This document summarizes a report on the neighborhood structure of Buddhanagar in Nepal. It provides background on neighborhood definitions and characteristics. It then describes the specific case study area of Buddhanagar, including its location, land uses, housing types, and basic neighborhood elements. It analyzes walkability, street safety, transportation access, housing variety, gathering places, and city services like schools and police in the area.
Chandigarh was planned by French architect Le Corbusier as the capital of Punjab and Haryana states. He designed the city's grid plan layout with sectors, open green spaces, and a hierarchy of roads. Key buildings include the Capitol Complex with the Secretariat, High Court, and Legislative Assembly buildings. Each sector is self-sufficient and connected by roads, with amenities, greenspaces, and varying housing. Le Corbusier's modernist designs aimed to incorporate principles of function, light, and greenery into Chandigarh's planning.
Madurai is an important city in Tamil Nadu known as the "Athens of the East" and "Temple City". It was originally the capital of the Pandyan Kingdom and has a long history dating back to the 3rd century BC. The city developed around the Meenakshi Temple complex located at its center, following the traditional Indian town planning system of concentric streets leading to the temple. Over time the city boundaries expanded through different periods of rule. The historic core still maintains the traditional street pattern and settlement hierarchy centered around the temple.
The document discusses plans for developing the area around Chennai Central Metro station to create an integrated transit hub. It proposes constructing a large central square above the station with parking, commercial and office spaces. Pedestrian access and connectivity between transit modes is a key focus to facilitate passenger movement. The redevelopment aims to improve mobility and traffic management in the area through multimodal integration.
Elements of city planning_Building and Town PlanningA Makwana
The document provides an outline for a presentation on elements of city planning. It discusses key topics such as circulation, zoning, land use, housing, urban patterns, landscape architecture, and public utility services. It defines these concepts and provides visual examples. For each topic, it summarizes important classifications, principles, objectives, and considerations for city planning.
Urban Design-Literature study St. Marks Road, BangaloreAnsh Agarwal
Urban Planning
Literature study of St. Marks Road, Bangalore.
Includes:
1. Road Details
2. Survey Details & Analysis
3. Action Needed
4. Proposals
5. Action Made
6. Before & After Scenerio
7. Anatomy of Changes
The document discusses the radial city planning patterns of Moscow and Washington DC. Moscow's plan features ring roads connected by radiating roads, with the core as the business area and industrial areas interspersed among residential zones. Washington DC was planned by Pierre L'Enfant and Andrew Ellicott along the Potomac River between Virginia and Maryland, and was burned in the War of 1812. Both cities exemplify radial city planning concepts.
The medieval city of Jodhpur, India was founded in 1459 by Rao Jodha on a rocky hill where he built the Mehrangarh Fort. Over time, the city expanded with the addition of walls, gates, residential areas segregated by caste, and infrastructure like lakes and stepwells to supply water. Jodhpur benefited economically and culturally from its position on trade routes between Delhi and Gujarat. In later centuries, the city continued growing outside its walls under Mughal rule and British influence, as new palaces, courts, and other buildings were constructed.
Chandigarh was planned by French architect Le Corbusier as the capital of Punjab and Haryana states. He designed the city's grid plan layout with sectors, open green spaces, and a hierarchy of roads. Key buildings include the Capitol Complex with the Secretariat, High Court, and Legislative Assembly buildings. Each sector is self-sufficient and connected by roads, with amenities, greenspaces, and varying housing. Le Corbusier's modernist designs aimed to incorporate principles of function, light, and greenery into Chandigarh's planning.
Madurai is an important city in Tamil Nadu known as the "Athens of the East" and "Temple City". It was originally the capital of the Pandyan Kingdom and has a long history dating back to the 3rd century BC. The city developed around the Meenakshi Temple complex located at its center, following the traditional Indian town planning system of concentric streets leading to the temple. Over time the city boundaries expanded through different periods of rule. The historic core still maintains the traditional street pattern and settlement hierarchy centered around the temple.
The document discusses plans for developing the area around Chennai Central Metro station to create an integrated transit hub. It proposes constructing a large central square above the station with parking, commercial and office spaces. Pedestrian access and connectivity between transit modes is a key focus to facilitate passenger movement. The redevelopment aims to improve mobility and traffic management in the area through multimodal integration.
Elements of city planning_Building and Town PlanningA Makwana
The document provides an outline for a presentation on elements of city planning. It discusses key topics such as circulation, zoning, land use, housing, urban patterns, landscape architecture, and public utility services. It defines these concepts and provides visual examples. For each topic, it summarizes important classifications, principles, objectives, and considerations for city planning.
Urban Design-Literature study St. Marks Road, BangaloreAnsh Agarwal
Urban Planning
Literature study of St. Marks Road, Bangalore.
Includes:
1. Road Details
2. Survey Details & Analysis
3. Action Needed
4. Proposals
5. Action Made
6. Before & After Scenerio
7. Anatomy of Changes
The document discusses the radial city planning patterns of Moscow and Washington DC. Moscow's plan features ring roads connected by radiating roads, with the core as the business area and industrial areas interspersed among residential zones. Washington DC was planned by Pierre L'Enfant and Andrew Ellicott along the Potomac River between Virginia and Maryland, and was burned in the War of 1812. Both cities exemplify radial city planning concepts.
The medieval city of Jodhpur, India was founded in 1459 by Rao Jodha on a rocky hill where he built the Mehrangarh Fort. Over time, the city expanded with the addition of walls, gates, residential areas segregated by caste, and infrastructure like lakes and stepwells to supply water. Jodhpur benefited economically and culturally from its position on trade routes between Delhi and Gujarat. In later centuries, the city continued growing outside its walls under Mughal rule and British influence, as new palaces, courts, and other buildings were constructed.
- Le Corbusier was an influential 20th century architect and pioneer of modern architecture. He developed principles like pilotis and roof gardens.
- His 1925 plan for the Radiant City proposed vertical housing blocks surrounded by green space, with strict zoning and an emphasis on transportation. It aimed to provide a better urban lifestyle.
- Though never fully realized, the Radiant City influenced modern planning with its high-density approach. Le Corbusier later applied these principles to his master plan for Chandigarh, India in the 1950s.
INTRODUCTION
COORDINATES - 23.22 ON 72.680 E ELEVATION - 265 feet (81 m)*
LOCATED 23 KM NORTH OF AHEMDABAD (FIN CAP. OF GUJARAT)
PLANNED IN 1960S BY, PRAKASH M APTE & H. K. MEWADA,
AFTER PARTITION OF BOMBAY * STATE : AHEMDABAD WAS MADE AS THE CAPTAL OFGUJARAT
AREA TOTAL 177KM2 ELEVATION : 8IM ( 266 FT)
POPULATION (2011)
TOTAL: 206,167 DENSITY : 1,200/KM2
CLIMATE*
TROPICAL WET AND DRY CLIMATE•
SUMMER MAXIMUM - 36 to 42 °C MINIMUM - 19 to 27 C
WINTER MAXIMUM - 29 C MINIMUM - 14°C
MONSOON: THE AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL IS AROUND 803.4 MM
LANGUAGES
GUJARATI, HINDI, AND ENGLISH• 54% GREEN COVER ON ITS LAND AREA
• THE CITY SITS ON THE BANKS OF THE SABARMATI RIVER, IN NORTH-CENTRALEAST GUJARAT
HISTORY
IN 1960, THE INDIAN STATE OF BOMBAY WAS SPLIT INTO TWO STATES, MAHARASHTRA AND GUJARAT LEAVING GUJARAT WITHOUT A CAPITAL CITY.
AT THE TIME AHMEDABAD WAS SELECTED TO BE THE FIRST CAPITAL OF THE NEWLY CREATED STATE.
• IT WAS LATER PROPOSED THAT A NEW CAPITAL CITY BE CONSTRUCTED FOR THE STATE.
• GANDHINAGAR GOT AN IDENTITY OF ITS OWN WHEN THE STATE OF MUMBAI WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO SEPARATE STATES OF GUJARAT AND MAHARASHTRA.
• IN THE BEGINNING, AHMEDABAD - A COMMERCIAL HUB OF GUJARAT WAS CHOSEN AS THE STATE CAPITAL AND IT WAS PROPOSED THAT A NEW CAPITAL SHOULD BE CONSTRUCTED ALONG THE LINE OF OTHER NEW STATE CAPITALS, PARTICULARLY CHANDIGARH
• THEREFORE TWO WELL-KNOWN INDIAN ARCHITECTS, H.K. MEWADA AND PRAKASH M. APTE (WHO WORKED AS BEGINNER FOR THE CHANDIGARH CITY) DESIGNED THE NEW STATE CAPITAL*
NAMED AFTER MAHATMA GANDHI THE FOUNDATION STONE OF THIS CITY WAS LAID ON 1965 AND IN 1971 THE CAPITAL WAS SHIFTED FROM AHMEDABAD TO GANDHINAGAR
PLANNING
• PLANNED AND IMPLEMENTED BETWEEN 1965-1970
• DETERMINATION TO MAKE GANDHINAGAR A PURELY INDIAN ENTERPRISE, PARTLY BECAUSE GUJARAT WAS THE BIRTHPLACE OF GANDHI.
• TO ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN A SEPARATE IDENTITY FOR THE NEW CITY THE SURROUNDING AREA OF ABOUT 39 VILLAGES WAS BROUGHT UNDER A PERIPHERY CONTROL ACT (AS IN CHANDIGARH)
• THE AREA LATER CONSTITUTED A SEPARATE ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT OF GANDHINAGAR.
• THE CITY WAS PLANNED FOR A POPULATION OF 150,000 BUT CAN ACCOMMODATE DOUBLE THAT POPULATION WITH INCREASE IN THE FLOOR SPACE RATIO FROM 1 TO 2 IN THE AREAS RESERVED FOR PRIVATE DEVELOPMENT.
• THE RIVER BEING THE BORDER ON THE EAST, AND THE INDUSTRIAL AREA TO THE NORTH, THE MOST LOGICAL FUTURE PHYSICAL EXPANSION OF THE CITY WAS ENVISAGED TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST
The document provides details about the planning and development of Chandigarh, the new capital city of Punjab in India.
[1] The first master plan for Chandigarh was created by American planner Albert Mayer in the early 1950s. [2] When Le Corbusier was brought on to redesign the master plan, he retained the basic framework conceived by Mayer but replaced the neighborhood units with sectors. [3] Key features of Chandigarh designed by Le Corbusier include the open hand layout of the Capitol Complex, strict controls on housing and industry, and the use of parks and open spaces throughout the city.
Summarizing Urban Form Urban forms in History Urban forms of a few Indian citiesSomesh Siddharth
This document discusses urban morphology and the urban forms of various Indian cities. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to understand urban forms through examples. It then discusses the effective factors in the formation of urban form, including the economy, society, and nature. The document also discusses elements that define a city's figure, such as entrances/exits, solid/void spaces, skylines, and silhouettes. Specific case studies of the urban forms of Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, and Bangalore are provided, outlining the historical development and characteristics of the fabric in different areas of each city.
Local policies and strategies designed to deal with urban decline, decay or transformation are termed as urban renewal.
It is a comprehensive and integrated vision and action which leads to the resolution of urban problems and which seeks to bring about a lasting improvement in the economic, physical, social and environmental conditions of an area that has been subject to change’
With the decision and authority of a governing municipality, rearranging land use, function and ownership features of a socially, economically or structurally decayed part of a certain city .
such as slum zones or brown fields, for the purpose of obtaining a desired, well organized neighbourhood.
Historical periods and growth of human settlementsVijesh Kumar V
The document discusses the evolution of human settlements through different historical periods including ancient, medieval, Renaissance, industrial, and post-industrial ages. It focuses on the Renaissance period, noting that Renaissance urban design was mainly focused on aesthetics as perceived by users of public spaces. Key design features of Renaissance cities included regular geometric layouts, primary streets, and public squares/piazzas designed for their aesthetic and artistic qualities rather than natural community expression. Renaissance urban planning treated the entire city as an artistic whole.
Industrial revolution impacts on human settlementsChaitanya Korra
The industrial revolution had significant impacts on human settlement patterns. It led to the growth of cities as factories became the center of economic activity and drew large numbers of workers. This rapid urbanization created overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions in many cities, especially in neighborhoods near factories. New workers' housing, schools, and other infrastructure struggled to keep up with the fast-growing urban populations. While public health and safety improved over time, many 19th century systems are now obsolete. The industrialization process also concentrated pollution and public health issues in urban areas.
The linear city model proposes an urban plan consisting of elongated, parallel zones specialized for different functions like industry, housing, and agriculture. As the city expands, additional zones would be added linearly instead of spreading wider. The model was first developed in the 19th century but promoted in the 1920s Soviet Union under Milyutin. It aimed to separate functions like housing from pollution-causing industry through zoning along transportation lines like rivers or railroads. A linear settlement is a similar but smaller concept, usually following a transport route like a road, and may lack a defined center.
The document summarizes Kevin Lynch's book "The Image of the City" which explores how people mentally perceive and navigate urban environments. It discusses Lynch's concepts of imageability, legibility, and the five elements that comprise a city's mental image for people - paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks. It provides examples of Lynch's analysis of the mental images of Boston, Jersey City, and Los Angeles.
From 1853 to 1873, Baron Haussmann oversaw a vast public works program to renovate Paris under Napoleon III. Haussmann demolished the chaotic medieval neighborhoods and replaced them with wide boulevards, parks, public buildings, and standardized cream-colored structures. This Haussmannization modernized Paris by implementing a sewer system, improving infrastructure, and beautifying the city, though over 350,000 residents were displaced in the process. The redesign increased circulation and security while establishing a unified neoclassical style that still defines Parisian architecture today.
The document summarizes the development of the city structure of Bhubaneswar, India over time. It describes how the city began as a temple town (until 1948) and was then established as the new capital of Orissa in 1948, with a master plan developed by Otto Koenigsberger. It outlines the stages of the city's growth, including the establishment of institutions from 1956-1976, organized sector developments from 1976 onward, and the current extent and layout of the city. Land use is also summarized, including the original 1968 master plan and subsequent 1988-2001 comprehensive development plan.
The document discusses elements of urban design that shape cities, including buildings, public spaces, streets, landscape, and their interrelationships. It also summarizes Kevin Lynch's book "The Image of the City", which examines how residents mentally map their city based on paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks. Finally, it provides examples of these elements in Mysore, India, highlighting landmarks like the Ambavilas Palace, focal points like Chamaraja Circle, and the city's planned layout with vistas, public squares, and response of buildings to the street network.
The document is a report on proposing a gated community development in Maraimalai Nagar, Chennai. It includes an introduction defining gated communities, the objectives and scope of the project. It also describes the various methods of data collection and analysis used in the report such as literature review, case studies of existing gated communities, site analysis of the proposed location, and programming and concept design for the proposed development. The conclusion states that gated communities are an emerging trend in major cities in India with many large examples being built in cities like Mumbai, Bangalore and Chennai in recent years.
GARDEN CITY(garden city concept), the perfect blend of city and nature.
the preservation of agricultural and rural life, nature and heritage conservation, recreation, pollution minimization, and growth management as well as the city endowed the tradition of urban planning with a social and community dimensions.
New Delhi was designed in the early 20th century to serve as the capital of British-controlled India. It was designed by British architects Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker in a grandiose colonial style inspired by Mughal architecture. Construction began in the 1920s on a symmetrical grid layout with wide boulevards, bisected by a central axis containing government buildings. Some of the most prominent architectural buildings included Rashtrapati Bhavan, the residence of the President of India, and the circular Parliament House, as well as Connaught Place, a commercial hub, and memorial structures like India Gate.
This document summarizes neighborhood planning. It discusses how neighborhood planning aims to organize local communities and seek resident input. It also outlines some of the common housing and development problems cities face that neighborhood planning addresses. The document traces the evolution of neighborhood planning from Clarence Perry's neighborhood unit concept in the early 1900s. It then defines the purpose, principles, elements and benefits of neighborhood planning, which include fostering social interaction, providing community amenities, and building consensus around community needs and goals.
Sawai Jai Singh II established the city of Jaipur in 1727, moving the capital from the congested hill town of Amber. Jaipur was planned according to Hindu texts on city planning, with a grid layout divided into nine wards by main streets oriented along the cardinal directions. This layout aligned with the site's geography, incorporating existing roads and a natural ridge line. The new capital strengthened the region's defenses and economy by its strategic location and planned design.
The document discusses the principles and concepts of neighborhood planning. It explains that neighborhood planning aims to create small residential units of 2,000-5,000 people to foster a sense of community. Key aspects of neighborhood planning include limiting the size to a walkable area, using boundary roads, incorporating green spaces, designing internal streets for safety, providing a mix of housing, locating shops and community centers in central areas, and including facilities like schools and parks within 1 km to encourage social life. The principles of neighborhood planning aim to balance residential development with community spaces and recreation to recreate the lost neighborhood relationships of modern cities.
kolkata and Rajarhat City Planning: A Brief DescriptionMihir Adhikary
The city of Kolkata was originally three villages named Sutanuti, Govindapur, and Kalikata. The British established a trading post in Kalikata in 1690, marking the founding of the city. Over time, Kolkata grew from these villages and became the capital of British India in 1773. The city continued to expand in the 1800s and early 1900s, adding new areas to the east and south as the population increased. In 2007, the New Town Kolkata Development Authority was established to develop Rajarhat New Town as a satellite city to help accommodate Kolkata's growing population and act as a new commercial and residential center. The new town was planned with modern infrastructure and
Perception of Urban Space Shape of an Urban FormSomesh Siddharth
This document provides an overview of key concepts for understanding urban morphology, including:
- Perception of urban space is determined by factors like urban form, massing, and scale. Massing influences how space is perceived, and scale relates to human vision and modes of movement.
- Shape of an urban form is defined by characteristics like size, density, pattern, grain, texture, voids, and routes. Districts, activity structures, orientation, vistas, skylines, and details further shape the urban environment.
- Learning objectives are to understand how to perceive urban environments through determinants of urban form like space, mass, and scale. Key aspects that influence the perception of urban space are discussed.
Amul Dairy is a $500 million cooperative owned by 500,000 farmers. It processes 6 million liters of milk per day collected from 10,000 village cooperatives across India. Amul implemented an ERP system and customized applications to automate milk collection, payments to farmers, and integrate operations. This streamlined logistics, increased transparency, and reduced payment processing time from a week to minutes. Amul is now able to efficiently manage its supply chain and gain real-time insights into demand.
- Le Corbusier was an influential 20th century architect and pioneer of modern architecture. He developed principles like pilotis and roof gardens.
- His 1925 plan for the Radiant City proposed vertical housing blocks surrounded by green space, with strict zoning and an emphasis on transportation. It aimed to provide a better urban lifestyle.
- Though never fully realized, the Radiant City influenced modern planning with its high-density approach. Le Corbusier later applied these principles to his master plan for Chandigarh, India in the 1950s.
INTRODUCTION
COORDINATES - 23.22 ON 72.680 E ELEVATION - 265 feet (81 m)*
LOCATED 23 KM NORTH OF AHEMDABAD (FIN CAP. OF GUJARAT)
PLANNED IN 1960S BY, PRAKASH M APTE & H. K. MEWADA,
AFTER PARTITION OF BOMBAY * STATE : AHEMDABAD WAS MADE AS THE CAPTAL OFGUJARAT
AREA TOTAL 177KM2 ELEVATION : 8IM ( 266 FT)
POPULATION (2011)
TOTAL: 206,167 DENSITY : 1,200/KM2
CLIMATE*
TROPICAL WET AND DRY CLIMATE•
SUMMER MAXIMUM - 36 to 42 °C MINIMUM - 19 to 27 C
WINTER MAXIMUM - 29 C MINIMUM - 14°C
MONSOON: THE AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL IS AROUND 803.4 MM
LANGUAGES
GUJARATI, HINDI, AND ENGLISH• 54% GREEN COVER ON ITS LAND AREA
• THE CITY SITS ON THE BANKS OF THE SABARMATI RIVER, IN NORTH-CENTRALEAST GUJARAT
HISTORY
IN 1960, THE INDIAN STATE OF BOMBAY WAS SPLIT INTO TWO STATES, MAHARASHTRA AND GUJARAT LEAVING GUJARAT WITHOUT A CAPITAL CITY.
AT THE TIME AHMEDABAD WAS SELECTED TO BE THE FIRST CAPITAL OF THE NEWLY CREATED STATE.
• IT WAS LATER PROPOSED THAT A NEW CAPITAL CITY BE CONSTRUCTED FOR THE STATE.
• GANDHINAGAR GOT AN IDENTITY OF ITS OWN WHEN THE STATE OF MUMBAI WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO SEPARATE STATES OF GUJARAT AND MAHARASHTRA.
• IN THE BEGINNING, AHMEDABAD - A COMMERCIAL HUB OF GUJARAT WAS CHOSEN AS THE STATE CAPITAL AND IT WAS PROPOSED THAT A NEW CAPITAL SHOULD BE CONSTRUCTED ALONG THE LINE OF OTHER NEW STATE CAPITALS, PARTICULARLY CHANDIGARH
• THEREFORE TWO WELL-KNOWN INDIAN ARCHITECTS, H.K. MEWADA AND PRAKASH M. APTE (WHO WORKED AS BEGINNER FOR THE CHANDIGARH CITY) DESIGNED THE NEW STATE CAPITAL*
NAMED AFTER MAHATMA GANDHI THE FOUNDATION STONE OF THIS CITY WAS LAID ON 1965 AND IN 1971 THE CAPITAL WAS SHIFTED FROM AHMEDABAD TO GANDHINAGAR
PLANNING
• PLANNED AND IMPLEMENTED BETWEEN 1965-1970
• DETERMINATION TO MAKE GANDHINAGAR A PURELY INDIAN ENTERPRISE, PARTLY BECAUSE GUJARAT WAS THE BIRTHPLACE OF GANDHI.
• TO ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN A SEPARATE IDENTITY FOR THE NEW CITY THE SURROUNDING AREA OF ABOUT 39 VILLAGES WAS BROUGHT UNDER A PERIPHERY CONTROL ACT (AS IN CHANDIGARH)
• THE AREA LATER CONSTITUTED A SEPARATE ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT OF GANDHINAGAR.
• THE CITY WAS PLANNED FOR A POPULATION OF 150,000 BUT CAN ACCOMMODATE DOUBLE THAT POPULATION WITH INCREASE IN THE FLOOR SPACE RATIO FROM 1 TO 2 IN THE AREAS RESERVED FOR PRIVATE DEVELOPMENT.
• THE RIVER BEING THE BORDER ON THE EAST, AND THE INDUSTRIAL AREA TO THE NORTH, THE MOST LOGICAL FUTURE PHYSICAL EXPANSION OF THE CITY WAS ENVISAGED TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST
The document provides details about the planning and development of Chandigarh, the new capital city of Punjab in India.
[1] The first master plan for Chandigarh was created by American planner Albert Mayer in the early 1950s. [2] When Le Corbusier was brought on to redesign the master plan, he retained the basic framework conceived by Mayer but replaced the neighborhood units with sectors. [3] Key features of Chandigarh designed by Le Corbusier include the open hand layout of the Capitol Complex, strict controls on housing and industry, and the use of parks and open spaces throughout the city.
Summarizing Urban Form Urban forms in History Urban forms of a few Indian citiesSomesh Siddharth
This document discusses urban morphology and the urban forms of various Indian cities. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to understand urban forms through examples. It then discusses the effective factors in the formation of urban form, including the economy, society, and nature. The document also discusses elements that define a city's figure, such as entrances/exits, solid/void spaces, skylines, and silhouettes. Specific case studies of the urban forms of Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, and Bangalore are provided, outlining the historical development and characteristics of the fabric in different areas of each city.
Local policies and strategies designed to deal with urban decline, decay or transformation are termed as urban renewal.
It is a comprehensive and integrated vision and action which leads to the resolution of urban problems and which seeks to bring about a lasting improvement in the economic, physical, social and environmental conditions of an area that has been subject to change’
With the decision and authority of a governing municipality, rearranging land use, function and ownership features of a socially, economically or structurally decayed part of a certain city .
such as slum zones or brown fields, for the purpose of obtaining a desired, well organized neighbourhood.
Historical periods and growth of human settlementsVijesh Kumar V
The document discusses the evolution of human settlements through different historical periods including ancient, medieval, Renaissance, industrial, and post-industrial ages. It focuses on the Renaissance period, noting that Renaissance urban design was mainly focused on aesthetics as perceived by users of public spaces. Key design features of Renaissance cities included regular geometric layouts, primary streets, and public squares/piazzas designed for their aesthetic and artistic qualities rather than natural community expression. Renaissance urban planning treated the entire city as an artistic whole.
Industrial revolution impacts on human settlementsChaitanya Korra
The industrial revolution had significant impacts on human settlement patterns. It led to the growth of cities as factories became the center of economic activity and drew large numbers of workers. This rapid urbanization created overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions in many cities, especially in neighborhoods near factories. New workers' housing, schools, and other infrastructure struggled to keep up with the fast-growing urban populations. While public health and safety improved over time, many 19th century systems are now obsolete. The industrialization process also concentrated pollution and public health issues in urban areas.
The linear city model proposes an urban plan consisting of elongated, parallel zones specialized for different functions like industry, housing, and agriculture. As the city expands, additional zones would be added linearly instead of spreading wider. The model was first developed in the 19th century but promoted in the 1920s Soviet Union under Milyutin. It aimed to separate functions like housing from pollution-causing industry through zoning along transportation lines like rivers or railroads. A linear settlement is a similar but smaller concept, usually following a transport route like a road, and may lack a defined center.
The document summarizes Kevin Lynch's book "The Image of the City" which explores how people mentally perceive and navigate urban environments. It discusses Lynch's concepts of imageability, legibility, and the five elements that comprise a city's mental image for people - paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks. It provides examples of Lynch's analysis of the mental images of Boston, Jersey City, and Los Angeles.
From 1853 to 1873, Baron Haussmann oversaw a vast public works program to renovate Paris under Napoleon III. Haussmann demolished the chaotic medieval neighborhoods and replaced them with wide boulevards, parks, public buildings, and standardized cream-colored structures. This Haussmannization modernized Paris by implementing a sewer system, improving infrastructure, and beautifying the city, though over 350,000 residents were displaced in the process. The redesign increased circulation and security while establishing a unified neoclassical style that still defines Parisian architecture today.
The document summarizes the development of the city structure of Bhubaneswar, India over time. It describes how the city began as a temple town (until 1948) and was then established as the new capital of Orissa in 1948, with a master plan developed by Otto Koenigsberger. It outlines the stages of the city's growth, including the establishment of institutions from 1956-1976, organized sector developments from 1976 onward, and the current extent and layout of the city. Land use is also summarized, including the original 1968 master plan and subsequent 1988-2001 comprehensive development plan.
The document discusses elements of urban design that shape cities, including buildings, public spaces, streets, landscape, and their interrelationships. It also summarizes Kevin Lynch's book "The Image of the City", which examines how residents mentally map their city based on paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks. Finally, it provides examples of these elements in Mysore, India, highlighting landmarks like the Ambavilas Palace, focal points like Chamaraja Circle, and the city's planned layout with vistas, public squares, and response of buildings to the street network.
The document is a report on proposing a gated community development in Maraimalai Nagar, Chennai. It includes an introduction defining gated communities, the objectives and scope of the project. It also describes the various methods of data collection and analysis used in the report such as literature review, case studies of existing gated communities, site analysis of the proposed location, and programming and concept design for the proposed development. The conclusion states that gated communities are an emerging trend in major cities in India with many large examples being built in cities like Mumbai, Bangalore and Chennai in recent years.
GARDEN CITY(garden city concept), the perfect blend of city and nature.
the preservation of agricultural and rural life, nature and heritage conservation, recreation, pollution minimization, and growth management as well as the city endowed the tradition of urban planning with a social and community dimensions.
New Delhi was designed in the early 20th century to serve as the capital of British-controlled India. It was designed by British architects Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker in a grandiose colonial style inspired by Mughal architecture. Construction began in the 1920s on a symmetrical grid layout with wide boulevards, bisected by a central axis containing government buildings. Some of the most prominent architectural buildings included Rashtrapati Bhavan, the residence of the President of India, and the circular Parliament House, as well as Connaught Place, a commercial hub, and memorial structures like India Gate.
This document summarizes neighborhood planning. It discusses how neighborhood planning aims to organize local communities and seek resident input. It also outlines some of the common housing and development problems cities face that neighborhood planning addresses. The document traces the evolution of neighborhood planning from Clarence Perry's neighborhood unit concept in the early 1900s. It then defines the purpose, principles, elements and benefits of neighborhood planning, which include fostering social interaction, providing community amenities, and building consensus around community needs and goals.
Sawai Jai Singh II established the city of Jaipur in 1727, moving the capital from the congested hill town of Amber. Jaipur was planned according to Hindu texts on city planning, with a grid layout divided into nine wards by main streets oriented along the cardinal directions. This layout aligned with the site's geography, incorporating existing roads and a natural ridge line. The new capital strengthened the region's defenses and economy by its strategic location and planned design.
The document discusses the principles and concepts of neighborhood planning. It explains that neighborhood planning aims to create small residential units of 2,000-5,000 people to foster a sense of community. Key aspects of neighborhood planning include limiting the size to a walkable area, using boundary roads, incorporating green spaces, designing internal streets for safety, providing a mix of housing, locating shops and community centers in central areas, and including facilities like schools and parks within 1 km to encourage social life. The principles of neighborhood planning aim to balance residential development with community spaces and recreation to recreate the lost neighborhood relationships of modern cities.
kolkata and Rajarhat City Planning: A Brief DescriptionMihir Adhikary
The city of Kolkata was originally three villages named Sutanuti, Govindapur, and Kalikata. The British established a trading post in Kalikata in 1690, marking the founding of the city. Over time, Kolkata grew from these villages and became the capital of British India in 1773. The city continued to expand in the 1800s and early 1900s, adding new areas to the east and south as the population increased. In 2007, the New Town Kolkata Development Authority was established to develop Rajarhat New Town as a satellite city to help accommodate Kolkata's growing population and act as a new commercial and residential center. The new town was planned with modern infrastructure and
Perception of Urban Space Shape of an Urban FormSomesh Siddharth
This document provides an overview of key concepts for understanding urban morphology, including:
- Perception of urban space is determined by factors like urban form, massing, and scale. Massing influences how space is perceived, and scale relates to human vision and modes of movement.
- Shape of an urban form is defined by characteristics like size, density, pattern, grain, texture, voids, and routes. Districts, activity structures, orientation, vistas, skylines, and details further shape the urban environment.
- Learning objectives are to understand how to perceive urban environments through determinants of urban form like space, mass, and scale. Key aspects that influence the perception of urban space are discussed.
Amul Dairy is a $500 million cooperative owned by 500,000 farmers. It processes 6 million liters of milk per day collected from 10,000 village cooperatives across India. Amul implemented an ERP system and customized applications to automate milk collection, payments to farmers, and integrate operations. This streamlined logistics, increased transparency, and reduced payment processing time from a week to minutes. Amul is now able to efficiently manage its supply chain and gain real-time insights into demand.
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Baskin-Robbins was formed in 1945 by brothers-in-law Burton Baskin and Irvine Robbins. It grew to a chain of 6 stores that year and expanded franchising to 40 stores by 1949. Today it has over 8,000 outlets globally including 86 stores in Malaysia. The Malaysian franchise aims to maximize profits and customer loyalty. Baskin-Robbins segments its market towards wealthy middle-to-upper class adults aged 30 and over, often with young children. It promotes its ice cream, sundaes, and cakes through above-the-line advertising and below-the-line promotions like monthly discounts and redemption points. Stores are strategically located for visibility and direct distribution without intermedi
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Amul is a dairy cooperative in India owned by millions of milk producers. It has grown to become the largest food brand in India through a unique business model that collects milk directly from farmers and converts it into branded products. Amul uses a low-cost marketing strategy, emphasizing low prices and advertising campaigns like the iconic Amul girl. It faces competition from other major brands but has expanded its product range and international markets to maintain its leading position in India's dairy industry.
This document discusses consumer awareness and rights in India. It outlines the seven main rights of consumers: safety, information, choice, redress, education, healthy environment, and basic needs. It emphasizes the importance of consumer education and protection organizations in fighting exploitation of consumers in India related to issues like poverty, illiteracy, and ineffective laws. Finally, it provides tips for consumers to keep in mind when purchasing various products like food, drugs, clothes, gold, and more.
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Fieldy study report final -by er. amit pokhrelAmit Pokharel
This document summarizes a report on the study of neighborhood structure in Buddhanagar, Nepal. The report contains the following key points:
1. It provides background on definitions of neighborhoods and describes them as places for living, work, socialization and developing identity. Neighborhoods have distinct spatial characteristics at different scales.
2. The case study examines the neighborhood of Buddhanagar in Kathmandu, located northeast of the main road to New Baneswor. It describes the historical name and growth of the area over time.
3. The aims of the study are to identify walkability, services, housing clusters, and the three spatial levels - home area, locality, and urban district - that
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The document provides an acknowledgement and abstract for a report on designing a neighborhood. It then discusses the background, objectives, methodology, and scope of the neighborhood design project. It defines key concepts for the neighborhood design, including conservation, topography, circulation patterns, and location aspects. It outlines policies on planning issues like land use and population control. It lists considerations for the neighborhood design regarding plots, roads, and community facilities. The overall document presents the framework and approach for a planned design of a new neighborhood.
Field Report on present condition of Ward 1 and Ward 2 of Pabna MunicipalityMorshed Ahmed Rahath
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1) Despite being part of BBMP for 8 years, the village still lacks reliable access to drinking water and other basic services. Residents purchase water from a single distribution point.
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1. The document discusses theories of urbanism and architecture by Jane Jacobs as they relate to the developing area of Bandar Puteri in Puchong, Malaysia.
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Urban planning concept,principles and elementes TeshagerMengesha
This document summarizes key elements of urban planning, including:
1) Elements of urban planning such as communications, built-up areas, open areas, public utility services, and public amenities.
2) Principles of urban planning including green belts, housing, transportation, recreation, zoning, public buildings, and road systems.
3) Concepts of urban planning like the Garden City Concept which proposed self-contained settlements that balance urban and rural lifestyles.
This document outlines the requirements for a final project in a course on natural and built environments. The project involves proposing a new town.
Students will first submit an individual report and presentation proposing their own version of "X" Town, including a basic plan, zoning, transportation, and elements to enhance livability.
They will then work in groups to further develop one of the town proposals. As a group, they will create presentation boards and a physical model of the selected town, explaining its layout and features in more detail.
The goal is for students to demonstrate their understanding of the components and relationships between natural environments, built spaces, and what makes a sustainable and livable community.
This document outlines the requirements for a final project in a course on natural and built environments. The project involves proposing a new town.
Students will first submit an individual report and presentation proposing their own version of "X" Town, including a basic plan, zoning, transportation, and elements to enhance livability.
They will then work in groups to further develop one of the town proposals. As a group, they will create presentation boards and a physical model of the selected town, explaining its layout and features in more detail. The goals are for students to understand components of towns, propose a sustainable and livable future town, and demonstrate their knowledge of natural and built environments.
This document provides guidelines for a final project in a course on natural and built environments. The project involves proposing a new town. It is divided into two parts:
Part A is an individual component requiring an A4 report and 3-minute video presentation proposing a basic plan for a new "X" Town.
Part B is a group component involving a physical model of the selected town and up to 3 presentation boards further explaining the proposal. Groups will choose from town types centered around a lake, river, island, or sea. The proposal must consider population size, zoning, infrastructure, sustainability, and other factors.
The document outlines objectives, learning outcomes, tasks, submission requirements, and assessment criteria for both parts
This document outlines the requirements for a final project in a course on natural and built environments. The project involves proposing a new town.
Students will first submit an individual report and presentation proposing their own version of "X" Town, including a basic plan, zoning, transportation, and elements to enhance livability.
They will then work in groups to further develop one of the town proposals. As a group, they will create presentation boards and a physical model of the selected town, explaining its layout and features in more detail. The goals are for students to understand components of towns, propose a sustainable and livable future town, and demonstrate their knowledge of natural and built environments.
This document outlines the requirements for a final project in a course on natural and built environments. The project involves proposing a new town. It is divided into two parts:
Part A is an individual component requiring an A4 report and 3-minute video presentation proposing a basic plan for a new "X" Town, including zoning, transportation, and improvements.
Part B is a group component requiring a physical model of the selected town and up to 3 presentation boards further explaining the proposal. Groups will choose from town types centered around a lake, river, island, or sea. Assessments will evaluate the depth and clarity of investigations and proposals.
ENBE FINAL PROJECT BRIEF - BETTER LIVABLE TOWN.Darshiini Vig
This document outlines the requirements for a final project in a course on natural and built environments. The project involves proposing a new town.
Students will first submit an individual report and presentation proposing their own version of "X" Town, including a basic plan, zoning, transportation, and elements to enhance livability.
They will then work in groups to further develop one of the town proposals. As a group, they will create presentation boards and a physical model showing the selected town in more detail, considering factors like population, infrastructure, sustainability, and services. The group work will be presented at the end of the semester.
This document outlines the requirements for a final project in a course on natural and built environments. The project involves proposing a new town.
Students will first submit an individual report and presentation proposing their own version of "X" Town, including a basic plan, zoning, transportation, and elements to enhance livability.
They will then work in groups to further develop one of the town proposals. As a group, they will create presentation boards and a physical model of the selected town, explaining its layout and features in more detail. The goals are to understand components of towns, propose a sustainable and livable future town, and demonstrate knowledge of natural and built environments.
This document provides guidelines for a final project in a course on natural and built environments. The project involves proposing a new town. It is divided into two parts:
Part A is an individual component requiring an A4 report and 3-minute video presentation proposing a basic plan for a new "X" Town.
Part B is a group component involving a physical model of the selected town and up to 3 presentation boards further explaining the proposal. Groups will choose from town types centered around a lake, river, island or sea. The proposal must consider population size, zoning, infrastructure, sustainability and livability.
The document outlines objectives, learning outcomes, tasks, submission requirements and assessment criteria for both parts of the final
This document outlines the requirements for Project Two of the Elements of Natural Built Environment course. It has two parts:
Part A is an individual assignment to create an A4 booklet investigating and describing a town or city, including its history, principles of urban planning, and guidelines for better future towns.
Part B is a group assignment to propose a new, improved "town center" through A2 presentation boards and a physical model. The town center design must consider geometry, sustainability, green space, and features to meet the population's needs.
The goals are to understand components of the built environment, examine the relationship between nature and development, and apply lessons to planning a livable future town center.
This document outlines the requirements for Project Two of the Elements of Natural Built Environment course. It has two parts:
Part A is an individual assignment to produce an A4 booklet describing a city or town and investigating cities/towns, town planning principles, and guidelines for better future towns.
Part B is a group assignment to propose a new, improved "town center" through A2 presentation boards and a physical model. The town center design must consider geometry, sustainability, green approaches, and focus areas like squares and civic buildings.
The project aims to expose students to natural and built environment elements and their relationships, and allow students to apply principles in proposing a better future town center design.
This document outlines the requirements for Project Two of the Elements of Natural Built Environment course. It has two parts:
Part A is an individual assignment to create an A4 booklet investigating and describing a town or city, including its history, principles of urban planning, and guidelines for better future towns.
Part B is a group assignment to propose a new, improved "town center" through A2 presentation boards and a physical model. The town center design must consider geometry, sustainability, green space, and features to meet the population's needs.
The goals are to understand components of the built environment, examine the relationship between nature and development, and apply lessons to planning a livable future town center.
This document outlines the requirements for Project Two of the Elements of Natural Built Environment course. It has two parts:
Part A is an individual assignment to create an A4 booklet investigating and describing a town or city, including its history, principles of urban planning, and guidelines for better future towns.
Part B is a group assignment to propose a new, improved "town center" through A2 presentation boards and a physical model. The town center design must consider geometry, sustainability, green space, and features to meet the population's needs.
The goals are to understand components of the built environment, examine the relationship between nature and development, and apply lessons to planning a livable future town center.
This document outlines the requirements for a two-part final project on the built environment for an architecture course. For Part A (20%), students will individually research and document in an A4 booklet a past, present, and future city as well as a town planning principle. They will also investigate and describe the city or town where they live. For Part B (20%), students will work in groups to propose a new, better future town center through A2 presentation boards and a physical model made of recyclable materials. The project aims to expose students to natural and built environment elements and their relationships through exploring case studies and proposing an improved town design.
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Fieldy study report: Buddhanagar neighbourhood structure
1. A report -Study of Neighborhood Structure
Buddhanagar
Statuary Publication
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2. A report -Study of Neighborhood Structure
Buddhanagar
This document is the sole publication of the Author. Any misuse
and the mis-interpretation of this document by anyone, author does
not take the responsibility for the same.
Er. Amit Pokhrel
M.Sc. Urban Design and Conservation, 3rd semester student
Khwopa Engineering College
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7. A report -Study of Neighborhood Structure
Buddhanagar
CHAPTER 1:
BACKGROUND
Neighbourhood is the place where people like to to stay. Although these places are
routinely defined according to administrative boundaries on the basis of statistical criteria,
it is important to carefully consider the way they are circumscribed as they can create
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spatial analysis problems and produce misleading information. A new approach to
defining Neighbourhood units which is based on the integration of elements stemming
from the socioeconomic situation of the area, its history, and how it is perceived by local
key actors.
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In 1915, Park described these groupings as the results of the competition for land use
between various businesses and groups of populations existing without formal
organization.
A Neighbourhood is often considered to be a living area as well as a place of work and a
family environment. One will find people interacting for utility (grocery stores, medical
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Buddhanagar
clinics, schools, recreational parks, etc.), support or mutual aid (exchanges of services), or
for -pure socialization (the need to create bonds between individuals).
It is a space we learn to recognize by moving throughout it while carrying social and
economic activities such as visiting friends and shopping. The built environment and its
social organization can become familiar and could contribute to one's identity.
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A Neighbourhood can thus become a reflection of oneself, one's values, aspirations and
socioeconomic conditions. It can also be freely selected or determined by these same
socioeconomic conditions. In short, a Neighbourhood is a place characterized by a
specific collection of spatially based features that can be found at a specific geographic
scale.
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The three spatial levels of the concept of Neighbourhood which are intrinsically
connected inside the same area: the home area, the locality and the urban district. The
home area refers to belonging and family, where the psycho-social purposes of
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Buddhanagar
Neighbourhood tend to be strongest and it is typically defined by the area within a 5–10
minute walk around someone's residence.
The locality refers to the wider area where residential activities are still highly
predictable, familiar, and is visited frequently. The urban district refers to an even larger
landscape of social and economic opportunities which might vary considerably from one
individual to another. In this way, Neighbourhoods can be seen as overlapping areas in
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relation to one's needs, the whole being centered on the residence. Moreover, the scale of
a Neighbourhood shall be very different between urban and rural areas, where notions
like distance or local are different.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To identify the walkability and school services.
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To identify the services to make a safe neighborhood.
To identify the problems of dwelling units.
To identify the clusters of housing with community facilities.
To explore several relevant methodological issues related to the definition of
Neighbourhood units.
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Buddhanagar
To find the three spatial levels of the concept of Neighbourhood which are
intrinsically connected inside the same area: the home area, the locality and the
urban district.
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Buddhanagar
CHAPTER 2:
LITERATURE REVIEW
Elements of a Great Neighborhood
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Certainly, there are other more particular day-to-day concerns facing the neighborhood,
and they need to be addressed. Before we address these concerns, however, it will be
most helpful if we begin first to think broadly about--to imagine--what qualities good
urban neighborhoods should have, what a neighborhood
might be and should be, and how it can be the best possible
neighborhood for those who live in it.
1. Walk to Shop
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A great neighborhood has everyday stores and services within an easy walk from home. It
has stores and shops that satisfy everyday needs within an easy walk from home.
Everyday shops and services include corner groceries, day
care, cafes and restaurants, banks, dry cleaners, bakeries and
the like. An easy walk is about five to ten minutes.
2. Safe Streets
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20. A report -Study of Neighborhood Structure
Buddhanagar
A great neighborhood has safe and friendly streets. It has safe and friendly streets. In a
great neighborhood people can walk without fear of crime, being threatened by traffic, or
being disturbed by excessive noise. People feel like they
"belong" on neighborhood streets. Residential streets feel
public, and more like open space than traffic ways. Streets are
a pleasant part of the neighborhood.
3. Get Around Easily
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21. A report -Study of Neighborhood Structure
Buddhanagar
A great neighborhood has many ways to get around. It has many choices for moving to,
from, and within it. Great neighborhoods make it easy to move about on foot, by bicycle,
transit, and auto. They accommodate the car, but allow people to live easily without one.
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4. Housing Choices
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A great neighborhood has a variety of housing types. It has a variety of housing types. A
variety of houses; flats and apartments of various size to meet different needs and
preferences.
5. Gathering Places
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A great neighborhood has places for people to meet and talk. It has places for people to
meet, talk and be neighborly. Public gathering places include parks, plazas, sidewalks,
and shops.
6. City Services
A great neighborhood has a full range of public services for residents. It has a full range
of public services for residents. Public services include parks, schools, police and fire
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7. Special Character
A great neighborhood has its own special character. They are shaped by their physical
setting, streets, buildings, open spaces, history, culture
and the people who live in them. In great neighborhoods
these attributes combine in unique and memorable ways.
Great neighborhoods make great cities.
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Great neighborhoods make great Cities. Great neighborhoods stand out on their own, yet
are connected to the City. They can be a refuge for their residents, but also a part of the
city's wider community.
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NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTERISTICS
• Utilities and Servicing
• Major public service uses
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• Land use ratios: Industrial/Residential & Commercial
• Servicing and Transportation
• Water supply, Sewage disposal and Drainage System
• Emergency services: Police/Hospitals/Fire brigade
• Land use demands: Residential/Commercial/Industrial
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• Open space/Natural areas
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Figure1: General components of Neighborhood
31. A report -Study of Neighborhood Structure
Buddhanagar
NEIGHBORHOOD MODULE
Traditional neighborhood module
Nani is one of the clan settlement units. It is formed by the combination of dwelling
cluster types. Orientation of each Nani is toward the center or court.
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32Figure2: Nani structure in Traditional Settlement
Nani & the Town
The Hierarchical Relationship
Nani A + Nani B + … Tole A
Nani A + Nani B + … Mandalika A
Mandalika A + Mandalika B
Town
33. A report -Study of Neighborhood Structure
Buddhanagar
Modern Neighbourhood module
A sound area for living
Adequate school and parks within a 5min/10 min walk.
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Buddhanagar
Major street around rather than through the neighbourhood
Separate residential and non residential districts or commercial centres
Population large enough to support an elementary school, usually 2,000 to 8,000
people
Some neighbours stores and services
Facilities of water supply, drainage, utilities, minimum a hospital, with safety
security and minimum a green environment
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Buddhanagar
Hierarchy neighborhood in a residential town settlement
Residential Cluster + Residential Cluster = Neighbourhood Quarter
Neighbourhood Quarter + Neighbourhood Quarter = Residential District
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Residential District + Residential District = Town Settlement
(Settlement cluster with respect to the house forms within nani clusters, nani as the unit of
analysis for development)
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CHAPTER 3:
CASE STUDY OF
BUDDHANAGAR
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Buddhanagar is located to the north-east of the main road to the way of New Baneswor
from Babarmahal. Previously, it was name as chuchol galli but known as Buddhanagar
due to presence of statue of Buddha and Buddhist community.
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Buddhanagar is one of the blooming areas for the residential neighborhood plan that has
40Figure4: Map of Buddhanagar, highlighted study Area
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41
Figure3: Google map of Buddhanagar,
New Baneshwor
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these quarters, various features are analyzed to observe the various socio-cultural
activities at different times.
Quarter A belongs to bungalow type and rest of quarters is flat system houses (mixed
uses).
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Figure 5: General information of the study area
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HIERARCHY DIVISION OF SPACE
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The study area consists of the different hierarchal distribution of area like the area which
is near by the road side is captured by commercial use also and the area that is little inner
side from the road is purely residential area. Mainly the primary streets are used as a
missed used purpose that is containing shops on the ground floor.
Residences inside this area are in different variation in height like one storey to 5th
storey
also and are bungalow type as well as flat system on rent etc.
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Housing type
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50
Figure7: commercial area on the road
side
Figure6: Residential area inside the study area
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BASIC NEIGHBORHOOD ELEMENTS INSIDE THE STUDY AREA
Walk to shop
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This neighborhood has easy access to satisfy everyday needs within the accepted walking
distance (5-10 minutes).
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54
Fig.8: walk able distance
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Safe streets:
Since the streets have mixed use, street seems lively and safer. People can walk without
any fear of crime. Streets feel like public and more open space than traffic ways. Footpath
is lacking.
The road network divides:
• Primary road
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• Secondary road
• Tertiary road
• Cul de sac
The road is nearly designed for the concept of pedestrian friendly since there is only flow
of public vehicles.
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Get around easily:
It has many choices for moving to, from and within it. But some of the streets end with
the building where people have to walk a lot more to reach the destination. In this case
permeability factor is low. It consumes more time and less efficiency.
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Fig.9: Street Networking
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Housing choices: the study area of
this neighborhood consists of
mainly two types of hosing choices
i.e. bungalow type and flat system
rented building in which mostly
60Fig.10: House Ownership Chart
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the ground floor used as the commercial purpose. The houses which are near by the road
are mainly mixed type (Commercial Residential). And the houses found on the inner area
are mainly bungalow type.
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Gathering places:
The people can gather in banquet hall, school’s playground to meet, talk and be
neighborly. They also form their own organization known as "Buddhanagar development
62Fig.11: Columbus School
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committee" which performs their different public activity in the open spaces of the
school.
The study area also consists of the one newly made banquet hall in which people gather to
perform their parties and other activities.
City services:
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It has full range of public services for residents. These include school, police post,
hospitals, commercial, road networking, etc. small shops used for the daily purpose are
also found in the community.
1. Police post
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The police post is situated on the west peripheral site. This police post serves 24 hours
services for the safety and security inside the community, which can be also consider as
the integral part of the complete neighborhood.
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2. Elementary school
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The study areas contain elementary school: Columbus School, Kavya School, South point
school under which 40-55% of the student belongs to the Buddhanagar community.
Schools/College in Buddhanagar
1. Columbus School (inside the study area)
2. Kavya School (Primary+ Secondary) (inside the study area)
3. Northpoint School (Primary School)
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4. Southpoint School (Primary School) (inside the study area)
5. National Academy (Primary School)
6. Buddha public School (inside the study area)
7. KITS Nursing College
8. Alfa-beta Institute (inside the study area)
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South point school contains 40% students from the Buddhanagar among them around
27% of the students come from our study area and remaining 13% comes outward from
the study area but they belongs from the Buddhanagar. Similarly another school contains
53% of the students from the Buddhanagar among which 28.5% from the study area and
remaining from the outside of study area but from Buddhanagar. And the remaining 47%
from the other parts like Bhaktapur, Shankhamul, Old Baneswor, Babarmahal etc
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• Class: play group to V class
• Number of student around the territory=56
• Walking student=55
• From van A , the student comes from: Pulchowk-Imadol-Kharibot-Koteswor-
Shankhamul-Buddhanagar=12 students
• From van A again-Newroad-Mahankal-Bir hospital side=4 student
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• From van B, the student comes from: Maitidevi-Shantinagar-Mid Baneswor-
Guheswor-Babarmahal-Thapagaun-Buddhanagar= 15 student
• From van B again: Koteswoe-Jadibuti-Gathaghar-Balkot-Nyatapole-
Suryabinayak-Baneswor-Buddhanagar=20 students
• From different pockets of Buddhanagar, Swet binayak marga= 7/8 students
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Fig.13: Distribution of students in Columbus School
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3. Open space
The study area consists of the private open space as a vacant land rather than a public
open space. One triangular public open space is situated on the east side of the study area
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which function as children’s playing as well as the parking space in the present time.
Furthermore the other open or vacant open land use as vegetation. And some of the
vacant lands are used by the children as a playground.
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Fig.14: open spaces (private and public)
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83
Fig.16: Public open space used for Parking
and Playing
Fig.15: private vacant land used as a
basketball court at present
Fig.1: Typical section of building
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4. Services and facilities:
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They start their day by going temples (Ganesh
temple, Durga temple) indicated by triangular
shape. Elementary schools are indicated as circular
shape. Dhobi khola and Bagmati River are also
shown connected with Shankhamul road. Hams
hospital is also distinctly shown in the plan for
emergency health services.
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5. Transportation and parking
Vehicular access is limited in Buddhanagar. Public vehicles are available only to the
border of Shankhamul and from Araniko highway. Inside this area, it is served by the
street loop road system.
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Figure17: Dhurga Temple
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The southern part of Buddhanagar has good access from all directions, Street providing
direct east-west connections to buddhanagar and Krishna tower and north-south
connection to babarmahal-koteswor road network.
Since the area was planned and developed as an auto-oriented, low density commercial-
industrial area, there is adequate parking in the area.
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Figure19: Parking near by the House
Figure 18: Public Transportation Area
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6. Utilities
The area is well serviced by
utilities, like water, sewer,
drainage and electricity
services. Drinking water is
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available through government line and through boring, well etc. solid waste disposal is
carried out through the government and through club. There is a major overhead electrical
power transmission line passing through the western edge of the area. From a
redevelopment and aesthetics perspective, this transmission line is a major constraint for
the development opportunities in this area. Existing overhead secondary distribution
power lines through Buddhanagar will need to be shifted where they are impacted by the
new public roadway construction.
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Figure20: Overhead Electrical Line
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Figure21: Utility Chart
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7. Small shops
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• Groceries 46 • Jwellary shop 4
• Stationery 11 • Fruit shop 4
• Cafe & Tea shop 15 • Pharmacy 2
• Tailoring 13 • Tv repairing 3
• Cosmetic & beauty parlor 14 • Hardware 3
• Fast food 11 • Gas depo 6
• Clothing store 9 • Garage 4
• Barber shop 6 • Office including NGO’S 6
• Dairy product=3 3 • Finance 2
• Electric appliances=6 6 • Cyber 3
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The study area contains the small shops for the daily needs. The ground floors of the
buildings near by the road contains different type of shops like groceries, barber shop,
jeweler shops, café, restaurants etc. these shops make the street alive by the flow of
people for the search of their needs.
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Figure22: Shops Chart
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Socio-economic aspect:
The town form, street patterns and open space hierarchy including building components
have different layers of socio-religious meanings, developed in different time period,
which forms the collective memory and shared values of communities.
According to a socioeconomic perspective, economic is mainly associated with education,
employment and income whereas society refers primarily to parenting, marital status, age
and living alone.
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The result of this approach offers a portrait of the population's material and social
conditions' internal diversity. It allows locating places with similar levels of deprivation
into five groups, from most privileged to most deprived, and the evaluation of the level of
adjacency for each of the five groups which was in site of Buddhanagar.
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Gradual development phase of Buddhanagar
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The timeline of Buddhanagar shows the gradual development of infrastructure and the
population size. These pictures show the improvement of services with the compactness
of living due to opportunity in the capital city Kathmandu valley. In the same way, there
is gradual decrement of quality of services due to rapid increment of population.
The Aerial map of 2003 show that there are many land still not used for developments
and it clearly defines that there is a natural environment within the built environment.
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The overall map indicates that in the core and outer area, there are still many unused or
green or open land to be there with no change in it. The figure directly explains that there
is many vacant land within Buddhanagar which representing its natural aspects within the
area.
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Similary the Aerial map of 2007 indicates that the earlier open lands or vacant space was
filled up by built environment in many places within Buddhanagar. As we see in this map
that the core and outer area was filled up by built environment and very few land was left
to change in built environment; which directly shows that the rise in population density is
the main reason to occupy by built environment.
Similary the map of 2010 clearly shows now that there is a limited land within the area
and most part are used by built for development of commercialized and for private
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residences, due to increase number of population, which supports for a Neighbourhood
point of view too. and the latest data available from 2013 Aerial map shows that, there is
few countable land only and whole area was covered by concrete jungles leaving no
spaces for greenary and natural environment which is the biggest threat for cultivating the
grains to live a life in sustainable manner.
Timeline Situation of Buddhanagar
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• Aerial map of 2003
Greenary or open or vacant land are mostly presence in this map, which
shows that the open or vacant land are used for grainary means or for
agriculture means to sustain life and the other parts are surrounded by
built environment
• Aerial map of 2007
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The situation comes to be changed while travelling time from 2003 to
2007. The spaces which was mostly vacant is now filled up by many built
concrete and fewer lands are yet to be filled due to rise in population due
to opportunity in capital as well as due to country under threat due to
maoist revolution from the past year.
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• Aerial map of 2010
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Within the 3 years time from 2007 to 2010, the left portion of vacant land
was occupied by houses and many built structures within this area. Now
only few land were left there and we can count it, this situation was due
to increase in population from around the country to stay in capital city as
welll as due to centralization.
• Aerial map of 2013
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The passage of time shows that the place like Buddhanagar was to be
empty during ealier years but now a days it seems that the most part of
this area is covered by concrete jungles and this situation is due to the
countries internal problem including maoist revolution which disturbed
much to the citizens of Nepal, which created population density to be
increased in capital city as well as due to centralization, the opportunity is
higher in capital than in the regional area, which within the 15 years,
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people flew in capital for business, quality education, employment, to go
abroad and due to perspective to be in one way for living in the cities
which is rich in cultural and easy to access for what the people needs in
their life.
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Fig23: Buddhanagar in 2003 Fig24: Buddhanagar in 2007
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Fig25: Buddhanagar in 2010 Fig26: Buddhanagar in 2013
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Chapter:4
Neighbourhood Structure as an Analysis Tool
Field study emphasize the importance of the method used to define Neighbourhood
structure. This is of the utmost concern given the effect this definition can have on the
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study. The use of borders established more or less arbitrarily can generate serious
information biases and reduce the validity of analyses.
As the Neighbourhood integrates place as well as people, its conceptualization must
consider characteristics of both place and people, and the interaction between them. It
must also consider that a neighbourhood is always a part of a larger whole.
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METHODS
Studied Area
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We conducted this study in five places (Marga) of the Buddhanagar. They were selected
for their comparability on certain aspects and contrasts on others. Furthermore, they
represent three basic types of milieus, namely a local area, a suburban and a business area
(a source for income housing).
In order to produce a set of neighbourhood units as close as possible to the way the
territories are built, lived, and perceived, meaning where the neighborhood’s idiosyncrasy
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is best represented, a three-prong approach was developed combining and integrating
historical, socioeconomic and perceptual viewpoints.
The Historical Perspective
Buddhanagar is located to the north-east of the main road to the way of New Baneswor
from Babarmahal. Previously, it was name as chuchol galli but known as Buddhanagar
due to presence of statue of Buddha and Buddhist community. Buddhanagar is one of the
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blooming areas for the residential neighborhood plan that has grown and changed over
time. The total area of Buddhanagar covers around 982 ropanies (49 hectare). The study
area covers about 25% (12.25 hectare) of total area which are divided into five quarters.
In these quarters, various features are analyzed to observe the various socio-culture
activities at different times.
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This perspective is based on locating all institutional, private or public demarcations used
during the past years before the beginning of Neighbourhood concept started in Nepal.
The period was considered since it is about the average duration of an adult's active life.
The collected limits could be, for instance, from primary schools' catchment area,
Regional planning units, fire or police security dispatch zones, municipalities or parishes'
boundaries.
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Different maps have been collected for each studied territory. Every single limit of each
map was weighted according to four criteria: the length of utilization, the decade of use,
the relevance of a limit according to the research theme and the collected information's
accuracy.
A topological structure was made using street network for Buddhanagar. Every segment
of the topological structure was given a weight according to the four criteria. Natural
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breaks in the distribution of those weights served as class thresholds for defining the
frequency of the limits use: very often, often, sometimes and never.
The Socioeconomic Perspective
For the definition of Neighbourhood structure according to a socioeconomic perspective,
Material deprivation is mainly associated with education, employment and income,
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whereas social deprivation refers primarily to parenting, marital status, age and living.
Both dimensions of deprivation are in fact the two main components of a principal
component analysis carried out on the above socioeconomic indicators.
In order to provide a unique statistical representation of deprivation for each territory, we
carried out a cluster analysis by dissemination area for each aspect. We used the cluster
analysis since the results generated are more compact than those obtained by the
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hierarchical method, exclude any possibility of overmatching and maximize the internal
groupings' homogeneity. Following preliminary analyses, we determined that five groups
were adequate to spatially reveal the main deprivation differences. Each group brings
together data with similar factor scores on both deprivation aspects.
The result of this approach is mainly cartographic, offering a portrait of the population's
material and social conditions' internal diversity. It allows locating places with similar
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levels of deprivation into five groups, from most privileged to most deprived, and the
evaluation of the level of adjacency for each of the five groups. The five groups or
quarters or area represent the area taken within the Buddhanagar area or teritory.
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The Perception Perspective
For this perspective, a focus-group type work was carried out with local respondents who
have had knowledge of our five study areas. We chose to intereact with locals because
they bring a valuable and coherent point of view of the territory since they can both look
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at it as a whole and give advice about its interactions with the region, and discuss specific
details within it.
In each territory, we held an interview of three hours for locals coming from activity
sectors such as community groups, school board, and community health and social
services. Twenty people per territory took part in this interview. The goal was to collect
their overall perception of the territory, to understand what a neighbourhood structure
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meant to them, to insure the integration of the three perspectives, and to circumscribe a
set of neighbourhood units.
Before the Questionnaire, all the local respondents were informed of the objectives and
the context of the study as well as the interview already carried out on their territory for
the definition of neighbourhood structure, e.g. the result of the historical and statistical
perspectives.
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It was essential to provide this information at the beginning of the Interview in order to
give a basis on which to work and on which respondents could reach a consensus. We
then asked the respondents or participants to map out, according to them, what would be
their personal proposal of neighbourhood structure on their territory by leaving them
completely free to use any criteria they considered most significant.
They could select or discard layouts suggested by the historical and statistical perspective
and/or modify them according to other criteria they considered relevant.
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Only two constraints of a statistical nature were established. The first constraint was that
units must gather an integer number of dissemination areas; this criterion allowing units
to be perfectly compatible with Statistics available census data and other databases. The
second constraint was that the units should contain approximately 5,000 inhabitants (+/-
3,000) to carry out analyses about rare events with the minimum level needed for
statistical significance, and to keep a local perspective. There is no gold standard number
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for neighbourhood structure analysis and the selected values are always more or less
arbitrary.
The historical perspective identified the most frequently used limits generated by public
services, local policy or by urban infrastructures for its recent history.
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The socioeconomic perspective offered a picture of the current deprivation status while
locating some spatial clusters. The perception perspective not only provided useful
information on social interactions, sense of belonging, accessibility to various services,
and on local characteristics, but also made it possible to integrate the whole procedure. It
is with this procedure that we obtained a final set of neighbourhood structure among
which we investigated Neighbourhood characteristics at the local scale.
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Neighbourhood Structure Analysis:
Based on inner characteristics and the geographic scale there are two main categories of
elements that need to be considered when identifying a neighbourhood structure: the inner
characteristics and the geographic scale.
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The inner characteristics refer to everything that could be considered an
important element to characterize a neighbourhood. A neighbourhood concept has
provided the most complete listing of those elements, grouping them in ten
groups: structural, infrastructural, demographic, class status, public services,
environmental, proximity, political, social-interactive and sentimental
characteristics.
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We agree with this general and integrative definition of a neighbourhood, which is
"a bundle of spatially based attributes associated with a cluster of residences,
sometime in conjunction with other land uses. However, obviously no
neighbourhood can be homogeneous with regard to all these elements. Instead, it
is characterized by a specific combination of homogeneity and/or heterogeneity of
a few or many elements that make a neighbourhood different from its
surrounding. This is known as the neighborhood’s idiosyncrasy. All these refer to
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some specific aspect of a territory's reality. We believe that this reality shall be
best represented if they are all taken into account when one tries to define
neighbourhood structure.
The geographic scale: It is also an important aspect to consider when defining
neighbourhoods structure. Indeed, their relation to the territory and their principal
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characteristics might change with the scale. It can be determined by the dominant
function of each of three spatial levels of the concept of Neighbourhood which are
intrinsically connected inside the same area: the home area, the locality and the
urban district. The home area refers to belonging and family, where the psycho-
social purposes of neighbourhood tend to be strongest and it is typically defined
by the area within a 5–10 minute walk around someone's residence. The locality
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refers to the wider area where residential activities are still highly predictable,
familiar, and is visited frequently.
The urban district refers to an even larger landscape of social and economic
opportunities which might vary considerably from one individual to another. In
this way, Neighbourhoods can be seen as overlapping areas in relation to one's
needs, the whole being centered on the residence. Moreover, the scale of a
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neighbourhood shall be very different between urban and rural areas, where
notions like distance or local are different. Therefore, the concept of
neighbourhood is not necessarily confined to urban milieus; it could simply be
another way to express the idiosyncrasy at a proper geographic scale.
Unfortunately, there is no magic formula that could bring together all relevant
elements of a neighbourhood to create an all-purpose spatial grid. However, we
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believe that the two categories of elements described earlier, e.g. the inner
characteristics and the scale, are particularly relevant for defining spatial units
related to environment, and that choices are to be made regarding those elements
before defining neighbourhood structure. What follows are the choices we made
that led to the creation of geographical units that could be used to manage the
multidimensional concept of neighbourhood.
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Chapter: 5
Discussion
This study is an implementation of a multi-perspective for defining Neighbourhood
structure in five quarters (or territories or pockets or groups) located in the Buddhanagar.
Our purpose was two-fold. First, we wanted to show how it is possible to integrate
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different ways of defining neighbourhood structure and produce significant information
on necessary information variations at a local scale.
Second, we sought to incorporate the point of view of local respondents in defining such
structure in order to facilitate the exchange of knowledge between researchers and local
Stakeholders. Results show that this survey was feasible and successful. Three
methodological approaches were integrated to delineate neighbourhood structure in the
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selected territories or pockets. Socioeconomic and structural variations were found
between neighbourhood structure and within territories, and these variations raised much
interest among local stakeholders. We have seen that in defining neighbourhood structure,
each perspective had its role or input in the process.
The historical approach reveals boundaries usually inherited from the institutional
framework which significantly cut out the territory, and to evaluate the presence, the
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strength, or the coherence of the spatial frame of reference. The socioeconomic approach
rather highlights the actual homogeneity or heterogeneity of a territory's deprivation and
its spatial distribution. Provided with these two geographical representations, local
respondents can determine which elements of these perspectives, or other elements drawn
from their own experience, are most significant in defining neighbourhood structure.
We consider this whole process fundamental to render the concept of Neighbourhood
operational, since it uses an objective methodology that integrates elements of
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subjectivity and reflects the singularity of the territory. Indeed, inner characteristics
identified by respondents were aspects which could only be pointed out by people having
an intimate experience of the territory. What distinguishes one Neighbourhood from
another is the way various specific elements combine among themselves, thereby
conferring its idiosyncrasy to the Neighbourhood.
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The scale at which Neighbourhood structure were constructed was mainly determined by
two features: the historical boundaries that qualify the general spatial frame of reference,
especially in local environments, and the statistical constraint that keeps Neighbourhood
populations in the range of 2,000 to 8,000.
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Even though the spatial frame of reference was very different for the urban boroughs of
pockets A to Pockets E, it is interesting to note that criteria evoked by local key
respondents during the Questionnaire were often the same for surveyed places.
Indeed, main roads or inner roads, housing types, the general level of deprivation, the
presence of social contacts and historical aspects were all important elements used as
guideposts by the respondents from Buddhanagar (The surveyed locations).
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Thus, it was possible to integrate the historical and socioeconomic perspectives by having
resorted to the local respondents' personal knowledge.
Indeed, results showed an efficient way to present general outcomes at the local scale that
could be easily understood by local stakeholders. Each one of these structure had its own
characteristics; however, it should be known that no characteristic was used as a global
beacon for a unit's definition. Consequently, local respondents individually bounded each
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one of these structure according to one or several of these indicators that specifically
characterized them.
Nevertheless, our work was not carried out without difficulty. Moreover, keeping a
structure's population within an interval of 2,000 to 8,000 individuals was sometimes
awkward for questionnaire respondents.
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However, in the context of Neighbourhood structure studies carried out at a local level
and for reasons of statistical precision, it was not possible to reduce the size of
neighbourhood units. When very small populations are involved, perhaps other types of
analyses, more qualitative in nature, would be more appropriate.
In an area like Buddhanagar, the same kind of problems arose but with greater impact on
the significance of the final set of structure or units, and for several reasons first, it was
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harder to find homogeneity or some socioeconomic similarity in this area because of the
large expanse of the area and the low population density.
We also noted from local respondents' comments that the Buddhanagar area, at the local
scale, was perceived to have a level of heterogeneity that is seldom observed in an urban
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area, second, indicators mentioned by Buddhanagar questionnaire respondents differed in
nature from those mentioned for the urban boroughs.
Those indicators reflected indeed a very different social reality and were adapted
according to the scale at which space is used by the inhabitants. Consequently, the
neighbourhood concept took a new dimension here and often extended to bordering
municipalities with which social or administrative contacts were more frequent and
common.
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In this field study, the concept of neighbourhood is rarely used in relation to the
countryside and defining neighbourhood structure in urban and sub-urban areas now
represents an important methodological challenge. Based on our study, we can suggest
that neighbourhood structures are entities which share many institutions and public
services and are often linked by an economic pole. It is mainly through these elements
that our neighbourhood structures were created.
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The quality of our final set of neighbourhood structure, in Buddhanagar, can be closely
related to the quality and diversity of the local key respondents who took part in
questionnaire and an interview. However, the results' significant value comes precisely
from the fact that, in spite of their various expertises, they succeeded in reaching
a consensus on the neighborhoods’ representations.
This procedure strengthened the final divisions, which we believe would not have been
significantly different had we interviewed with other local key respondents, especially in
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different pockets of Buddhanagar areas. In fact, boundaries were selected without much
discussion as they were already known by respondents.
The method presented in this field study provides a set of geographical units based on a
consensus made by local respondents. With this consensus, we believe their spatial
distribution can be used to qualify their idiosyncrasy relating the Neighbourhood
structures.
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Also, as our final set of Neighbourhood structure was not compared with more
conventional ones, based exclusively on socioeconomic indicators, for instance, we do
not know if this set brings greater geographical disparities and provides more useful
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Insights into the determinants of necessary required informations of Buddhanagar
surveyed pockets.
In our opinion, the present study makes an original and important contribution to the field
of research on Neighbourhood. Fist, it gives substance to an ambiguous and vague
concept. Second, it exemplifies a three-fold approach for defining Neighbourhood
structure that goes beyond the usual socioeconomic criteria and administrative statistical
units. Third, it considers not only cities but also rural areas, which are usually ignored in
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such study. Fourth, it shows how fruitful links can be created with local stakeholders and
knowledge exchange facilitated. Finally, it proposes an approach which is reproducible
elsewhere, in under-developed and developing countries, despite differences in local
information systems and local decision makers.
CONCLUSION
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The concept of the neighbourhood is well established as a basic unit for planning our
cities. Further, it is a popular and accepted (though often vague) element of social and
physical organization in the minds of the engineers, architects and city designers. The
neighbourhood has become the symbols , through conscious designs of a means to
preserve the real or imagined values of an earlier, semi-rural way of life in our increasing
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complex and fast moving urban centers. unqualified criticsm of it would be unair and un
warranted .
The modern concept of the neighbourhood and for that matter , many of the more recent
version of the neighbourhood unit or structure derive from the notion that the
neighbourhoods will be composed of aggregations of “average” families and may be a
miscellaneous relative like containing both the social and physical attributes within
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neighbourhood stability. Actually families of this sort comprise less than half of the
families occupying dwelling units in our cities.
Even for those families that conform to the average , the planned neighbourhood does not
necessarily provide the ideal living environment. This is not to say that many of the
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elements that are being incorporated into contemporary neighbourhoods are not sound,
i.e. who can argue against the advisability of diverting speed and volume traffic away
from living areas, especially when children are walking to the school or playing in the
nearby open playground.
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While this report has been devoted primarily to the discussion of techniques for
delimiting the neighbourhoods, it unavoidably has dealt with certain subjective
evaluations of the neighbourhood theory. Drawing the boundaries of a neighbourhood , if
these boundaries are to serve as a frame of reference for actual physical change , will
affect significantly the kinds of neighbourhoods that results.
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There seems to be a great need for integration in neighbourhoods- integration of different
kinds of people, different kinds of dwellings, and different kinds of ideas. utilization of as
many criteria of neighbourhood identification as are available may provide the tools to
build better new neighbourhoods and to recognize the strenght and weakness of existing
ones.
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The neighborhood unit concept provides a theoretical basis for the planning of residential
areas. It should be borne in mind that in practice the various elements in the concept are
given different emphasis according to the approaches made by different engineers,
architects and planners.
A willingness to go further than adopting a neat set of standards based upon a 10 year old
concept as the guide for all residential development in the city is necessary (incase of
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Nepal), if we are to provide the variety of living areas suited to the variety of people who
live in the city like Kathmandu and the place like Buddhanagar which has its own
historical, sociological, economical and perception value from the earlier years.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2012/02/25/the-importance-of-strong-
neighborhoods/
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http://www.nij.gov/topics/technology/maps/gps-bulletin-v2i2.pdf
http://www.sf-planning.org/index.aspx?page=1704
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomic_status
A study on Buddhanagar- Book named as “Buddhanagar Darpan”; Published by
Buddhanagar Development Committee(2061 B.S).
Urban and Environmental planning in Nepal by Ambika Prasad Adhikari
http://www.worldbank.org/
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www.cityplanning.org/europe
Babbit, Bruce.2005.’How to Rebuild New City’, Newyork Times,
Alonso, William.1971. “A theory of the urban land market in the subtopic Internal
structure of the city, edited by Larry.S. Bourne. Newyork: Oxford University Press.
www.cwac.net/landuse/index on july 21,2008
www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/09/eco.cities/index.html on july 28,2008
www.urbanandregionalplanning/london
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www.gos.gov.uk/gol/Culture_leisure/Tourism/?a=42496
GUEST, AVERY M., JANE K. COVER, ROSS L. MATESEUDA, AND CHARISE E.
KUBRIN.2006. “Neighbourhood Context and Neighbouring Ties.” City & Community
www.elibrary.au/
Planned development and Residential segregation- Gordon, Tracy
www.knowledgegain.com/Urbanism
Berkeley publication Journal: University of California press
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HEVESI, DENNIS.2001. “East New york: A Neighbourhood Reborn.” Newyork Times,
June 10, pp. RE1,10
http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2012/02/25/the-importance-of-strong-
neighborhoods/
http://www.nij.gov/topics/technology/maps/gps-bulletin-v2i2.pdf
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http://www.sf-planning.org/index.aspx?page=1704
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomic_status
APPENDIX
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Buddhanagar Neighbourhood Survey
(By using these question pattern for questionnaire, respondents helped us to know their
view and from all that relevant data, the data are taken and using all that ,Charts and bar
diagram is taken under following basis: Respondents are 50 to 70 from all pockets and
estimating the population chart as 10 person each from each pocket and assuming 10 as
100%, the charts and bar diagrams are prepared.)
Questionnaire
1. What are the top three concerns about your neighbourhood?
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a. People Issue
b. Crime & Safety
c. Traffic speeding & Parking
d. School & green space
e. Facilities: Watersupply, drainage and solid waste disposal
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f. Upkeep of Neighbourhood
Neighbourhood concerns People’s view in %
People issue 19
Crime & safety 22
Traffic speeding & parking 19
School & green space 11
facilities: w/s, drainage, road, disposal 16
Upkeep of neighbourhood 14
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2. What are the four things you like best about living in your Neighbourhood?
a) Living close to park space
b) Neighbours
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c) Living close to shopping
d) Quiet & secluded
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Population in percentage Best neighbourhood factors
quiet and secluded 40
living close to shopping 30
Neighbours 35
Living close to park space 50
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3. What are the four things you like best about living in your Neighbourhood?
a. Minimal traffic
b. Living close to work
c. Living close to major link roads
d. Sense of belonging
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e. Housing design & value
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Population in number Best neighbourhood factors
5 Housing design and value
7 Sense of belonging
20
living close to major link
roads
15 living close to work
20 Minimal traffic
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4. In your opinion, what is the most important factor that makes a neighbourhood
safe?
a) Cleanliness
b) Lighting
c) Healthy environment
d) Clean air, water & soil
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e) Housing & street design
f) Knowing your neighbours
g) Police
h) School
i) Traffic speed
Population in percentage Neighbourhood safety factors
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Cleanliness 20
Lighting 25
Healthy environment 15
Clean air, water & soil 10
Housing & street design 5
Knowing your neighbours 17
Police 13
School 21
Traffic speed 19
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5. In your opinion, what are the top 3 things Neighbourhood should focus on?
a. Being a voice for community planning
b. Community safety
c. Support those in needs
d. Community intereact with newcomers
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Population in percentage Focus on Neighbourhood
Being a voice for community
planning 5
Community safety 25
Support those in needs 10
Community interact with
newcomers 15
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6. What are the top 3 qualities that make a great Neighbourhood?
a. Clean & green
b. Knowing your neighbours
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c. Helping your neighbours
d. Participating in community activities
e. Well planned & designed
Response percent Great Neighbourhood
Clean and green 75
Knowing your neighbours 60
Helping your neighbours 25
Participate in community 15
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activities
Well planned and designed 85
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7. If you know people in your neighbourhood, how did you get to know them
(Neighbourhood activity)?
a) Walking in neighbourhood
b) Through mutual friends
c) Through neighbourhood associations like social clubs,
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d) Through common interest or issue of concern
e) Through children & school
People and activity in percent Neighbourhood activity
Through children, school 35
Through common interest or issue of
concern 30
Through neighbourhood association 25
Through mutual friends 20
Walking in Neighbourhood 15
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8. How can you indicate the Housing style in your Neighbourhood?
a. Multiplex
b. Duplex
c. Single family home with rent
d. Single family home
e. Apartment
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Housing use in percent Housing style
Apartment 0
Single family home 65
Single family home with rent 80
Duplex 5
Multiplex 25
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(Note: Duplex means-A duplex house is a dwelling having apartments with separate
entrances for two households. and Butwal powe company limited building is duplex and
Multiplex means-A building, especially a movie theater or dwelling, with multiple
Separate units. and in buddhanagar there is a multiplex which has a theatre and qfx with
small department centre)
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9. How can you indicating the ownership of your home in Neighbourhood?
a. Own
b. Rent
c. Not applicable
Response in percent Ownership of your home
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Own 75
Rent 35
Not applicable 0
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10. What are the Facilities in Buddhanagar, surveyed at different pockets?
a) Solid waste disposal
b) Watersupply
c) Drainage
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(In different pockets we see some difference regarding facilities and services. Somewhere
we see presence of watersupply is more but at other pocket there is less service in
comparison to other pockets, were we surveyed it while studying Neighbourhood
structure in Buddhanagar. Due to increase in population in Kathmandu valley, the
demand is high in comparison to supply. and due to increase in demand, the supply is
poor for some area. and some where ground water by pump are pumped out. Due to
population, the watersupply corporation provide watersupply within the given time when
they say; that’s the main reason, we see some where water and in some where no
watersupply.)
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11. Mode of Transportation
a) From krishna tower
b) Baneswor
c) Shankhamul
d) Bijuli bazaar
Transportation
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From krishna tower 70%
Baneswor 20%
Shankhamul 15%
Bijulibazaar 5%
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5.3 Respondents Name
The respondents name of the surveyed area were the questionnaire (both in english
and nepali language) was taken are listed under in tabular form containing the
following:
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