4. Introduction, The need for urban planning
A. Because of Interconnectedness and
complexity of urban areas
B. Scarce resource
C. Health & Safety
D. Equity
E. Adaptability
F. Conflict resolution
G. Guidance
5. A. Interconnectedness and complexity
The ‘development process’ in urban areas has to be influenced by urban planning
because it has
interconnectedness and
complexity in its components.
6. A. Interconnectedness and complexity
today population is large and technology is complex
producing many at the same time complex sectors (service, manufacturing &
industry, trade and urban agriculture)
This means
and decision in one sector affects many other sectors requiring urban planning
interventions.
7. A. Interconnectedness and complexity
Sample illustration of interconnectedness, adapted from Levy (20
08)
Few
hectares of
land
Character
of the
area
shaped
Walk through (traffic)
Drive through (traffic)
Who lives in (housing)
Kind of jobs generated (economy)
Natural environment
Social Services
Education
health
Police
Fire protection
Recreation
Decision
to develop affects
8. A. Interconnectedness and complexity
The high level of
interconnectedness between different
sectors also require ‘systems that
span many communities urban
planning interventions.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
9. B. Scarce resource
The market cannot be trusted to produce rational and
efficient land use system
Urban land is a scarce resource and needs stewardship
to balance the claim of one interest group against
another by urban planning.
This avoids economic, social, environmental and
physical chaos/disorder.
10. C. Health & Safety
Planning sets rules and standards
Limit overcrowding
Sets level for adequacy and capacity
of utilities (access to health institution,
pure water……)
construction regulations
Rules for environmental degradation
11. D. Equity
Planning sets the stage for equitable distribution
of resources which means it
Avoids privilege and exclusion between the
society /regardless of race, age, gender, social
status/ regarding access to urban resources
specially land /spatial inequalities
12. E. Adaptability
Establish regulations and controls to
adapt to urban development and its
consequences
E.g. adapting the new expansion
environment of the city because of
social disconnection like community
organization Idir, Mahiber, equb
13. F. Conflict resolution
Resolve conflicts between competing objectives and uses through control and
regulatory framework
E.g. the conflict between Residence and industries
14. G. Guidance
Direct the development
and growth of urban centers
in efficient way
‘a key role of the planning system is to
enable the provision of homes and
buildings, investment and jobs in
such a way which is consistent with
the principles of sustainable
development. It needs to be positive in
promoting competitiveness while being
protective towards the environment and
amenity.
(DTLR quoted in Syms Paul,2007)
17. Urban planning classification
Major planning type
A. Master planning (MP)
B. Structural planning (SP)
C. Strategic planning (St.P)
D. Local Development planning (LDP)
18. A. Master Plan
Started in the early 1940s
Grand/ large plans in scale
In preparation few selected participate (elite based)
It doesn’t give room for abuse/corruption.
Are Static: difficult to change on demand
Statutory /backed by law/
Addis Ababa Master plan(Greenery)
19. A. Master Plan
Comprehensive Planning of the urban physical pattern: Land
use ,road networks and transportation routes of cities
Three important factors of this planning type are
Inclusion of all land area subject to the planning or
regulatory jurisdiction
Inclusion of all subject matter related to the development
of the city
A long time horizon above 20 years
20. B. Structural plan
Structural planning
Also called ‘guide planning’ or ‘framework planning’
is a framework to guide the future development including
land use patterns,
areas of open space,
infrastructure
transportation links
socio-economic
housing development
urban redevelopment
environmental
industry zone
21. B. Structural plan
Structural planning
Comprehensiveness; cover the whole area of the urban center
Long term perspective; contain time horizon(10-20 year)
Not static, Dynamic, Flexible can be updated on demand
Efficient, effective and realistic
Participation and equitable
LDP of Dejach Wube Sefer(Taye,2019)
22. B. Structural plan
Structural planning
Comprise one or more maps, plans or diagrammatic representations of the
proposed layout, features, character and links for areas
The maps or plans not detail
The maps, plans or representations are usually supported by text
23. C. Strategic planning
It is an instrument of managing changes through the following three steps
i. Diagnosis: Analysis the existing situation
ii. Vision: Identify where we wish to be in the future
iii. Strategies: How to get /arrive to the defined vision
24. C. Strategic planning
Realistic not idealistic
It plans the future
Adaptable to changes: modification
Participation, bargaining, share decision making
Includes not only physical planning but also urban development management
more typically 3-5 years
25. D. Local Development planning
Statutory or non-statutory planning
Deal with detail planning issues (2D/3D)
zooms out the general structure plan
Based on area specific policies such as:
a. upgrading,
b. renewal,
c. new land development and
d. conservation areas
26. D. Local Development planning
medium term development 5-10 years. It indicate
Zoning the use types, building height and density
Local streets and layout of basic infrastructure
Organization of transportation system
Housing typology and neighborhood organization
Green space ,open space ,water bodies
proposals of key socio-economic measures,
Implementation strategies, regulations,
Standards & norms LDP of Dejach Wube Sefer(Taye,2019)
27. What is City plan?
It is an instrument with which urban planning can
identify a decision and thus
intervene in the development process
It is an organized way of
Finding city’s needs
Creating vision
Setting goals and objectives
Lecorbusier, plan
New York city plan
28. Who makes city plan?
Governing body
initiating the planning process
Approving the plan
Planning commission
Organizing the process
Putting ideas in to plan
Citizens/ community
Initiating the planning process
Participation
Stakeholders
participation
29. • Initiating the
planning process
•participation
Planning commission
Planning organization
Appoint
Governing body
•Decision to plan
•Commit resources
Hire
planning staff or
consultant
Citizens/
community stakeholders
The city plan
•participation
•Organizing the process
•Putting ideas in to plans
30. Who makes the city plan?
Main purposes of the plan commission Establish a planning process
Draft city /town/ community plan for future development
Prepare rules & regulations
on the use of land and subdivision
on new development proposals
Exhibit and explain the plan;
the land use regulations;
the impacts of the proposed development
31. Who makes the city plan?
Main purposes of the professional planner
Gather, Analyze and interpret data
Organize and facilitate meetings
Compile, organize and analyze comments from meetings
Project current trends and develop alternative scenarios
Turn decisions in to a plan document
32. Who makes the city plan?
Main purposes of the professional planner
Making plan document accessible and meaningful to the public
Preparing and publishing the final plan
Educating government officials and the public about the plan
Involves monitoring and implementation
33. Who approves the city plan?
Planning
commission
Planning
organization
Governing
body
community
Approve
Proposed
plan
disapprove
Suggest changes
The governing body , the community or both
approve the plan
35. Approaches to the planning process
There are five approaches
1. Vision driven
2. Goal driven
3. Trend driven
4. Opportunity driven
5. Issue driven
36. Vision driven
• Setting overarching goal that controls the whole
process
• In preparing plans sticking to a single approaches
oversimplifies the planning process.
• Therefore it is important to blend two or more of the
approaches to meet specific planning needs
37. Goal driven
Establishes long range goals
The goals guide the rest of the planning process
The goals based on public participation
goals framed by planning body or governing body
Establishing long range goals is complex requiring sophisticated
management
38. Trend driven
Projecting population and land use trends in to future
Use this projection for planning
Technical not participatory
Trends are not reliable they may change
Thus not an ideal approach as core planning process
Useful point of reference for other planning approaches
39. Opportunity driven
Assessing future based on opportunities, strengths and constraints
Based on citizen participation
40. Issue driven
Identification of critical issues and focusing planning efforts
on these issues
Broadly participatory
E.g supply of water vs electricity/road
42. The planning process
The planning process has four steps
A. Initial phase
B. Preliminary phase
C. Decision phase
D. Follow-up phase
43. A. Initial phase
Decision to plan and commit resources
Information gathering such as qualitative and quantitative inventory
/survey of
land uses
Infrastructure
Economic base
Population
Natural environment
44. B. Preliminary phase
Identification of what changes should occur and what should stay the same
Trend analysis / population, land use
Problem identification
Problem analysis
SWOT analysis
Development of goals and objectives
Public involvement
Vision: set of ideas how the community should change
45. C. Decision Phase
Identification of alternative solutions
Selection of solution and plan of action
Approval
Implementation
46. D. Follow up Phase
Monitoring and feedback
Benchmarking/standared: setting measurable targets such as
• land supply,
• road improvement,
• number of jobs
Assess the progress toward the benchmarks
Adjustment of solution
47. Information resources for planning
Human resources
Community volunteers tell us about realities of local situation
Published data
Census results
• Population, family income, housing
Health statistics: Births ,deaths etc
Education
Business activity
• Resources
• Environmental quality
48. Information resources for planning
Visual data
Areal photographs
Google earth maps
Base maps
housing
Land use
Community facilities
Transportation
Flood prone areas
Soils
topography