A discussion over the concept of ERM and its need in a Library. It also covers different software solutions for the management of electronic resources from the libraries.
Open Source Database Management Software available on the NetDlis Mu
This document discusses open source database management software available online. It provides an introduction to online databases and database management systems. It then covers the history of database systems from the 1940s to current web databases. It also discusses the structure of databases and different types including bibliographic, full-text, numeric, image, audio/video, and mixed databases.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INFORMATION AGENCIES (IMD257 / IMD204)Kumprinx Amin
The document discusses different types of libraries and how they manage information using technology. A traditional library operates manually in a physical building, while a hybrid library contains both print and electronic resources. A digital library stores and provides access to digitized materials online. A virtual library exists solely online without a physical space. Libraries use technologies like online public access catalogs, barcode scanning, and integrated library systems to catalog, circulate, and track physical and electronic resources.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INFORMATION AGENCIES (IMD257 / IMD204)Kumprinx Amin
This document is an assignment for an Information Technology in Information Agencies course. It contains 3 sections: 1) a definition of information technology and its purposes and functions, 2) an explanation of 5 types of information agencies (libraries, virtual libraries, museums, archives, and record centers) with examples of each, and 3) a description of 5 types of information technology used in information agencies (OCLC, Evergreen, Z39.50, Dublin Core, and digital libraries) along with explanations of each.
INNOVATION AND RESEARCH (Digital Library Information Access)Libcorpio
Innovation and research, Digital Library Information Access, LIS Education, Library and Information Science, LIS Studies, Information Management, Education and Learning, Library science, Information science, Digital Libraries, Research on Digital Libraries, DL, Innovation in libraries and publishing, Areas of Research for DL, Information Discovery, Collection Management and Preservation, Interoperability, Economic, Social and Legal Issues, Core Topics In Digital Libraries, DL Research Around The World
Access to electronic information resources in librariesavid
Recent advances in the field of Information Technology have already influenced the life in more than one direction. Its impact on the field of Library and Information Science is also quite significant, more so in advanced countries. Most obviously the situation is a resultant of the growth of electronic publishing and of networks that facilitate scholarly communication. Technological advances, especially the Information Technology are facilitating a fascinating change in libraries with a vision and are trying to accommodate all types of media for providing electronic information services to the users in a more convenient and effective way. The article describes various types of eminent Electronic resources used in libraries. It briefly touches their advantages, disadvantages and usage in libraries.
A discussion over the concept of ERM and its need in a Library. It also covers different software solutions for the management of electronic resources from the libraries.
Open Source Database Management Software available on the NetDlis Mu
This document discusses open source database management software available online. It provides an introduction to online databases and database management systems. It then covers the history of database systems from the 1940s to current web databases. It also discusses the structure of databases and different types including bibliographic, full-text, numeric, image, audio/video, and mixed databases.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INFORMATION AGENCIES (IMD257 / IMD204)Kumprinx Amin
The document discusses different types of libraries and how they manage information using technology. A traditional library operates manually in a physical building, while a hybrid library contains both print and electronic resources. A digital library stores and provides access to digitized materials online. A virtual library exists solely online without a physical space. Libraries use technologies like online public access catalogs, barcode scanning, and integrated library systems to catalog, circulate, and track physical and electronic resources.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INFORMATION AGENCIES (IMD257 / IMD204)Kumprinx Amin
This document is an assignment for an Information Technology in Information Agencies course. It contains 3 sections: 1) a definition of information technology and its purposes and functions, 2) an explanation of 5 types of information agencies (libraries, virtual libraries, museums, archives, and record centers) with examples of each, and 3) a description of 5 types of information technology used in information agencies (OCLC, Evergreen, Z39.50, Dublin Core, and digital libraries) along with explanations of each.
INNOVATION AND RESEARCH (Digital Library Information Access)Libcorpio
Innovation and research, Digital Library Information Access, LIS Education, Library and Information Science, LIS Studies, Information Management, Education and Learning, Library science, Information science, Digital Libraries, Research on Digital Libraries, DL, Innovation in libraries and publishing, Areas of Research for DL, Information Discovery, Collection Management and Preservation, Interoperability, Economic, Social and Legal Issues, Core Topics In Digital Libraries, DL Research Around The World
Access to electronic information resources in librariesavid
Recent advances in the field of Information Technology have already influenced the life in more than one direction. Its impact on the field of Library and Information Science is also quite significant, more so in advanced countries. Most obviously the situation is a resultant of the growth of electronic publishing and of networks that facilitate scholarly communication. Technological advances, especially the Information Technology are facilitating a fascinating change in libraries with a vision and are trying to accommodate all types of media for providing electronic information services to the users in a more convenient and effective way. The article describes various types of eminent Electronic resources used in libraries. It briefly touches their advantages, disadvantages and usage in libraries.
UiTM IM110 IMD253 : ORGANIZATION OF INFORMATION (IMD253) Individual Assignment Kumprinx Amin
FINAL PROJECT INDIVIDUAL:
ANALYZE AND REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Z39.50: An information Retrieval Protocol
• Introduction
• History And Backround
• Objective & Purpose
• Function
• Benefit
• Conclusion
MARC Standard
• Introduction
• History And Backround
• Objective & Purpose
• Function
• Benefit
• Conclusion
DOMAINS OF USER STUDIES (User Studies and User Education)Libcorpio
Domains of user studies include defining terms, understanding user needs and behaviors, search strategies, and barriers to information seeking. Research has studied who library users are, how they seek information, and what challenges they face. Questionnaires are commonly used to analyze user search patterns and barriers. Understanding user information behavior helps libraries better meet user needs through collections, services, and facilities.
Technical skills in multimedia for odl learnersDaniel Koloseni
This document discusses technical skills for multimedia and online learning. It covers:
1) General concepts of browsers, the World Wide Web, URLs, and how they allow access to interconnected documents stored on websites.
2) Information searching techniques including using appropriate search terms, search engines, Boolean operators like AND and OR, and case sensitivity.
3) The searching process, how search engines handle Boolean logic and operators, and how correct spelling is important for finding exact matches.
4) Operators like +, -, and "" that can define the relationship between search terms and refine search results.
5) How to identify file formats from extensions and use the proper program to open downloaded materials.
This document provides an overview of an information retrieval system (IRS). It defines IRS as obtaining relevant information from a collection to meet a user's need. The IRS has three main components: a document subsystem for acquiring, representing and organizing data; a user subsystem for representing queries; and a search/retrieval subsystem for matching queries to documents. It describes the basic concepts like how a user enters a query that is scored and ranked to return relevant results, which can be iterated. The objectives are to highlight probabilistic models and establish relationships between popular techniques. The functions are to analyze information sources and queries to match and retrieve relevant items. [/SUMMARY]
The document discusses information retrieval, which involves obtaining information resources relevant to an information need from a collection. The information retrieval process begins when a user submits a query. The system matches queries to database information, ranks objects based on relevance, and returns top results to the user. The process involves document acquisition and representation, user problem representation as queries, and searching/retrieval through matching and result retrieval.
Data integration allows different data types to be merged for use in business processes and functions. A digital library system applies data integration to merge heterogeneous data sources into a unified form that can be accessed through the library. Key elements of a digital library include networked access to digitized content, metadata to facilitate searching and discovery, and storage of digital objects and metadata in a repository. Requirements for building a digital library include hardware like servers and storage devices, software, and a network for content delivery and user access.
This document provides a full syllabus with questions and answers related to the course "Information Retrieval" including definitions of key concepts, the historical development of the field, comparisons between information retrieval and web search, applications of IR, components of an IR system, and issues in IR systems. It also lists examples of open source search frameworks and performance measures for search engines.
This document provides an overview of information retrieval models. It begins with definitions of information retrieval and how it differs from data retrieval. It then discusses the retrieval process and logical representations of documents. A taxonomy of IR models is presented including classic, structured, and browsing models. Boolean, vector, and probabilistic models are explained as examples of classic models. The document concludes with descriptions of ad-hoc retrieval and filtering tasks and formal characteristics of IR models.
1. The document defines key terms related to information retrieval systems such as information, retrieval, system, and discusses the basic components and functions of IRS.
2. It explains that the role of users is to formulate queries, and the role of librarians is to assist users in meeting their information needs.
3. The document contrasts older IRS that retrieved entire documents with modern IRS that allow storage, organization, and access to text and multimedia information through techniques like keyword searching and hyperlinks.
Functions of information retrival system(1)silambu111
The document discusses information retrieval systems. It defines information retrieval as the process of searching collections of documents to identify those dealing with a particular subject. Information retrieval systems aim to facilitate literature searching. They involve representing, storing, organizing, and providing access to information items so that users can easily find information of interest. Information retrieval draws from multiple disciplines and involves subsystems for documents, users, and searching/matching.
The document provides guidance on early planning for data management, including becoming familiar with funder requirements, planning for the types and formats of data that will be created, designing a system for taking notes, organizing files through consistent naming schemes and use of folders, adding metadata to files to aid in documentation and discovery, and using RSS feeds to organize web-based information. It also touches on issues like plagiarism, data protection, intellectual property rights, and remote access to and backup of data.
WHAT ARE METADATA STANDARDS? EXPLAIN DUBLIN CORE IN DETAIL.`Shweta Bhavsar
This document discusses metadata standards and provides details on Dublin Core. It defines metadata as "structured data about data" and explains its role in digital resource management. It outlines different types of metadata standards including descriptive, structural, and administrative. Dublin Core is introduced as a general metadata standard consisting of 15 elements used to describe resources. It was developed in 1995 to make it easy to discover web resources by providing a simple yet flexible set of elements for description. The document provides details on the development and governance of Dublin Core as well as its two forms: simple Dublin Core with 15 elements, and qualified Dublin Core which includes additional elements and properties.
Information retrieval (IR) is the science of searching for documents and information within documents. IR is interdisciplinary and involves computer science, mathematics, psychology and other fields. Information storage and retrieval (ISAR) systems allow users to store, manipulate and analyze data and report results on a regular basis. ISAR is widely used in fields like science, business and healthcare. The information retrieval process begins with a user entering a query, which is then matched to objects stored in the database to retrieve relevant results based on scoring algorithms. Performance is evaluated using precision and recall metrics.
This document discusses information storage and retrieval. It covers basic concepts of information storage including common storage media like hard drives, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, and USB flash drives. It also discusses basic concepts of information retrieval and the major components of IR systems including databases, search mechanisms, languages, and interfaces. Finally, it discusses retrieval techniques, IR systems, evaluating IR systems, and future trends in IR.
basis of infromation retrival part 1 retrival toolsSaroj Suwal
This document discusses various tools for retrieving literature, including catalogs, indexes, registers, and online databases. It describes the purpose and format of each tool. Catalogs provide access to collections and contain descriptive metadata. Indexes arrange information alphabetically and by subject but do not provide location details. Registers function like catalogs for museum collections. Bibliographic databases contain searchable references to published works. Secondary publications abstract and index primary documents to help users find relevant information.
Information retrieval is concerned with searching for documents and metadata about documents. Documents contain information to be retrieved. There is overlap between terms like data retrieval, document retrieval, information retrieval, and text retrieval. Automated information retrieval systems are used to reduce information overload. Libraries and universities use IR systems to provide access to materials. Web search engines are a prominent example of IR applications. The idea of using computers for information retrieval was popularized in 1945. Early automated systems emerged in the 1950s and large-scale systems in the 1970s such as the Lockheed Dialog system. Many measures exist for evaluating IR system performance including precision, recall, and precision-recall curves.
The document discusses various digital resources and applications used in libraries, including databases, integrated library systems, online catalogs, and digital collections. It describes how early systems focused on automating circulation and cataloging processes, while modern libraries integrate access to both physical and online resources. The document also outlines benefits of technologies like document imaging processes and computer-aided instruction for storing documents digitally and enhancing teaching.
This topic was presented at a "Workshop On Best Practices in Library: Digital Library" Organised by Rabindra Library, Assam University, Silchar on November 29, 2013
A digital library is an integrated set of services for capturing, cataloguing, storing, searching, protecting, and retrieving information, which provide coherent organization and convenient access to typically large amounts of digital information.
The document discusses search engines, their key functions, and early search engines before Google. It describes how search engines crawl the web to index pages, then use algorithms to provide relevant results when users search. Early search engines like Archie, Gopher, and AltaVista had limited capabilities compared to modern search engines like Google. The document also discusses search engine optimization and factors that determine result rankings.
Search engines and digital libraries both provide search capabilities but work differently:
- Search engines use crawlers to index the web and return keyword search results, while digital libraries provide access to structured collections of digitized materials from libraries and archives.
- Both have limitations in coverage, and searching must be done individually in different databases within digital libraries rather than via federated search.
- It is important for users to understand how each system works, what is included in their indexes, and how results may be influenced by business models, sponsorship, or other factors to get the most relevant information for their needs.
UiTM IM110 IMD253 : ORGANIZATION OF INFORMATION (IMD253) Individual Assignment Kumprinx Amin
FINAL PROJECT INDIVIDUAL:
ANALYZE AND REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Z39.50: An information Retrieval Protocol
• Introduction
• History And Backround
• Objective & Purpose
• Function
• Benefit
• Conclusion
MARC Standard
• Introduction
• History And Backround
• Objective & Purpose
• Function
• Benefit
• Conclusion
DOMAINS OF USER STUDIES (User Studies and User Education)Libcorpio
Domains of user studies include defining terms, understanding user needs and behaviors, search strategies, and barriers to information seeking. Research has studied who library users are, how they seek information, and what challenges they face. Questionnaires are commonly used to analyze user search patterns and barriers. Understanding user information behavior helps libraries better meet user needs through collections, services, and facilities.
Technical skills in multimedia for odl learnersDaniel Koloseni
This document discusses technical skills for multimedia and online learning. It covers:
1) General concepts of browsers, the World Wide Web, URLs, and how they allow access to interconnected documents stored on websites.
2) Information searching techniques including using appropriate search terms, search engines, Boolean operators like AND and OR, and case sensitivity.
3) The searching process, how search engines handle Boolean logic and operators, and how correct spelling is important for finding exact matches.
4) Operators like +, -, and "" that can define the relationship between search terms and refine search results.
5) How to identify file formats from extensions and use the proper program to open downloaded materials.
This document provides an overview of an information retrieval system (IRS). It defines IRS as obtaining relevant information from a collection to meet a user's need. The IRS has three main components: a document subsystem for acquiring, representing and organizing data; a user subsystem for representing queries; and a search/retrieval subsystem for matching queries to documents. It describes the basic concepts like how a user enters a query that is scored and ranked to return relevant results, which can be iterated. The objectives are to highlight probabilistic models and establish relationships between popular techniques. The functions are to analyze information sources and queries to match and retrieve relevant items. [/SUMMARY]
The document discusses information retrieval, which involves obtaining information resources relevant to an information need from a collection. The information retrieval process begins when a user submits a query. The system matches queries to database information, ranks objects based on relevance, and returns top results to the user. The process involves document acquisition and representation, user problem representation as queries, and searching/retrieval through matching and result retrieval.
Data integration allows different data types to be merged for use in business processes and functions. A digital library system applies data integration to merge heterogeneous data sources into a unified form that can be accessed through the library. Key elements of a digital library include networked access to digitized content, metadata to facilitate searching and discovery, and storage of digital objects and metadata in a repository. Requirements for building a digital library include hardware like servers and storage devices, software, and a network for content delivery and user access.
This document provides a full syllabus with questions and answers related to the course "Information Retrieval" including definitions of key concepts, the historical development of the field, comparisons between information retrieval and web search, applications of IR, components of an IR system, and issues in IR systems. It also lists examples of open source search frameworks and performance measures for search engines.
This document provides an overview of information retrieval models. It begins with definitions of information retrieval and how it differs from data retrieval. It then discusses the retrieval process and logical representations of documents. A taxonomy of IR models is presented including classic, structured, and browsing models. Boolean, vector, and probabilistic models are explained as examples of classic models. The document concludes with descriptions of ad-hoc retrieval and filtering tasks and formal characteristics of IR models.
1. The document defines key terms related to information retrieval systems such as information, retrieval, system, and discusses the basic components and functions of IRS.
2. It explains that the role of users is to formulate queries, and the role of librarians is to assist users in meeting their information needs.
3. The document contrasts older IRS that retrieved entire documents with modern IRS that allow storage, organization, and access to text and multimedia information through techniques like keyword searching and hyperlinks.
Functions of information retrival system(1)silambu111
The document discusses information retrieval systems. It defines information retrieval as the process of searching collections of documents to identify those dealing with a particular subject. Information retrieval systems aim to facilitate literature searching. They involve representing, storing, organizing, and providing access to information items so that users can easily find information of interest. Information retrieval draws from multiple disciplines and involves subsystems for documents, users, and searching/matching.
The document provides guidance on early planning for data management, including becoming familiar with funder requirements, planning for the types and formats of data that will be created, designing a system for taking notes, organizing files through consistent naming schemes and use of folders, adding metadata to files to aid in documentation and discovery, and using RSS feeds to organize web-based information. It also touches on issues like plagiarism, data protection, intellectual property rights, and remote access to and backup of data.
WHAT ARE METADATA STANDARDS? EXPLAIN DUBLIN CORE IN DETAIL.`Shweta Bhavsar
This document discusses metadata standards and provides details on Dublin Core. It defines metadata as "structured data about data" and explains its role in digital resource management. It outlines different types of metadata standards including descriptive, structural, and administrative. Dublin Core is introduced as a general metadata standard consisting of 15 elements used to describe resources. It was developed in 1995 to make it easy to discover web resources by providing a simple yet flexible set of elements for description. The document provides details on the development and governance of Dublin Core as well as its two forms: simple Dublin Core with 15 elements, and qualified Dublin Core which includes additional elements and properties.
Information retrieval (IR) is the science of searching for documents and information within documents. IR is interdisciplinary and involves computer science, mathematics, psychology and other fields. Information storage and retrieval (ISAR) systems allow users to store, manipulate and analyze data and report results on a regular basis. ISAR is widely used in fields like science, business and healthcare. The information retrieval process begins with a user entering a query, which is then matched to objects stored in the database to retrieve relevant results based on scoring algorithms. Performance is evaluated using precision and recall metrics.
This document discusses information storage and retrieval. It covers basic concepts of information storage including common storage media like hard drives, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, and USB flash drives. It also discusses basic concepts of information retrieval and the major components of IR systems including databases, search mechanisms, languages, and interfaces. Finally, it discusses retrieval techniques, IR systems, evaluating IR systems, and future trends in IR.
basis of infromation retrival part 1 retrival toolsSaroj Suwal
This document discusses various tools for retrieving literature, including catalogs, indexes, registers, and online databases. It describes the purpose and format of each tool. Catalogs provide access to collections and contain descriptive metadata. Indexes arrange information alphabetically and by subject but do not provide location details. Registers function like catalogs for museum collections. Bibliographic databases contain searchable references to published works. Secondary publications abstract and index primary documents to help users find relevant information.
Information retrieval is concerned with searching for documents and metadata about documents. Documents contain information to be retrieved. There is overlap between terms like data retrieval, document retrieval, information retrieval, and text retrieval. Automated information retrieval systems are used to reduce information overload. Libraries and universities use IR systems to provide access to materials. Web search engines are a prominent example of IR applications. The idea of using computers for information retrieval was popularized in 1945. Early automated systems emerged in the 1950s and large-scale systems in the 1970s such as the Lockheed Dialog system. Many measures exist for evaluating IR system performance including precision, recall, and precision-recall curves.
The document discusses various digital resources and applications used in libraries, including databases, integrated library systems, online catalogs, and digital collections. It describes how early systems focused on automating circulation and cataloging processes, while modern libraries integrate access to both physical and online resources. The document also outlines benefits of technologies like document imaging processes and computer-aided instruction for storing documents digitally and enhancing teaching.
This topic was presented at a "Workshop On Best Practices in Library: Digital Library" Organised by Rabindra Library, Assam University, Silchar on November 29, 2013
A digital library is an integrated set of services for capturing, cataloguing, storing, searching, protecting, and retrieving information, which provide coherent organization and convenient access to typically large amounts of digital information.
The document discusses search engines, their key functions, and early search engines before Google. It describes how search engines crawl the web to index pages, then use algorithms to provide relevant results when users search. Early search engines like Archie, Gopher, and AltaVista had limited capabilities compared to modern search engines like Google. The document also discusses search engine optimization and factors that determine result rankings.
Search engines and digital libraries both provide search capabilities but work differently:
- Search engines use crawlers to index the web and return keyword search results, while digital libraries provide access to structured collections of digitized materials from libraries and archives.
- Both have limitations in coverage, and searching must be done individually in different databases within digital libraries rather than via federated search.
- It is important for users to understand how each system works, what is included in their indexes, and how results may be influenced by business models, sponsorship, or other factors to get the most relevant information for their needs.
This document discusses various techniques for finding information on the Internet, including:
1. Directly visiting websites if the URL is known.
2. Using search engines to find information by entering keywords or using Boolean, proximity, field, or truncation search operators.
3. Browsing subject directories or exploring the "deep web" of databases not indexed by search engines.
4. Joining email discussion groups or Usenet newsgroups to ask experts questions and read discussions on topics of interest.
The document provides details about an non-credit course on search engine optimization (SEO) taken by a student. It includes the course contents which cover the basics of SEO, on-page optimization techniques like meta tags and keywords, off-page optimization like link building, analytics tools, SEO reporting and applications of SEO. The document also discusses the pros and cons of SEO and provides a conclusion.
This document provides an overview of basic computer and internet concepts needed for an information technology course. It defines key terms like the internet, World Wide Web, URLs, web browsers, and hyperlinks. It also explains the structure of the web and differences between search engines and directories. Productivity software like word processors, spreadsheets, and presentations are discussed. The reading aims to give students a foundation in technology literacy.
Lost in the Net? Navigating Search EnginesJohan Koren
This document discusses search engines and how they work. It defines a search engine as a computer program that uses clusters of computers to search the web or a specific site for keywords or phrases entered by users. It explains that search engines build indexes of words found on webpages and their locations, and allow users to search those indexes. The document also notes that search results can vary based on personalization, clickthrough data, and other factors, and provides tips on how to focus searches using techniques like phrase searching and field searching.
Enhanced Web Usage Mining Using Fuzzy Clustering and Collaborative Filtering ...inventionjournals
This document discusses an enhanced web usage mining system using fuzzy clustering and collaborative filtering recommendation algorithms. It aims to address challenges with existing recommender systems like producing low quality recommendations for large datasets. The system architecture uses fuzzy clustering to predict future user access based on browsing behavior. Collaborative filtering is then used to produce expected results by combining fuzzy clustering outputs with a web database. This approach aims to provide users with more relevant recommendations in a shorter time compared to other systems.
Google is a popular search engine that helps users find information on the internet. It crawls websites to index their content, analyzes the indexed information and stores it in vast databases, then retrieves relevant pages for user queries by ranking pages according to their algorithms. Other search engines and tools include Yahoo, Bing, subject directories that organize information by topic, metasearch engines that search multiple engines simultaneously, and specialized engines for specific subjects like health, movies or jobs.
The document provides an overview of search engine optimization (SEO) and how search engines work. It discusses the main components of search engines: spiders that download web pages; crawlers that follow links to find new pages; indexers that analyze page elements; databases to store downloaded pages; and results engines that return relevant pages for user queries. It also covers SEO best practices like optimizing title tags and keywords, maintaining a clear site structure, and avoiding cloaking techniques that provide misleading content to search engines.
This document describes an intelligent meta search engine that was developed to efficiently retrieve relevant web documents. The meta search engine submits user queries to multiple traditional search engines including Google, Yahoo, Bing and Ask. It then uses a crawler and modified page ranking algorithm to analyze and rank the results from the different search engines. The top results are then generated and displayed to the user, aimed to be more relevant than results from individual search engines. The meta search engine was implemented using technologies like PHP, MySQL and utilizes components like a graphical user interface, query formulator, metacrawler and redundant URL eliminator.
An Intelligent Meta Search Engine for Efficient Web Document Retrievaliosrjce
This document describes an intelligent meta search engine that was developed to efficiently retrieve relevant web documents. The meta search engine queries multiple traditional search engines like Google, Yahoo, Bing and Ask simultaneously using a single user query. It then ranks the retrieved results using a new two phase ranking algorithm called modified ranking that considers page relevance and popularity. The goal of the new meta search engine is to produce more efficient search results compared to traditional search engines. It includes components like a graphical user interface, query formulator, metacrawler, redundant URL eliminator and modified ranking algorithm to retrieve and rank results.
This document provides an overview of basic technology concepts and definitions relevant to the class, including the history and structure of the Internet and World Wide Web. It discusses how the Internet began as a government network and is now a global system of interconnected networks. Key points about the Web include that it is part of the Internet and allows users to navigate nonlinearly between pages through hyperlinks. The document also defines common terms like URLs, websites, web browsers, and search engines and directories. It provides examples of different types of digital content and online resources as well as basic software applications.
A search engine uses automated software programs called spiders that crawl the web to index pages and create a searchable database. When a user searches for keywords, the search engine software returns relevant results from the index. There are three main types of search engines - directories that are compiled by humans, hybrid engines that combine human and automated results, and meta search engines that search multiple other engines at once. Each search engine indexes pages differently and has a unique algorithm to determine search results.
Search engines index web pages and content to provide relevant results for user queries. There are different types of search engines including general web search engines, vertical search engines that focus on specific content like images or video, enterprise search engines for internal company searches, and social search engines that factor in user interactions. New forms of search continue to emerge like semantic search that leverages metadata to improve relevance and selection-based search that is invoked solely by mouse clicks.
The document describes how internet search engines work. It discusses the main components: (1) crawlers or spiders that crawl websites and index their content; (2) indexing software that extracts information from documents and adds them to a database; (3) search engines allow users to search the database by keywords and return relevant results.
Design Issues for Search Engines and Web Crawlers: A ReviewIOSR Journals
This document provides a review of design issues for search engines and web crawlers. It discusses how search engines use web crawlers to collect web documents for storage and indexing from the growing World Wide Web. The three main parts of a search engine are the crawler, indexer, and query engine. Crawler-based search engines create listings automatically using algorithms while human-powered directories rely on human organization. Designing efficient search engines and crawlers faces challenges from the diversity of web documents and changing user behaviors. Web crawlers prioritize URLs to download pages and extract new links to update search engine databases.
This seminar presentation discusses search engines. It defines a search engine as a program that uses keywords to search documents and returns results in order of relevance. The presentation outlines the main components of a search engine: the web crawler, database, and search interface. It also describes how search engines work by crawling links, indexing words, and ranking pages using algorithms like PageRank. Finally, it discusses different types of search engines and how artificial intelligence is used to improve search engine quality.
The document discusses search engines and web crawlers. It provides information on how search engines work by using web crawlers to index web pages and then return relevant results when users search. It also compares major search engines like Google, Yahoo, MSN, Ask Jeeves, and Live Search based on factors like market share, database size and freshness, ranking algorithms, and treatment of spam. Google is highlighted as having the largest market share and best algorithms for determining natural vs artificial links.
Google's search engine works by crawling and indexing the web. It uses web crawlers to discover publicly available web pages by following links from page to page. The crawled pages are indexed, organized, and stored in Google's massive database. When a user searches, Google's algorithms analyze over 200 signals and factors to rank and filter results based on relevance. Key factors in ranking include PageRank, which analyzes the number and quality of links between pages. Google also works to identify and filter spam sites that try to manipulate search rankings.
Meet up Milano 14 _ Axpo Italia_ Migration from Mule3 (On-prem) to.pdfFlorence Consulting
Quattordicesimo Meetup di Milano, tenutosi a Milano il 23 Maggio 2024 dalle ore 17:00 alle ore 18:30 in presenza e da remoto.
Abbiamo parlato di come Axpo Italia S.p.A. ha ridotto il technical debt migrando le proprie APIs da Mule 3.9 a Mule 4.4 passando anche da on-premises a CloudHub 1.0.
Discover the benefits of outsourcing SEO to Indiadavidjhones387
"Discover the benefits of outsourcing SEO to India! From cost-effective services and expert professionals to round-the-clock work advantages, learn how your business can achieve digital success with Indian SEO solutions.
Instagram has become one of the most popular social media platforms, allowing people to share photos, videos, and stories with their followers. Sometimes, though, you might want to view someone's story without them knowing.
Bridging the Digital Gap Brad Spiegel Macon, GA Initiative.pptxBrad Spiegel Macon GA
Brad Spiegel Macon GA’s journey exemplifies the profound impact that one individual can have on their community. Through his unwavering dedication to digital inclusion, he’s not only bridging the gap in Macon but also setting an example for others to follow.
Gen Z and the marketplaces - let's translate their needsLaura Szabó
The product workshop focused on exploring the requirements of Generation Z in relation to marketplace dynamics. We delved into their specific needs, examined the specifics in their shopping preferences, and analyzed their preferred methods for accessing information and making purchases within a marketplace. Through the study of real-life cases , we tried to gain valuable insights into enhancing the marketplace experience for Generation Z.
The workshop was held on the DMA Conference in Vienna June 2024.
Ready to Unlock the Power of Blockchain!Toptal Tech
Imagine a world where data flows freely, yet remains secure. A world where trust is built into the fabric of every transaction. This is the promise of blockchain, a revolutionary technology poised to reshape our digital landscape.
Toptal Tech is at the forefront of this innovation, connecting you with the brightest minds in blockchain development. Together, we can unlock the potential of this transformative technology, building a future of transparency, security, and endless possibilities.
1. Presented By
Dr. Jayant M. Nandagaoli
Head, Department of Library & Information Science
(jayantnandagaoli@gmail.com)
2. • * Information search is systematic & exhaustive search
for published or unpublished material on specific
subject/topics.
• * This is intermediate stage between reference work
& research.
• * It is often the 1st step in a research project.
• * It is an systematic investigation to get desirable
information.
• * It can be carried out by manually, computer based-Offline
and Online also.
• * This undertaken against certain information needs and
problems to overcome.
3. • * Ascertaining the purpose, scope & depth of
information need, to be searched : -
* Facet analysis: - Key terms and relationship.
* Formulation of search strategy:- Plan or course
of action.
• * Selection, collection and search of information
sources: - Tertiary to Primary source
* Presentation of results:-
4. • There are several types of resources available such as
• * Electronic Journals and Newsletters
• * Directories of WWW Electronic Journals
• * Online Indexes of Print or Electronic Journals
• * Table of Contents
• * Preprints and Working Papers
• * Discussion Lists or Forums/Usenet Newsgroups
• * Directories of Newsgroups and Mailing Lists.
• * Subject Databases
• * Campus Wide Information Systems (CWIS)
5. • * Technical Reports
• * Library Catalogues
• * Patents
• * Document Delivery
* Reference Sources
• * Courseware Directories
• * Digital Libraries
• * Software Archives
• * Data Archives
• * Blogs, Youtube & other Social Networking sites
• * Other Resources, etc.
6. * Search engine A web search engine is designed to search for
information on the World Wide Web and FTP servers. The
search results are generally presented in a list of results and
are often called hits.
* The information may consist of web pages, images,
information and other types of files. Some search engines also
mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike
web directories, which are maintained by human editors,
search engines operate algorithmically or are a mixture of
algorithmic and human input.
7. Internet search engines are special sites on the Web that are
designed to help people find information stored on other sites.
There are three pieces of software that together make up a
search engine: the spider software, the index software and the
query software. There are differences in the ways various search
engines work, but they all perform three basic tasks:
1) They search the Internet or select pieces from the Internet based
on important keywords.
2) They keep an index of the words they find and where they find
them.
3) They allow users to look for words or combinations of words
found in that index.
8. A search engine operates, in the following order
Crawling
Follow links to find information
Indexing
Record what words appear where
Ranking
What information is a good match to a user query?
What information is inherently good? (SEO)
9. 1. Spiders: To find information on the hundreds of
millions of Web pages that exist, a search engine
employs special software robots, called spiders, to
build lists of the words found on Web sites.
"Spiders" take a Web page's content and create key
search words that enable online users to find pages
they're looking for.
2. Crawling: When a spider is building its lists, the
process is called Web. In order to build and maintain a
useful list of words, a search engine's spiders have to
look at a lot of pages.
10. 3. Indexing: For fast accessing of data.
4. Meta tag: The contents of each page are then analyzed
to determine how it should be indexed (for example,
words are extracted from the titles, headings, or
special fields).
11. The spider software 'crawls the web looking for new pages to
collect and add to the search engine indices’. The difference is that
the spider doesn't collect images or formatting - it is only interested
in text and links AND the URL, (for example, http://www. Unique-
Resource-Locator.html) from which they come. it doesn't display
anything and it gets as much information as it can is the shortest time
possible.
The index software catches everything the spider can throw at it
(yes, that's another metaphor). The index makes sense of the mass of
text, links and URLs using what is called an algorithm - a complex
mathematical formula that indexes the words, the pairs of words and
so on. The spider takes the information it has gathered about a web
page and sends it to the index software where it is analyzed and
stored.
12. The query software - it is the front end of what everybody
thinks of as a search engine. It may look simple but the query
software presents the results of all the quite remarkable spider
and index software that works away invisibly on our behalf.
So, when you type in your search words and hit search, then
the search engine will try to match your words with the best,
most relevant web pages it can find by 'searching the web, But
this too is a metaphor and perhaps the most important one.
The query software doesn't actually search the web - instead, it
checks through all the records that have been created by its
own index software. And those records are made possible by
the text, links and URL material the spider software collects.
13. When someone types chocolate into the query box on a search engine page
(such as Google), then it's time for the query software to go to work.
14. Keyword Density: The ratio of the number of
occurrences of a word or phrase on a page to the total
number of words on the page.
15. * Research has shown that, about 80% of internet traffic
is generated through search engines.
* Approximately 75% of the users staying only on the 1st
page of the search results and only about 20% of the
users go ahead to the 2nd page of the search result.
* Every search engine has limitation as to coverage.
* Some have compromised search with economics i.e.
becoming little more than advertisers .
* Search engines are also many times victims of spam
indexing affecting what is included and how ranked.
16. • Internal search: An internal search can only be used
to find content on a single website (or intranet or
extranet).
• External or public search: A public search can be
used to find content on any website, anywhere on the
web.
• Meta search engine: meta search engine uses the
indexes of other search engines to find content,
anywhere on the web.
17. Look for links to an “About” page the information should
be specific and should include:
* A name of someone responsible for the information
* A description of what the organization or individual
does
* Where they are located and who they serve
* Specific contact information
* Names of executive members and their roles if it is
an organization or business
18. * Every word matters- All the words you put in the
search box will be used.
* Search is always case insensitive- A search for
[ugc.ac.in] is the same as a search for [UGC]
* Generally, punctuation is ignored, including
@#$%^&*()=+[]/ and other special characters.
19. • Ex.
Ex. http://www.gov.ns.ca/premier/
• { http://}{www.gov.ns.ca/}{premier/}
{ http://}{www.gov.ns.ca/}{premier/}
• ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ ↓
Html web page Home Page Directory or
Html web page Home Page Directory or
Subordinate Page
Subordinate Page
20. • Web address, or URL (Universal Resource Locator):
http://www.sc.edu/beaufort/library/pages/bones/lesson1.shtml
• "http" means hypertext transfer protocol and refers to the format
used to transfer and deal with information
•
• "www" stands for World Wide Web and is the general name for the
host server that supports text, graphics, sound files, etc. (It is not an
essential part of the address, and some sites choose not to use it)
• "sc“ is the second-level domain name and usually designates the
server's location, in this case, the University of South Carolina
• "edu" is the top-level domain name
• "beaufort" is the directory name
• "library“ is the sub-directory name
• "pages" and "bones" are the folder and sub-folder names
• "lesson1" is the file name
• "shtml" Is the file type extension and, in this case, stands for
"scripted hypertext mark-up language" (that's the language the
computer reads). The addition of the "s" indicates that the server will
scan the page for commands that require additional insertion before the
page is sent to the user.
21. • Only a few top-level domains are currently recognized,
but this is changing. Here is a list of the domains
generally accepted by all:
• .edu -- Educational site (usually a university or
college)
• .com -- Commercial business site
• .gov -- Governmental/non-military site
• .mil -- Military sites and agencies
• .net -- Networks, internet service providers,
organizations
• .org -- Non-profit organizations and others .
22. • In mid November 2000, the Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) voted to
accept an additional seven new suffixes, which are
expected to be made available to users :
• .aero -- restricted use by air transportation industry
• .biz -- general use by businesses
• .coop -- restricted use by cooperatives
• .info -- general use by both commercial and non-
commercial sites
• .museum -- restricted use by museums
• .name -- general use by individuals
• .pro -- restricted use by certified professionals and
professional entities
23. • * Keep it simple- Most queries do not require
advanced operators or unusual syntax. Enter exact
name.
* Think how the page you are looking for will be
written- It is not human, it’s a program that match
the given words. Use the words that are most likely
to appear on the page.
* Describe what you need with as few terms as
possible- Since all words are used, each additional
word limits the result.
24. • * Surround searches in quotes- For multiple common
words group query by quotes e.g. computer and
help use “computer help”
* Avoid Stop words- If not important, don’t enter
them e.g. instead of why does my computer not
boot use “computer” and “boot”.
* To avoid undesirable concept- Not required contain
can be avoid by using (-) sing e.g. “computer
help”-windows
25. • * Fill in the blank (*)- include * asterisk within
query which considered as a placeholder for any
unknown term & gives the best matches e.g.
google* will give result about many of google’s
products.
* Search exactly (+)- Usually considers
synonyms such as Orphan- Abandoned Child.
In order to avoid term +orphan will match the
word precisely.
26. Search for an exact word or phrase "search query“:- Use quotes to search
for an exact word or set of words. This option is handy when searching for
song lyrics or a line from literature. "imagine all the people“
Search within a site or domain site: query:-looking for more results from a
certain website, include site: in your query. For example, you can find all
mentions of "olympics" on the New York Times website like this:
olympics site: nytimes.com or olympics site:.gov
Search for pages that link to a URL link:query:- Using the link: operator,
you can find pages that link to a certain page. For example, you can find all
the pages that link to google.com. link:google.com or link:google.com/images
Search for pages that are similar to a URL related:query:-
related:nytimes.com
Search for either word query OR query:- world cup location 2014 OR 2018
Search for a number range number..number:-Separate numbers by two
periods without spaces (..) to see results that contain numbers in a given range
of things like dates, prices, and measurements. camera $50..$100
27.
28.
29. Copyright is a right given by the law to creators of literary,
dramatic, musical and artistic works and producers of
cinematograph films and sound recordings.
Three conditions must be met before copyright protection:
The work must be original.
The work must be fixed, or presented in a tangible form
such as writing, film, or photography.
A qualified person must create the work. A qualified
person is one living in a country that is a member of the
Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) or the Berne
Convention.
31. Copyright is concerned with the rights of authors, composers,
artists and other creators in their works. Copyright grants them
the right, for a limited period of time, to authorize or prohibit
certain uses of their works by others. These rights encompass
basically two aspects
Economic
The main aim of copyright is to provide a stimulus for
creativity – ensuring economic returns on the creation and
protection from violation of the creation.
Moral
Moral rights generally cover the right of “paternity” by which
authors have the right to claim authorship of their works,
ensuring that their names are mentioned in connection with
them.
32. Copyright is in essence a bundle of rights covering the following:
Rights for reproduction, i.e. exclusive rights to make copies of the
work.
Rights for modification/adaptation, i.e. exclusive rights to modify
and make adaptations and create derivative works.
Rights for distribution, i.e. the rights distribute the work to the
public.
Rights for public performance, i.e. the right to recite, play, dance, or
act with or without the aid of a machine.
Rights for public display, i.e. the right to display the work anywhere
that is open to the public
33. Section 52 of the Indian Copyright Act 1957 indicates provisions what are not
legally infringement
Fair use of the work are permitted for
Research
Non-commercial Private study
Criticism, review, reporting of current events in newspapers/ periodicals/
broadcasting
Classroom teaching or examination purpose
reproduction for use of public libraries (not more than 3 copies)
Reproduction of an unpublished work kept in a library subject to certain
conditions
Publication in a collection for the use of educational institutions in certain
circumstances
In the case of computer programmes
utilize the computer programme for the purpose for which it was supplied
to make back up copies purely as temporary protection against loss, destruction or
damage
34. Piracy of copyrighted materials and demand for a stronger intellectual
property rights is not a new phenomenon. But digitization has made the
piracy much easier
Easy reproduction
Very less cost of reproduction
Easier substitutability of digitized copies
Inexpensive dissemination of digital content
The most important aspect of digital content is that access to the content is
synonymous with control of the content which added with the low cost of
content reproduction and dissemination causes virtual loss of ownership in
terms of the content’s economic value. This is a major problem for the
content owners and content industries.
In 2006, Copyright office in India posted proposals to amend the
Copyright Act, 1957 on its website. One of the proposed amendments
seeks to introduce the Digital Rights Management (DRM) in the Indian
copyright law. The purpose for such introduction in the Indian copyright
laws has been to “keep pace with national and international developments
and advance in technologies.
35. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is a
controversial United States digital rights management (DRM)
law enacted October 28, 1998.
The intent behind DMCA was to create an updated version of
copyright laws to deal with the special challenges of regulating
digital material. Broadly, the aim of DMCA is to protect the
rights of both copyright owners and consumers.
The law complies with the World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty and the WIPO
Performances and Phonograms Treaty, both of which were
ratified by over 50 countries around the world in 1996.
36. With advent of ICT we are moving towards thick copyright Where
content industries are adopting copyright management technology
measures for the protection of intellectual property of digital works-
like e-books, e-journals, databases, computer programs, movies,
music etc. This is referred to as Digital Rights Management, or
DRM.
Digital Rights Management is a collective name for technologies or
a range of techniques that prevent one from using a copyrighted
digital work beyond the degree to which the copyright owner (or a
publisher who may not actually hold a copyright) wishes to allow
one to use it . It is actually a range of techniques that use
information about rights and rights holders to manage copyright
material and the terms and conditions on which it is made available
to users.
37. Digital rights management is a far-reaching term that refers to any
scheme that controls access to copyrighted material using
technological means. In essence, DRM removes usage control from
the person in possession of digital content and puts it in the hands of a
computer program. The applications and methods are endless -- here
are just a few examples of digital rights management:
A company sets its servers to block the forwarding of sensitive e-mail.
An e-book server restricts access to, copying of and printing of
material based on constraints set by the copyright holder of the
content.
A movie studio includes software on its DVDs that limits the number
of copies a user can make to two.
A music label releases titles on a type of CD that includes bits of
information intended to confuse ripping software.
38. Management of Digital Rights: The responsibility of expressing and
managing the rights to content in electronic or digital form, as a corollary
to content in print.
Digital management of rights: The ability to physically manage
intellectual property and proprietary rights in content by way of an
electronic system or process, associated with copyright management
systems.
DRM
Management of digital rights
Digital management of rights
39. Components of DRM
Secure Containers
They make content inaccessible to those users that are not
authorized to access the content. These containers mainly rely
on cryptographic algorithms such as DES or AES. Eg. Inter
Trust’s DigiFile, and Microsoft’s file format for e books, etc.
the distributor,
the clearinghouse
the consumer.
Usually a DRM system is integrated with an e-commerce
system that handles financial payments and triggers the
function of the clearinghouse
40. Rights Expressions
The Rights entity allows expressions to be made about the allowable
permissions, constraints, obligations, and any other rights-related
information about Users and Content. Hence, the Rights entity is
critical because it represents the expressiveness of the language that
will be used to inform the rights metadata.
Content Identification and Description System
They help uniquely identify the content (eg. International Standard
Book Number) and associate descriptive metadata with the content.
Payment Systems
The systems that enable the monetary transactions need to be a part
of the secure and trusted system in order for the system to operate.
Watermarking and Fingerprinting
These set of technologies, often referred as forensic technologies, are
related to identification of content.
41. Identification of People and Organization
Not only does a rights owner need to associate a claim of ownership
with the content but also the consumer will need to be uniquely
identified. Such user identification systems are a prerequisite for DRM
systems to be able to limit content access to legitimate users.
Authentication Systems
The DRM requires algorithms to authenticate the person or
organization that wants to interact with any content. This function will
involve cryptographic algorithms and may need an agency that issues
electronic certificates often referred as “Trusted Third Party” or TTP.
Event Reporting
A mechanism to report events such as the purchase of a piece of
content is important to allow event-based payments to be processed.
These event-based payments are examples of new business models that
DRM can enable.
42. Benefits of DRM:-
• Secure e book distribution
• Content authenticity
• Transaction non-repudiation
• Market participant identification
• Protection of digital content
43. New Prohibitions On Circumvention Of Protection
Technologies:-
1. Prohibits the "circumvention" of any effective "technological
protection measure" (e.g., a password or form of encryption)
used by a copyright holder to restrict access to its material.
2. Prohibits the manufacture of any device, or the offering of
any service, primarily designed to defeat an effective
"technological protection measure“.
3. Defers the effective date of these prohibitions for two years
and 18 months, respectively.
44. New Prohibitions On Circumvention Of Protection
Technologies:-
4. Requires that the Librarian of Congress issue a three-year waiver
from the anti-circumvention prohibition when there is evidence that
the new law adversely affects or may adversely affect "fair use" and
other non-infringing uses of any class of work.
5. Expressly states that many valuable activities based on the "fair use"
doctrine (including reverse engineering, security testing, privacy
protection and encryption research) will not constitute illegal "anti-
circumvention“.
45. · Limitations On Online Service Provider Liability:-
1. Exempts any OSP or carrier of digital information (including
libraries) from copyright liability because of the content of a
transmission made by a user of the provider's or carrier's
system (e.g., the user of a library computer system).
2. Establishes a mechanism for a provider to avoid copyright
infringement liability due to the storage of infringing
information on an OSP's own computer system, or the use of
"information location tools" and hyperlinks, if the provider
acts "expeditiously to remove or disable access to" infringing
material identified in a formal notice by the copyright holder
46. Digital Preservation:-
1. expressly permit authorized institutions to make up to three,
digital preservation copies of an eligible copyrighted work.
2. electronically "loan" those copies to other qualifying
institutions.
3. permit preservation, including by digital means, when the
existing format in which the work has been stored becomes
obsolete.