Participation in the Era of digital Innovation.pdf

Participation in the Era of (digital)
Innovation
Dr.-Ing Mennatullah Hendawy, PhD, MSc., BSc.
University of Duisburg-Essen
2023

Day 1 - Agenda
● Assignment 1 discussion
● What's the difference between invention and innovation?
● The Innovation Cycle
● Four types of innovation
● Open innovation
● Exercise 1: why and why not open innovation
● The Essential Eight emerging technologies
● Citizen participation
● Typologies of citizen participation
● Exercise 2: Linking the essential 8 with the ladder of citizen participation
● Wisdom of the crowd
● Participation in Practice
● Political innovation
● Social innovation meets politics
● Exercise 3: Examples of innovation tools

💡 What's the difference between invention and
innovation?

innovation?
Invention refers to the
creation of a brand new
product or device.
Conversely, innovation is an
act of making changes to the
existing product or the
process by introducing new
ways or ideas.
https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-invention-and-innovation.html

innovation?
Invention refers to the
creation of a brand new
product or device.
Conversely, innovation is an
act of making changes to the
existing product or the
process by introducing new
ways or ideas.
https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-invention-and-innovation.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oD7X3KvJAVk

The Innovation Cycle (2 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgDRAqiMP5Q

Four types of innovation (around 10 mins)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4K5KQ--F9I
you can watch later ( around 3 mins) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4wHoClTiPoI
Image source: https://www.freshconsulting.com/insights/blog/the-4-types-of-innovation/

Open innovation
Open innovation is a term used to
promote an information age mindset
toward innovation that runs counter
to the secrecy and silo mentality of
traditional corporate research labs.
Source wikipedia
The term open innovation means a
situation where an organisation
doesn’t just rely on their own internal
knowledge, sources and resources
(such as their own staff or R&D for
example) for innovation (of products,
services, business models,
processes etc.) but also uses
multiple external sources (such as
customer feedback, published
patents, competitors, external
agencies, the public etc.) to drive
innovation.
Source: https://oxford-review.com/oxford-
review-encyclopaedia-
terms/encyclopaedia-open-innovation-
definition-
explanation/#:~:text=The%20term%20open

Watch later - 19 mins
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7raJeMpyM0

Why and why not ‘Open innovation’ - group exercise -
10 mins
Group B
Open Innovation
Generates Great
Ideas, So Why
Aren’t Companies
Adopting Them?
https://hbr.org/2017/12/open-innovation-
generates-great-ideas-so-why-arent-
companies-adopting-
them?ab=at_art_art_1x4_s01
Group A
Why Now Is the
Time for “Open
Innovation”
https://hbr.org/2020/06/why-now-is-the-
time-for-open-innovation

The Essential Eight emerging technologies
https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/technology/essential-eight-technologies.html/
Essential Eight Convergence
The convergence of these technologies is
unlocking the next wave of innovation,
yielding new business solutions that are
greater than the sum of their parts. The
convergence of emerging technologies will
multiply our capacity to work better, smarter
and more seamlessly through technology.

The Essential Eight emerging technologies / sector
applications
Source: Helen Du https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/inundated-hundreds-emerging-technologies-what-essential-helen-du/

Beginning in the 1960s, the conception of
participation has primarily developed
under several narratives (Strokosch and
Osborne, 2019, p. 1), in which participation
has often been promoted as a means to
increase democracy, improve services,
and encourage innovation (Hoffmann,
2012; Strokosch and Osborne, 2019).
It was Arnstein, an urban redevelopment
specialist, who ignited a movement
towards citizen and public participation and
framed it in her Ladder of Citizen
Engagement (Arnstein, 1969).
Generally, literature portrays citizen
participation as a crucial aspect of
formulating policy and decision-making
(Fitzgerald et al., 2016). Moreover, several
scholars over the years have emphasised
the central role of citizen participation in a
democratic society, such as Berlin (1969)
and Popper (2005).
Source: https://www.commonplace.is/blog/arnsteins-ladder-of-citizens-participation-explained aand text from Hendawy (in progress), Citizen

Typologies of citizen participation
Hirt, S.A., 2005. Planning the post-communist city: Experiences from Sofia. International Planning Studies, 10(3-4), pp.219-240.

Important reading
Arnstein, S.R., 1969. A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American
Institute of planners, 35(4), pp.216-224.

http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.s.tourism.201304.04.html
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Towards-a-Typology-of-Community-Participation-in-Tosun/bac7f52673b9979ac4f24d8b503efe8b146b3e6e

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332301811_Potential_tourism_development_for_whale_shark_Rhincodon_typus_watching_in_eastern_Indonesia

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258807063_An_Environmental_Policy_Decision_Making_Model_Under_Direct_Democracy_Procedures

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228448459_From_Conflict_to_Ownership_Participatory_Approaches_to_the_Re-integration_of_Ex-
Combatants_in_Sierra_Leone

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228448459_From_Conflict_to_Ownership_Participatory_Approaches_to_the_Re-integration_of_Ex-
Combatants_in_Sierra_Leone/figures?lo=1

Exercise
● Allocate the Essential 8 emerging
technologies to the ladder of
participation
- Depending on the use
- What are the limitations? What is Capacity of the
technology/ innovation?
- What can the technology do ?
- Importance of having an interdisciplinary team to
really understand what the tool can do ?
Group 1
1. Ai > Informing (as the easiest way to use it)
2. Ar > not discussed
3. block chain
4. Drones
5. VR
6. 3d Printing
7. Iot
8. Robots
Group 2
1. Ai > Consult (depending on the technical system)
2. Ar > not discussed / inform/ consult/ involve
3. block chain
4. Drones > non-participation?
5. VR > depends , maybe in the middle and has
potential to go higher
6. 3d Printing
7. Iot

Guenduez, A.A., Singler, S., Tomczak, T., Schedler, K. and Oberli, M., 2018. Smart government success factors. Yearbook of Swiss
Administrative Sciences, 9(1), pp.96-110.
smart government takes advantage of the
opportunities offered by ICT, connecting and
integrating physical, digital, public, and
private environments
(Scholl & Scholl 2014) to passively and
actively interact and collaborate with
citizens (Guenduez et al. 2017)
so as to better understand their needs and
to creatively, effectively, and efficiently
provide services at any time (even
predictively) and anywhere (Gil-Garcia,
Zhang & Puron-Cid 2016; Schedler 2018).
Smart governments and participation

Important note
There are many more typologies and ladders builds on Arnstein work (or other
work)
There are many more typologies and ladders in different sectors: participation in
administration, …etc
There are many more typologies and ladders regarding the participation of
different groups: children, women ..etc,

Wisdom of the crowd
The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few and How
Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies and Nations,
published in 2004, is a book written by James Surowiecki about the aggregation of
information in groups, resulting in decisions that, he argues, are often better than
could have been made by any single member of the group. The book presents
numerous case studies and anecdotes to illustrate its argument, and touches on
several fields, primarily economics and psychology.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wisdom_of_Crowds

Surowiecki breaks down the advantages he sees in disorganized decisions into three main types, which he classifies
as
Cognition
Thinking and information processing, such as market judgment, which he argues can be much faster, more
reliable, and less subject to political forces than the deliberations of experts or expert committees.
Coordination
Coordination of behavior includes optimizing the utilization of a popular bar and not colliding in moving traffic flows.
The book is replete with examples from experimental economics, but this section relies more on naturally occurring
experiments such as pedestrians optimizing the pavement flow or the extent of crowding in popular restaurants. He
examines how common understanding within a culture allows remarkably accurate judgments about specific
reactions of other members of the culture.
Cooperation
How groups of people can form networks of trust without a central system controlling their behavior or directly
enforcing their compliance. This section is especially pro free market.
Wisdom of the crowd - Types of crowd wisdom

Not all crowds (groups) are wise. Consider, for example, mobs or crazed investors in a stock market bubble. According
to Surowiecki, these key criteria separate wise crowds from irrational ones:
Based on Surowiecki's book, Oinas-Kukkonen[4] captures the wisdom of crowds approach with the following eight
conjectures:
1. It is possible to describe how people in a group think as a whole.
2. In some cases, groups are remarkably intelligent and are often smarter than the smartest people in them.
3. The three conditions for a group to be intelligent are diversity, independence, and decentralization.
4. The best decisions are a product of disagreement and contest.
5. Too much communication can make the group as a whole less intelligent.
6. Information aggregation functionality is needed.
7. The right information needs to be delivered to the right people in the right place, at the right time, and in the
right way.
8. There is no need to chase the expert.
Wisdom of the crowd - Five elements required to form
a wise crowd

Around 3 min
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOucwX7Z1H

Criteria Description
Diversity of opinion Each person should have private information even if it is just an eccentric interpretation of the known facts. (Chapter
2)
Independence People's opinions are not determined by the opinions of those around them. (Chapter 3)
Decentralization People are able to specialize and draw on local knowledge. (Chapter 4)
Aggregation Some mechanism exists for turning private judgements into a collective decision. (Chapter 5)
Trust Each person trusts the collective group to be fair. (Chapter 6)
Wisdom of the crowd - Five elements required to form
a wise crowd

Wisdom of the crowd - Failures of crowd intelligence

Wisdom of the crowd - in relation to majority rule?

Participation in Practice (around 9 mins)

Extrs links
https://360participation.com/models-of-participation/

Open innovation, like citizen participation,
goes outside the boundaries of the organization
to find solutions to problems and to hand ideas
off to partners.
Seltzer, E. and Mahmoudi, D., 2013. Citizen participation, open innovation, and crowdsourcing: Challenges and opportunities for planning.
Journal of Planning Literature, 28(1), pp.3-18.

What is political participation? (around 5 mins)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHe6TMMJmDQ

Political innovation
“Anything that contributes to solving a problem is innovation. That can be rethinking stakeholder roles,
rethinking how to shape governance, how to shape framework conditions. These are actually the
innovations that, in my opinion, really bring about change.
For example, if you look at what has been done in Vienna in recent years for resilience against climate
change. The ideas were not new: planting trees, vertical gardening, cool streets … but the administrative-
political setting that made these measures possible was innovative. For me, innovation in governance is
the level of action if you are interested in results and not in innovation as an end in itself.”
Roland Hackl, Project Manager tbw research
Winner of the 2020 Innovation in Politics Awards with the project RemiHub
https://innovationinpolitics.eu/what-is-political-innovation-11-experts-share-their-perspective/

Political innovation
Ilhan Kyuchyuk, MEP, President of the Youth Movement for Rights and Freedoms (Bulgaria)
Finalist of the 2017 Innovation in Politics Awards with the Project Res Exposures prepared by the
children of Sevlievo
“We need strong innovation in politics because I see it as a visionary exercise. If we want to go forward
with our plans, we certainly need a strong vision which can only be built on democracy, respecting
human rights, respecting each other’s opinion, unity, and diversity, with strong participation of the
citizens to constantly create this environment of democratic legitimacy.”
https://innovationinpolitics.eu/what-is-political-innovation-11-experts-share-their-perspective/

https://emergenciapolitica.org/en/latin-america/political-innovation/

Challenges of political innovation
https://emergenciapolitica.org/en/latin-america/political-innovation/

Social innovation meets politics
Social innovation initiatives aiming to improve the way we meet social
needs have traditionally stopped short of direct political engagement.
However, to counter trends like increasing polarisation, right-wing populism, social
inequality and authoritarianism, new political innovation initiatives are doing just
that.
https://www.hertie-school.org/en/news/news/detail/content/social-innovation-meets-politics

Social and political change interrelated
In Germany, the non-profit organisation JoinPolitics seeks and supports talents with innovative ideas
across the political spectrum to find solutions to mounting threats against democratic principles of justice,
equality, representation and civic participation.
Another non-profit, Brand New Bundestag, uses grassroots mobilisation to support progressive social
policy-making and the campaigns of political candidates who promote marginalised communities’
interests.
These are just two examples of what the authors call political innovation, which they define as the
citizen-led practice of diagnosing problems in the political system and collectively working toward solutions
to strengthen and revitalise democracy.

“The term political innovation encourages us to think of social and political
change as interrelated,” says Johanna Mair.
“The field leverages the tools of social innovation like grassroots organising
to impact economic and political life. Though approaches to pro-democratic
work like political activism and political entrepreneurship are nothing new,
political innovators take them a step further, trying to reform the political
system from within by, for instance, supporting young political talents or
crowdsourcing solutions to political problems.”

According to the authors, there are three central actors in political innovation: innovators,
orchestrators and enablers.
1. Innovators assume responsibility for, develop, and introduce solutions that correspond with
democratic principles;
2. orchestrators build and coordinate the field of political innovation;
3. and enablers provide the financial resources.
While the work of these actors takes different forms, activities and practices, the researchers
define three main areas: citizens, leaders and political structures. Citizen-focused work mobilises
citizens who are or feel left out of the political system. Leader-focused work scouts and reaches
out to politically underrepresented groups through training and support activities. Lastly, structure-
focused work targets policies that do not sufficiently address democracy-related problems and
aims to change both rules in public administrations and laws at the regional and national levels.

The authors note that the rise of political innovation initiatives both
> testifies to societies’ fear of losing democracy
> and shows a willingness to improve the system constructively.
“Political innovation aims to redefine political responsibility by rendering ‘the
social’ political and ‘the political’ social.
Its protagonists know that social change requires political change, and the urgency
they attribute to rescuing and rejuvenating democracy is manifested in their work,”
says Mair.

The
Socio-technical
Socio-political
Thinking about

Examples of innovation tools
● Open Innovation -> like France’s hackathons on taxation
● Use of emerging technologies -> like Plastic Pirates in Europe
Example MIT Hackathon https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6-JhKUkupY

Day 1 - Agenda / wrap up
● Assignment 1 discussion
● What's the difference between invention and innovation?
● The Innovation Cycle
● Four types of innovation
● Open innovation
● Exercise 1: why and why not open innovation
● The Essential Eight emerging technologies
● Citizen participation
● Typologies of citizen participation
● Exercise 2: Linking the essential 8 with the ladder of citizen participation
● Wisdom of the crowd
● Participation in Practice
● Political innovation
● Social innovation meets politics
● Exercise 3: Examples of innovation tools

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