This document discusses various topics related to file and database management including: - The definition of data processing and the two types of data access: sequential and direct. - The four types of data management: data definition, data manipulation, queries/application generators, and report generators. - Database management systems (DBMS) and examples of their applications. - The three phases of database design: conceptual, logical, and physical.

2.  ASAD AHMED

3. FILE AND DATA BASE
MANAGEMENT

4. • Manipulation of data by a computer. It
includes the conversion of raw data to
machine-readable form, flow of data through
the CPU and memory to output devices, and
formatting or transformation of output. There
are two types of data processing.
• Sequential Access
• Direct Access

5. • Finding a specific record by using sequential access
starting with the first record and looking at each
consecutive record in file until the specific record is
found.
• In computer storage, direct access is the ability to
obtain data from a storage device by going directly to
where it is physically located on the device rather
than by having to sequentially look for the data at
one physical location after another.

6. • Data management comprises all the disciplines
related to managing data as a valuable resource.
There are four types of data management:
• Data definition
• Data manipulation
• Queries and application generators
• Report generators

7. • the quantities, characters, or symbols on which operations
are performed by a computer, which may be stored and
transmitted in the form of electrical signals and recorded
on magnetic, optical, or mechanical recording media.
• the process of taking data and manipulating it in a method
to be easier read or organized. For example, a log of data
entries could be organized in alphabetical order, making it
easier to view and find information. Data manipulation is
also often done with web server logs to allow a website
owner to view their most popular pages are and traffic
sources.

8. • Create nearly any query yourself that can quickly answer
questions arising in your company. Access all the data in
the database and evaluate it according to your needs.
Create individual report forms using the simple query
syntax.
• Software that generates application programs from
descriptions of the problem rather than by traditional
programming. It is at a higher level and easier to use than
a high-level programming language such as C/C++ or
COBOL. One statement or descriptive line may generate a
huge routine or an entire program. Generators used for
complex program development allow if-then-else
programming to be expressed along with the simpler
descriptive of the inputs and required outputs.

9. • An application which allows users to create reports
by choosing the information to be included, and
presenting it in the desired format. Such programs,
for instance, can access a database for material to be
inserted into charts or graphs, automate many
processes such as the placement of images and page
headers and footers, and present the final output in
a format, such as PDF, which is portable. Once a
presentation is prepared, subsequent presentations
can be automatically generated, for instance, by
inserting updated data. Also called report writer.

10. • A database management system (DBMS) is a collection
of programs that enables you to store, modify, and
extract information from a database. There are many
different types of DBMSs, ranging from small systems
that run on personal computers to huge systems that
run on mainframes. The following are examples of
database applications:
• computerized library systems
• automated teller machines
• flight reservation systems
• computerized parts inventory systems

11. • The database design phase is divided into three steps:
• - conceptual database design
• - logical database design
• - physical database design
• In the conceptual database design phase, the model of the data to be used
independent of all physical considerations is to be constructed. The model is based
on the requirements specification of the system.
• In the logical database design phase, the model of the data to be used is based on
a specific data model, but independent of a particular database management
system is constructed. This is based on the target data model for the database e.g.
relational data model.
• In the physical database design phase, the description of the implementation of
the database on secondary storage is created. The base relations, indexes, integrity
constraints, security, etc. are defined using the SQL language.

12. • When dealing with networking, you may hear the terms "network
model" and "network layer" used often. Network models define a
set of network layers and how they interact. There are several
different network models depending on what organization or
company started them. The most important two are:
• The TCP/IP Model - This model is sometimes called the DOD model
since it was designed for the department of defense It is also called
the internet model because TCP/IP is the protocol used on the
internet.
• OSI Network Model - The International Standards Organization
(ISO) has defined a standard called the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) reference model. This is a seven layer
architecture listed in the next section.

13. • The most common type of hypermedia is an image
link. Photos or graphics on the Web are often linked
to other pages. For example, clicking a small
"thumbnail" image may open a larger version of the
picture in a new window. Clicking a promotional
graphic may direct you to an advertiser's website.
Flash animations and videos can also be turned into
hyperlinks by embedding one or more links that
appear during playback.

14. • The relational model is the conceptual basis of
relational databases. Proposed by E.F. Codd in
1969, it is a method of structuring data using
relations, which are grid-like mathematical
structures consisting of columns and rows. Codd
proposed the relational model for IBM, but he
had no idea how extremely vital and influential
his work would become as the basis of relational
databases. Most of us are very familiar with the
physical manifestation of a relation in a database
- it's called a table.

15.  EDUCATION
 PUBLIC HEALTH
 LAW ENFORCEMENT
 AUTOMOTIVE REPAIR
 LIBRARIES
 AGRICULTURE

16. • The act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge,
developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and generally of
preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life.
• The approach to medicine that is concerned with the health of the
community as a whole. Public health is community health. It has
been said that: "Health care is vital to all of us some of the time, but
public health is vital to all of us all of the time.“
• broadly refers to any system by which some members of society act
in an organized manner to enforce the law by discovering, deterring,
rehabilitating or punishing persons who violate the rules and norms
governing that society. Although the term may encompass entities
such as courts and prisons, it is most frequently applied to those
who directly engage in patrols or surveillance to dissuade and
discover criminal activity, and those who investigate crimes and
apprehend offenders.

17. • File and database management systems are replacing small libraries
of reference material when you take your car for tune up, your
mechanic could be using a computer based reference search to
check part numbers and engine specification.
• Databases have found their way into libraries with reference
searches. Here computers can search to large databases compose of
titles, authors and subject description by looking for keywords.
•
• Farmers use data management system to keep livestock
records. Original costs, identification, maintenance costs,
births, losses due to death, and selling prices are data
fields contain in record assign to each animal.