File handling in input and output
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The document discusses file handling in input and output in Java. It explains that the Java IO package contains classes needed to perform input and output operations. There are input streams and output streams that represent sources and destinations. Input streams are used to read data from a source, while output streams write data to a destination. Character streams handle 16-bit Unicode characters and the most common are FileReader and FileWriter, which read and write two bytes at a time.
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Scheduling is a method used to allocate computing resources like processor time, bandwidth, and memory to processes, threads, and applications. It aims to balance system load, ensure equal distribution of resources, and prioritize processes according to set rules. There are different types of scheduling including long-term, medium-term, and short-term scheduling. Scheduling algorithms decide which process from the ready queue is allocated the CPU based on whether the policy is preemptive or non-preemptive. Common algorithms include first-come first-served, shortest job first, priority scheduling, and round-robin scheduling.
Instruction codes
An instruction code consists of an operation code and operand(s) that specify the operation to perform and data to use. Operation codes are binary codes that define operations like addition, subtraction, etc. Early computers stored programs and data in separate memory sections and used a single accumulator register. Modern computers have multiple registers for temporary storage and performing operations faster than using only memory. Computer instructions encode an operation code and operand fields to specify the basic operations to perform on data stored in registers or memory.
Data storage and indexing
1) Databases organize and store data efficiently using a storage hierarchy including cache, main memory, magnetic disks, optical disks, and tapes. Magnetic disks are commonly used secondary storage.
2) Indexing and file structures like B+ trees are data structures that allow efficient retrieval of records from database files based on indexed attributes. B+ trees in particular provide fast traversal and searching through a balanced tree structure.
3) RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) uses multiple disks together to provide increased performance, redundancy, or both through techniques like disk striping and mirroring.
Research Methodology
This document provides information about research methodology. It begins by defining what research is, noting that research is a systematic process of finding answers to questions through a search for truth and new knowledge. The document then discusses what can be classified as research through some examples. It also covers the research process, which involves defining the problem, reviewing literature, formulating objectives and hypotheses, designing the methodology, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Additional topics covered include the purpose of reviewing literature, identifying a research problem, and recording literature through source cards and note cards.
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