Filters PPT.pptx
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This document discusses characteristics of T-network, π-network, and constant-k low pass filters. It defines that the characteristic impedance of a T-network is the product of its open and short circuit impedances, and for a π-network the characteristic impedance equals the geometric mean of its open and short circuit impedances. It also introduces the propagation constant γ, which represents attenuation and phase for a filter network. Finally, it notes that a constant-k low pass filter has a T or π network where the reactances Z1 and Z2 satisfy the relation Z1Z2 = k2.
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clipboard_e459a77cb1196c9d7559c1b3c74a1364a.png
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Richards’s transformation is a remarkable scheme that takes into account the actual properties of transmission lines, yielding broadband transmission line-based implementations of lumped-element filter prototypes [12, 13, 14, 15].
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Consider a section of transmission line of electrical length θ
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Now examine two extreme conditions. As the load impedance increases, eventually becoming an open circuit, the input impedance of a line with electrical length θ
is defined in terms of a cotangent of the electrical length:
ZL→∞⇒Zin(θ)Yin(θ)=Z0ȷcot(θ)=ȷY0tan(θ)(2.12.3)(2.12.4)
As the load impedance reduces to become a short circuit, the input impedance of a line with electrical length θ
is defined in terms of a tangent of the electrical length:
ZL→0⇒Zin(θ)=ȷZ0tan(θ)(2.12.5)
These results lead to the Richards’s transformation, which replaces the Laplace variable, s
, by Richards’s variable, S
, where S=ȷαtan(θ)
. This transformation is written
s→S=ȷαtan(θ)(2.12.6)
For now α
and θ
are constants that can be chosen as design variables. θ
, of course, is the electrical length of the line. Also, α
must have the units of impedance and it is the characteristic impedance of the transmission line.
Applying the Richards’s transformation to a capacitor, the admittance of the element is transformed as follows:
y=sC→Y=SC=ȷαCtan(θ)(2.12.7)
so that the capacitor is transformed into an open-circuited stub with characteristic admittance
Y0=αC(2.12.8)
If a lumped-element capacitor with admittance y=sC
is to be realized using a transmission line, the admittance Y=SC=ȷαCtan(θ)
is instead realized. There are two parameters to select to realize this admittance. The first, α
, is the characteristic admittance of the transmission line (and for any given transmission line topology there is a minimum and maximum characteristic admittance or impedance that can be realized), and θ
is the electrical length of the line.
Applying the transformation to an inductor, the impedance of the element is transformed as follows:
Z=sL→Z=SL=ȷαLtan(θ)(2.12.9)
clipboard_e459a77cb1196c9d7559c1b3c74a1364a.png
Figure 2.12.1
: Equivalences resulting from Richards’s transformation. With fr=2f0
the transmission line stubs are one-eighth wavelength long at f0
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so that the inductor is transformed into a short-circuited stub with characteristic impedance
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This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts related to sinusoidal steady-state analysis including phasors, impedance, admittance, and their applications. The key topics covered are:
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3) Definition of impedance as the ratio of voltage to current and how to combine impedances in series and parallel
4) Definition of admittance as the reciprocal of impedance and its components of conductance and susceptance
5) Examples of calculating impedance and admittance for circuits containing resistors, inductors, and capacitors.
Unit5 , LC Networks and Filters
Standard T, π, L Sections, Characteristic impedance, image transfer constants, Design of
Attenuators, impedance matching network, T and π Conversion, LC Networks and Filters:
Properties of LC Networks, Foster’s Reactance theorem, design of constant K, LP, HP and
BP Filters, Composite filter design
PPT N(1).pptx
This document discusses differential equations and linear algebra topics including RLC circuits and pendulums. It provides details on RLC circuits such as their components, applications as filters and oscillators, and an example using values in a circuit calculation. It also briefly describes pendulum oscillation between potential and kinetic energy. The conclusion recaps that an RLC circuit connects the resistor, inductor and capacitor in parallel to an AC source, and discusses voltage and impedance across the components.
2. ELECTRICAL NETWORK_ UNIT 2_chandra Shekhar K
1. The document discusses various analog communication concepts including resonance circuits, filters, attenuators, and equalizers.
2. Resonance occurs when the capacitive and inductive reactances are equal, resulting in maximum current. Filters are used to pass or reject certain frequency bands.
3. Attenuators are used to reduce signal levels by a known amount and equalizers are used to counteract attenuation or phase distortion in circuits.
protection of transmission lines[distance relay protection scheme]
The document discusses various aspects of transmission line protection including classification of transmission lines, types of faults, protection schemes, requirements of distance protection, over current protection, phase comparison protection, and distance protection schemes. It also covers autoreclose philosophy, power swings, fuse failure function, and other protection functions.
Frequency Response.pptx
The document discusses transistor frequency response. It begins by explaining how capacitive elements affect frequency response at low and high frequencies. It then covers topics like natural logarithms, semi-log graphs, decibels, and how gain is expressed in decibels. General considerations for frequency response like cutoff frequencies are described. The effects of capacitors like CC, CE and CS on low frequency response are analyzed. Similar analyses are provided for low frequency response in BJT and FET amplifiers.
Filters
This presentation summarizes different types of filters. It introduces passive LC filters, active-RC filters, and switched-capacitor filters. It describes the transfer function of filters and defines poles and zeros. It also discusses Butterworth and Chebyshev filters, and their characteristics. First-order and second-order filter functions are explained. Finally, it presents the Antoniou inductance-simulation circuit and its input impedance analysis.
ACTIVE_FILTERS.pptx
This document discusses different types of filter responses including low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters. It defines key terms like passband, cutoff frequency, and quality factor. It also covers active filters, filter order, and different approximations for filter design including Butterworth and Chebyshev approximations. The Butterworth filter has a maximally flat passband while the Chebyshev filter trades off ripples in the passband for a steeper roll-off in the transition region.
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学校原版美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书原版一模一样
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
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5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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一比一原版(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证如何办理
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Filters PPT.pptx
- 2. T- Network Characteristic Impedance for a T network is Z0T = Open-circuit impedance Zoc = Short-circuit impedance Zsc = Z0T = 𝑍𝑜𝑐 ∗ 𝑍𝑠𝑐
- 3. π- Network Characteristic Impedance for a π network is Z0π = Open-circuit impedance Zoc = Short-circuit impedance Zsc = Z0π = 𝑍𝑜𝑐 ∗ 𝑍𝑠𝑐
- 4. Propagation Constant The propagation constant γ of the network in the figure is
- 6. By equating both the characteristic impedance equations
- 9. CHARACTERISTIC OF FILTERS • A filter transmits or passes a desired range of frequencies without loss and attenuates all undesired frequencies. • The propagation constant γ = α + jβ • Where α is the attenuation constant and β is the phase constant. We know that
- 14. CONSTANT-k LOW PASS FILTER • A T or p network is said to be of the constant k type if Z1 and Z2 are opposite types of reactances satisfying the relation Z1Z2 = k2