Wool is a natural fiber obtained from sheep and other animals like goats, alpacas, and camels. It provides warmth because wool fibers trap air. Australia is the largest producer of wool. The document discusses the production process of wool including shearing, cleaning, carding and spinning into yarn. It describes the properties of wool like absorbency, elasticity and wrinkle resistance. Various uses of wool are mentioned such as clothing, carpets, insulation and medical purposes. The future of wool is promising due to its sustainability and technical developments.
This document discusses various types of decorative fabrics and their uses in home furnishings and apparel. It provides details on fabrics for upholstery, drapery, bed linens, bathroom textiles, table linens, rugs, carpets, kitchen linens, apparel, beachwear, blankets, curtains, hosiery, outdoor, interlining, packing, quilting, tents, terry, umbrellas and home furnishings. It describes the characteristics and applications of fabrics for these different purposes.
This document provides information about casein fibre, including:
- Casein fibre is made from milk protein casein and has properties similar to wool.
- The manufacturing process involves dissolving casein in alkali and extruding it through spinnerets into an acid bath to form fibers.
- Casein fibre can be dyed, printed, and finished similarly to other natural fibers like wool.
- Casein fibre is moisture-absorbent, breathable, and antimicrobial. It provides benefits for skin and sustainability compared to other fibers.
This document discusses the process of transforming natural and synthetic fibres into fabric. It begins by defining a fibre as a thin hair-like strand that fabrics are made from. Natural fibres like cotton, jute and silk come from plants and animals, while synthetic fibres like nylon, polyester and acrylic are man-made. Wool fibre comes from sheep and goat fleece and silk fibre from silkworm cocoons. The document then outlines the steps of collecting, sorting, carding, combing and spinning fibres into yarns, which are thicker strands made strong through twisting. Yarns are then woven or knitted into fabrics.
Wool is a natural fiber obtained from sheep and other animals like goats, alpacas, and camels. It provides warmth because wool fibers trap air. Australia is the largest producer of wool. The document discusses the production process of wool including shearing, cleaning, carding and spinning into yarn. It describes the properties of wool like absorbency, elasticity and wrinkle resistance. Various uses of wool are mentioned such as clothing, carpets, insulation and medical purposes. The future of wool is promising due to its sustainability and technical developments.
This document discusses various types of decorative fabrics and their uses in home furnishings and apparel. It provides details on fabrics for upholstery, drapery, bed linens, bathroom textiles, table linens, rugs, carpets, kitchen linens, apparel, beachwear, blankets, curtains, hosiery, outdoor, interlining, packing, quilting, tents, terry, umbrellas and home furnishings. It describes the characteristics and applications of fabrics for these different purposes.
This document provides information about casein fibre, including:
- Casein fibre is made from milk protein casein and has properties similar to wool.
- The manufacturing process involves dissolving casein in alkali and extruding it through spinnerets into an acid bath to form fibers.
- Casein fibre can be dyed, printed, and finished similarly to other natural fibers like wool.
- Casein fibre is moisture-absorbent, breathable, and antimicrobial. It provides benefits for skin and sustainability compared to other fibers.
This document discusses the process of transforming natural and synthetic fibres into fabric. It begins by defining a fibre as a thin hair-like strand that fabrics are made from. Natural fibres like cotton, jute and silk come from plants and animals, while synthetic fibres like nylon, polyester and acrylic are man-made. Wool fibre comes from sheep and goat fleece and silk fibre from silkworm cocoons. The document then outlines the steps of collecting, sorting, carding, combing and spinning fibres into yarns, which are thicker strands made strong through twisting. Yarns are then woven or knitted into fabrics.
Non-woven fabrics are made from staple fibers or filaments that are bonded together through mechanical, thermal, chemical, or solvent treatments rather than weaving or knitting. The document discusses the history and definitions of non-woven fabrics. It then summarizes the key stages of non-woven manufacturing including web formation through processes like carding, air laying, and wet laying. It also discusses bonding methods like thermal, chemical, and mechanical and provides examples. The applications and characteristics of non-woven fabrics are then outlined.
Desizing is the process of removing size material from warp yarns in woven fabrics to facilitate weaving. Size is applied before weaving to prevent breakage on the loom but must be removed before dyeing and finishing. There are two main methods of desizing - hydrolytic and oxidative. Hydrolytic methods like enzymatic desizing use enzymes like amylase to hydrolyze and reduce the molecular weight of starch size. Oxidative desizing uses oxidizing agents like bromides but risks damaging the cellulose fibers. Complete removal of size is important for effective dyeing and is tested by checking for color change or measuring weight loss in the fabric.
This document summarizes the key details about linen, including its production from flax plants, physical and chemical properties, and common uses. Linen fibers are extracted from the stem of the flax plant through retting and scutching. The fibers are then spun into yarns and woven or knitted into fabrics. Linen has good strength but low elasticity. It is resistant to acids, alkalis, and bleaching agents. Common applications of linen include clothing, curtains, bed linens, and tablecloths due to its strength and comfort.
This document provides information about silk and ramie fabrics. It discusses the history and production processes of silk and ramie. For silk, it notes that silk originates from China and is produced by insects from cocoons. It also outlines the various steps to produce silk thread. For ramie, the document discusses that it is a plant native to Asia used to make fabric. It has good shape retention and reduces wrinkles when blended with other fibers like cotton. The document also compares properties and uses of silk and ramie fabrics.
Fibres are the basic unit that make up all fabrics. There are two types of fibres - natural fibres obtained from plants and animals like cotton, jute, silk and wool, and man-made fibres obtained from chemicals like nylon, polyester and acrylic. Wool fibre comes from the fleece of sheep and other animals and is obtained from the soft under-hair. These fibres are converted into yarns through processes like carding and spinning, where they are twisted together into longer, thicker strands to make them stronger for weaving fabrics.
This document provides information on various types of fabrics, including poplin, cambric, voile, canvas, brocade, crepe, georgette, chiffon, and others. It describes the materials, weaves, historical uses, and distinguishing characteristics of each fabric type. Key details are given on fabrics such as poplin traditionally being made of silk and worsted yarn, cambric originating from Cambrai, France, voile meaning veil in French, and brocade being woven with an ornamental supplementary weft for pattern. The document serves as an informative reference on the properties of different textile fabrics.
1) Denim is a cotton twill textile where the weft passes under two or more warp fibers, producing a diagonal ribbing. There are various types of denim including bubble gum, colored, crushed, etc.
2) Denim washing is done to produce effects like fading, crinkles, and a softened feel. There are mechanical washes like stone washing and chemical washes like bleaching, enzyme washing, and acid washing.
3) Stone washing uses pumice stones to abrade fabric surfaces and create a worn look. Other mechanical washes include microsanding, laser technology, and scrubbing. Chemical washes include bleaching, enzyme washing, and acid washing.
Este documento resume as taxas de retenção de informações verbais, visuais e anotadas. Aproximadamente 80% da informação verbal é transmitida, 60% é ouvida e 40-15% é lembrada após 3 horas a 3 meses. A adição de elementos visuais aumenta a retenção para 60% após 3 dias e 40-50% após 3 meses. Anotações melhoram ainda mais a retenção para 80% após 3 dias e 60-70% após 3 meses.
Mock leno weaves form open structures with small gaps and produce an imitation leno effect, called a mock leno weave. Mock leno weaving requires proper denting to form spaces and produces a rough fabric surface with a perforated weave effect. Mock leno fabrics can be used for embroidery cloth, canvas cloth, light weight window curtains, and blouses or dresses when combined with other weaves like plain, twill, or satin.
Introduction to preparatory processes in textile chemical processingSK RAJU
This document provides an overview of preparatory processes in textile chemical processing. It discusses the stages involved which include grey checking, stamping, mending, shearing, singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching and optical whitening. Specifically for cotton materials, it describes how singeing removes protruding fibers, desizing removes sizing added during weaving, and scouring removes natural impurities. Bleaching then removes natural colors like yellow, while optical whitening eliminates any remaining yellow hue.
Mr Gurudas Aras, Director, A.T.E. Enterprises made a presentation on "Technological advancements in technical textiles" at the inaugural session of the Techtextil International Conference, Mumbai on 21 November 2019. The presentation mainly focused on the most relevant technological developments in technical textiles in the Indian context today and covered 'sustainability', 'durability', and 'functionality' aspects of the business. The presentation covered products like flushable and bio-degradable wipes, textile reinforced concrete, thermoplastic UD tapes for automobiles and coating and lamination for special applications respectively. Click here to view the presentation.
Lyocell (Tencel) is a type of rayon made from cellulose fiber derived from wood pulp through a solvent-spinning process using an organic solvent. It was first developed and manufactured in the 1980s by Courtaulds Fibres. Lenzing AG is currently the sole major producer of lyocell fibers, which they market under the Tencel brand name. Lyocell fibers have properties including strength, absorbency, breathability and wrinkle resistance that make them suitable for clothing, home textiles, and industrial applications.
This document discusses various tests for identifying textile fibers, including non-technical and technical tests. It describes burning tests that can identify natural fibers like cotton, linen, silk and wool based on how they burn and smell. It also explains burning tests for various man-made fibers like acetate, acrylic, nylon and polyester. Microscopic analysis is outlined for different fibers, noting distinguishing characteristics. Chemical tests are provided to distinguish fibers like using acid versus alkali solutions. Advantages of technical tests are their reliability over non-technical tests, while limitations include fiber treatments affecting microscopy and dye interference.
What is Waste?
Waste is undesirable, unwanted material which is inevitable & any type of material which we throw.
Types of Waste -
1 Preconsumer Waste - is a material that was discarded before it was ready for consumer use. Pre-consumer recycled materials can be broken down and remade into similar or different materials, or can be sold "as is" to third party buyers who then use those materials for consumer products. Preconsumer textile waste usually refers to waste by-products from fiber, yarn, textile, and apparel manufacturing. It can be mill ends, scraps, clippings, or goods damaged during production, and most is reclaimed and reused as raw materials for the automotive, furniture, mattress, coarse yarn, home furnishing, paper, and other industries
2 Postconsumer Waste -
Postconsumer textile waste usually refers to any product that the individual no longer needs and decides to discard due to wear or damage and normally includes used or worn clothing, bed linens, towels, and other consumer textiles. Postconsumer waste which can be recovered are clothing, drapes/curtains, towels, sheets and blankets, clean rags and sewing remnants, table cloths belts hand bags paired shoes and socks.
The document discusses weaving technology and processes. It begins with definitions of weaving and the basic components of warp and weft yarns. It then outlines several key steps in preparing yarns for weaving including warping, sizing, drawing-in, and tying-in. The core principles of weaving are explained as shedding, picking, and beating-up yarns. Basic mechanisms for controlling warp and cloth movement are also covered. Different weaving structures like plain, twill, and satin weaves are defined. Finally, methods for analyzing woven fabrics are presented such as warp/weft density, count, weight, crimp, and take up.
Lyocell, also known by the brand name Tencel, is a man-made cellulosic fiber produced by dissolving cellulose in an organic solvent without derivatization. It is produced from wood pulp through a solvent-spinning process using N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO) as the solvent. The manufacturing process involves dissolving cellulose pulp in NMMO, filtering the solution, extruding it through spinnerets into fibers, and removing the solvent to produce a strong yet soft fiber. Lyocell fibers have properties similar to cotton such as high strength, absorbency and softness but are more durable and easier to care for.
Non-woven fabrics are made from staple fibers or filaments that are bonded together through mechanical, thermal, chemical, or solvent treatments rather than weaving or knitting. The document discusses the history and definitions of non-woven fabrics. It then summarizes the key stages of non-woven manufacturing including web formation through processes like carding, air laying, and wet laying. It also discusses bonding methods like thermal, chemical, and mechanical and provides examples. The applications and characteristics of non-woven fabrics are then outlined.
Desizing is the process of removing size material from warp yarns in woven fabrics to facilitate weaving. Size is applied before weaving to prevent breakage on the loom but must be removed before dyeing and finishing. There are two main methods of desizing - hydrolytic and oxidative. Hydrolytic methods like enzymatic desizing use enzymes like amylase to hydrolyze and reduce the molecular weight of starch size. Oxidative desizing uses oxidizing agents like bromides but risks damaging the cellulose fibers. Complete removal of size is important for effective dyeing and is tested by checking for color change or measuring weight loss in the fabric.
This document summarizes the key details about linen, including its production from flax plants, physical and chemical properties, and common uses. Linen fibers are extracted from the stem of the flax plant through retting and scutching. The fibers are then spun into yarns and woven or knitted into fabrics. Linen has good strength but low elasticity. It is resistant to acids, alkalis, and bleaching agents. Common applications of linen include clothing, curtains, bed linens, and tablecloths due to its strength and comfort.
This document provides information about silk and ramie fabrics. It discusses the history and production processes of silk and ramie. For silk, it notes that silk originates from China and is produced by insects from cocoons. It also outlines the various steps to produce silk thread. For ramie, the document discusses that it is a plant native to Asia used to make fabric. It has good shape retention and reduces wrinkles when blended with other fibers like cotton. The document also compares properties and uses of silk and ramie fabrics.
Fibres are the basic unit that make up all fabrics. There are two types of fibres - natural fibres obtained from plants and animals like cotton, jute, silk and wool, and man-made fibres obtained from chemicals like nylon, polyester and acrylic. Wool fibre comes from the fleece of sheep and other animals and is obtained from the soft under-hair. These fibres are converted into yarns through processes like carding and spinning, where they are twisted together into longer, thicker strands to make them stronger for weaving fabrics.
This document provides information on various types of fabrics, including poplin, cambric, voile, canvas, brocade, crepe, georgette, chiffon, and others. It describes the materials, weaves, historical uses, and distinguishing characteristics of each fabric type. Key details are given on fabrics such as poplin traditionally being made of silk and worsted yarn, cambric originating from Cambrai, France, voile meaning veil in French, and brocade being woven with an ornamental supplementary weft for pattern. The document serves as an informative reference on the properties of different textile fabrics.
1) Denim is a cotton twill textile where the weft passes under two or more warp fibers, producing a diagonal ribbing. There are various types of denim including bubble gum, colored, crushed, etc.
2) Denim washing is done to produce effects like fading, crinkles, and a softened feel. There are mechanical washes like stone washing and chemical washes like bleaching, enzyme washing, and acid washing.
3) Stone washing uses pumice stones to abrade fabric surfaces and create a worn look. Other mechanical washes include microsanding, laser technology, and scrubbing. Chemical washes include bleaching, enzyme washing, and acid washing.
Este documento resume as taxas de retenção de informações verbais, visuais e anotadas. Aproximadamente 80% da informação verbal é transmitida, 60% é ouvida e 40-15% é lembrada após 3 horas a 3 meses. A adição de elementos visuais aumenta a retenção para 60% após 3 dias e 40-50% após 3 meses. Anotações melhoram ainda mais a retenção para 80% após 3 dias e 60-70% após 3 meses.
Mock leno weaves form open structures with small gaps and produce an imitation leno effect, called a mock leno weave. Mock leno weaving requires proper denting to form spaces and produces a rough fabric surface with a perforated weave effect. Mock leno fabrics can be used for embroidery cloth, canvas cloth, light weight window curtains, and blouses or dresses when combined with other weaves like plain, twill, or satin.
Introduction to preparatory processes in textile chemical processingSK RAJU
This document provides an overview of preparatory processes in textile chemical processing. It discusses the stages involved which include grey checking, stamping, mending, shearing, singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching and optical whitening. Specifically for cotton materials, it describes how singeing removes protruding fibers, desizing removes sizing added during weaving, and scouring removes natural impurities. Bleaching then removes natural colors like yellow, while optical whitening eliminates any remaining yellow hue.
Mr Gurudas Aras, Director, A.T.E. Enterprises made a presentation on "Technological advancements in technical textiles" at the inaugural session of the Techtextil International Conference, Mumbai on 21 November 2019. The presentation mainly focused on the most relevant technological developments in technical textiles in the Indian context today and covered 'sustainability', 'durability', and 'functionality' aspects of the business. The presentation covered products like flushable and bio-degradable wipes, textile reinforced concrete, thermoplastic UD tapes for automobiles and coating and lamination for special applications respectively. Click here to view the presentation.
Lyocell (Tencel) is a type of rayon made from cellulose fiber derived from wood pulp through a solvent-spinning process using an organic solvent. It was first developed and manufactured in the 1980s by Courtaulds Fibres. Lenzing AG is currently the sole major producer of lyocell fibers, which they market under the Tencel brand name. Lyocell fibers have properties including strength, absorbency, breathability and wrinkle resistance that make them suitable for clothing, home textiles, and industrial applications.
This document discusses various tests for identifying textile fibers, including non-technical and technical tests. It describes burning tests that can identify natural fibers like cotton, linen, silk and wool based on how they burn and smell. It also explains burning tests for various man-made fibers like acetate, acrylic, nylon and polyester. Microscopic analysis is outlined for different fibers, noting distinguishing characteristics. Chemical tests are provided to distinguish fibers like using acid versus alkali solutions. Advantages of technical tests are their reliability over non-technical tests, while limitations include fiber treatments affecting microscopy and dye interference.
What is Waste?
Waste is undesirable, unwanted material which is inevitable & any type of material which we throw.
Types of Waste -
1 Preconsumer Waste - is a material that was discarded before it was ready for consumer use. Pre-consumer recycled materials can be broken down and remade into similar or different materials, or can be sold "as is" to third party buyers who then use those materials for consumer products. Preconsumer textile waste usually refers to waste by-products from fiber, yarn, textile, and apparel manufacturing. It can be mill ends, scraps, clippings, or goods damaged during production, and most is reclaimed and reused as raw materials for the automotive, furniture, mattress, coarse yarn, home furnishing, paper, and other industries
2 Postconsumer Waste -
Postconsumer textile waste usually refers to any product that the individual no longer needs and decides to discard due to wear or damage and normally includes used or worn clothing, bed linens, towels, and other consumer textiles. Postconsumer waste which can be recovered are clothing, drapes/curtains, towels, sheets and blankets, clean rags and sewing remnants, table cloths belts hand bags paired shoes and socks.
The document discusses weaving technology and processes. It begins with definitions of weaving and the basic components of warp and weft yarns. It then outlines several key steps in preparing yarns for weaving including warping, sizing, drawing-in, and tying-in. The core principles of weaving are explained as shedding, picking, and beating-up yarns. Basic mechanisms for controlling warp and cloth movement are also covered. Different weaving structures like plain, twill, and satin weaves are defined. Finally, methods for analyzing woven fabrics are presented such as warp/weft density, count, weight, crimp, and take up.
Lyocell, also known by the brand name Tencel, is a man-made cellulosic fiber produced by dissolving cellulose in an organic solvent without derivatization. It is produced from wood pulp through a solvent-spinning process using N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO) as the solvent. The manufacturing process involves dissolving cellulose pulp in NMMO, filtering the solution, extruding it through spinnerets into fibers, and removing the solvent to produce a strong yet soft fiber. Lyocell fibers have properties similar to cotton such as high strength, absorbency and softness but are more durable and easier to care for.
5. • El cotó, la fibra natural més utilitzada en roba, creix en boles al
voltant de les llavors de la planta de cotó. Una sola fibra és una
cèl·lula allargada que és una estructura similar a una cinta plana,
trenada, buida.
Característiques:
• Resistència de bona a moderada
• Molt poca elasticitat
• Poc flexible
• Propensa a les arrugues
COTÓ
6. • El lli, una de les fibres naturals més costoses, prové de la planta
de lli. Produir-la, és una intensa tasca, però, es fa en petites
quantitats. La tela de lli és valorada per la seva excepcional
frescor en climes calorosos. Està compost de 70% cel·lulosa i 30%
pectina, cendra, teixit llenyós i humitat.
Característiques:
• Poca elasticitat.
• Relativament suau.
• Alta absorbència
LLI(LINO)
7. • Llana (ovelles)
• Moher (cabres)
• Caixmir (cabres)
• Angora (conills)
• Seda (cucs)
• Alpaca
• Cavall
ANIMAL
Alpaca
A
n
g
o
r
a
M
o
h
e
r
8. • La fibra de llana creix de la pell de les ovelles i és una fibra
relativament gruixuda i arrissada amb escales a la superfície.
Fibres més fines, suaus i càlides tenen més escates i més suaus.
Fibres més gruixudes i menys càlides tenen menys i més aspres
escates.
Característiques:
• Arrissada en aparença
• elàstica
• S'inflama a una alta temperatura
• Resistent a l'elasticitat estàtica
LLANA
9. • La seda és una fibra fina i contínua desenrotllada del capoll
d'una eruga de arna conegut com el cuc de seda. Es compon de
la proteïna. És molt brillant a causa de l'estructura de prisma
triangular de la fibra de seda, que permet que la roba de seda
refracti la llum entrant en diferents angles.
Característiques
• Llustre, textura llisa i suau i no relliscosa
• Lleugera i forta.
• Perd força amb una humitat del 20%
SEDA
11. Fet servir en productes manufacturats, principalment en
materials de construcció (teules per a recobriment de teulades,
rajoles i rajoles, productes de paper i productes de ciment amb
asbest).
Matèries tèxtils termo-resistents, També està present com a
contaminant en alguns aliments.
• Els minerals d'asbest tenen fibres llargues i resistents
• es poden separar
• flexibles
• resisteixen altes temperatures.
AMIANT
13. • En el niló, la substància que forma la fibra és una poliamida
sintètica de cadena llarga en la que menys del 85% dels enllaços
amida estan units directament a dos anells aromàtics
Característiques
• Alta elongació i elasticitat
• Molt fort i durable
• Termoplàstic
NILÓ
16. • El Raió és fet de polímers que simulen les fibres cel·lulòsiques
naturals. No és un sintètic real ni una fibra realment natural.
Característiques
• Suau, llisa i confortable
• Naturalment d'alt llustre alta absorbència
• La seva durabilitat i retenció de forma és baixa, especialment
sota humitat
RAIÓ
17. • L'acetat es constitueix de cel·lulosa composta identificada com
cel·lulosa acetilada - una sal de cel·lulosa. Pel que posseeix
diferents qualitats comparades amb el raió.
Característiques
• Termoplàstic
• Bona caiguda
• Suau, llis i flexible
• Seca ràpidament
ACETAT
18. • El tri-acetat aquesta compost de cel·lulosa acetilada que reté
agrupacions acètics quan és produït com triacetat de cel·lulosa.
És una fibra termoplàstica i és més resistent que altres fibres
cel·lulòsiques
Característiques
• Termoplàstic
• Retenció de forma
i resistència a l'encongiment
• Fàcil de rentar,
fins i tot a altes temperatures
TRI-ACETAT