dissemination of information and public participation. On-line availability of planning proposal
details at survey number level would be a great service for all those concerned. Its scope could
be extended to issue on-line zone confirmation certificate. Wands worth Council in the United
Kingdom offers such services under its Pathfinder Project, for instance. (Visit
www.wandswoth.gov.uk/path-finder/for details). To drive all these applications GIS
applications, generally suffer from slow retrieval rate. To devise suitable schemes in this regard
is one challenging task and to incorporate local language query system module for those
applications is another need.
3.10.4. Interfacing with Expert Systems:
Scrutiny of development proposals under the Development Control Regulations
from one more aspect of urban planning. Automation of this time consuming process is

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extremely desirable. This can be attempted by constructing a suitable Expert System i.e. a
product of advanced researches in the computer field called Artificial Intelligence. Proposed
Expert System will have GIS database engine strong spatial and attribute data and Inference
Engine drawing upon the Development Control Regulations with suitable user-friendly front end
tool to examine the proposal and produce remarks on the basis of local interpretation of the rules
and regulations. Promotion of such efforts needs be done on a priority basis.
4. CONCULUSION:
Urban planning and development is a continuous process and involves planners,
administrators, developers, investors and of course, the residents. Their perceptions, expectations
and actions for complex analysis and rich envisioning capacity of GIS are found helpful to bring
in transparency in planning. It is therefore high time to consolidate on the reported gains of the
GIS application in urban planning. In other words, the urban planning authorities and agencies
should adopt standard usage described in this paper at the earliest. Necessary support for
acquiring hardware, software, database, creation and manpower training to the State agencies
and urban local bodies should therefore be provided. These bodies, for instance, should take
advantage of the GJIS and suitable guidelines can also help accelerating the use of GIS in urban
planning and management.
5. REFERENCES :
1. Partap, Rana (2008) : 'Use of Geomatics in Urban Development and Planning' in Yadav,
S.R.S. (edited)' Use of Geomatics in Urban Planning and
Management', P.G.Dept. of Geography, U.P.A. College, Varanasi,
pp. 22-29.
2. Tripathi, S.K.(2008) : 'Application of GIS for Urban Resource Management' in 'Use of
Geomatics in Urban Planning & Management' Op. Cit pp. 30-35.
3. Roy, P.N. (2008) : 'Application of Geomatics in Urban Planning and Transportation
System Management' in S.R.S. Yadav edited' Use of Geomatics in
Urban Planning & Management, Op. Cit. pp. 126-130.
4. Verma, S.S. (2008)s : 'Role of GIS for Urban Planning and Management' is S.S.S.
Yadav's edited, Op. Cit. pp. 13-21.
5. Yadav, S.M. (2008) : 'Urban Land use Planning through Geomatics' in S.R.S. Yadav's
edited Op. Cit. pp. 161-169.
6. Yadav, Ram Bilas(2008): 'GIS and Urban Planning is S.R.S. Yadav's edited Op. Cit. pp. 208-
220.

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