Fiber optic used in modern trains
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Trains are one of the most popular transportation systems in the world. They provide a high-speed and low cost method of transporting large amounts of people and goods with low CO2 emissions. A train can be a combination of one or more locomotives and attached railroad cars or a self-propelled multiple unit. A modern train is usually powered by grid electricity or by diesel locomotives. Trains have become more sophisticated with advance systems that automatically control and monitor train operation. These integrated systems give passengers and freight a smooth and safe ride. This whitepaper discusses how modern train system design ensures reliable operation of the train power source, propulsion system and coach control systems.
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Vehicular Ad-hoc NETwork (VANET) aims to enable vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication to improve road safety and traffic efficiency. VANET uses dedicated short range communication technology and wireless standards like 802.11p to allow vehicles to communicate and share safety information. Key protocols discussed include the physical and MAC layers of 802.11p, as well as routing protocols for unicast, multicast, and broadcast communication. Challenges addressed include reducing collisions, improving throughput, and dealing with high vehicle mobility. Potential safety applications include collision warnings while non-safety applications provide traffic and navigation assistance.
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This document provides an overview of Mobile Train Radio Communication (MTRC) systems. It discusses how MTRC systems allow trains to continuously communicate their exact position, speed, and direction to trackside equipment to safely manage train traffic and spacing. The document outlines the typical components, architecture, benefits, and risks of MTRC systems. It also provides examples of MTRC system projects in India and discusses the initial implementation and challenges of early MTRC systems in India.
RECONFIGURABLE OPTICAL ADD AND DROP MULTIPLEXERS A REVIEW
Optical multiplexing is the key function of a WDM network and reliable method for data transport networks. WDM networks configured as rings/mesh along with Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers supports added flexibility, simplicity and augment the spectral efficiency. Further enhancement achieved with Reconfigurable OADM architectures, growing briskly along with automatic network management, let the transport network to acclimatize with dynamically varying environment and flexibly respond to the transport network changes. It permits single or many wavelengths to be added and/or dropped from a
transport fiber without optical-to-electrical-to-optical domain translation. Presently ROADM technology
has revolutionized optical networking and an inseparable part of modern optical communication offering huge bandwidth for data transport at minimum expense. In this view the article presents comprehensive study for numerous generations of ROADM and their architecture and persistent development
RECONFIGURABLE OPTICAL ADD AND DROP MULTIPLEXERS A REVIEW
Optical multiplexing is the key function of a WDM network and reliable method for data transport networks. WDM networks configured as rings/mesh along with Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers supports added flexibility, simplicity and augment the spectral efficiency. Further enhancement achieved with
Reconfigurable OADM architectures, growing briskly along with automatic network management, let the transport network to acclimatize with dynamically varying environment and flexibly respond to the transport network changes. It permits single or many wavelengths to be added and/or dropped from a
transport fiber without optical-to-electrical-to-optical domain translation. Presently ROADM technology has revolutionized optical networking and an inseparable part of modern optical communication offering huge bandwidth for data transport at minimum expense. In this view the article presents comprehensive study for numerous generations of ROADM and their architecture and persistent development.
The performance of the vehicular communication-clustering process
For the new wireless systems and beyond, the intelligent transportation system is considered as one of the main features that could be covered in the new research topics. Furthermore, both high-speed data transmission and data processing play a crucial role for these generations. Our work covers two main propositions in order to attain an improvement in such intelligent systems performance. A clustering algorithm is proposed and presented for grouping mobile nodes based on their speeds with some modified head assignments processes. This will be combined with a parallel-processing technique that enhances the QoS. Mainly, this work concerns enhancing the V2V data transmission and the processing speed. Thus, a wavelet processing stage has been imposed to optimize the transmitted power phenomenon. In order to check the validity of such proposition, five main efficiency factors have been investigated; namely complementary cumulative distributions, bit rates, energy efficiency, the lifetime of cluster head and the ordinary nodes reattaching-head average times.
Uncover the Technology behind Indian Railways
Indian railways is the world’s fourth largest railway networks comprising of 7,172 stations, 65,436 km of route and track length of 1,15,000 kilometers.
indian railway signal system ppt
This document discusses railway signaling and communication systems in India. It provides background on Indian Railways, the largest commercial employer in the world. It then describes different types of railway signaling such as block signaling and color light signaling used to safely direct train traffic. Interlocking systems using mechanical and electrical devices are also discussed to prevent conflicting train movements. The document concludes by covering various wired and wireless communication systems used by Indian Railways including microwave transmission, overhead lines, and optical fiber networks.
Jkmm 345
This document discusses the need for a standardized wireless communications architecture between trains and control centers to enable new railway services. It categorizes traditional railway services into those related to signaling/traffic control which rely on fixed infrastructure, and train monitoring services which could utilize new wireless technologies but currently use separate devices for each application. New services oriented towards passengers require high-bandwidth wireless access. The proposed architecture manages train-to-earth connectivity at the application layer, using standard technologies and protocols to provide a shared communications channel that prioritizes information transmission based on urgency. It allows applications to transmit data without dealing with connectivity issues. This architecture is being implemented in Spain to enable new digital services.
INTERNSHIP REPORT (FINAL)
This document summarizes an internship report submitted by two interns at the Electrical and Mechanical Department of Power Transmission and Distribution IC of Larsen & Toubro Limited. It provides details of their internship, which involved reviewing specifications for the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited project. It describes the scope of work for electrification of metro rail stations, including earthing philosophy, load details, cable sizing, and distribution transformer sizing. It also discusses metro rail terminology and traction systems used in various Indian metro projects.
Future Cooperative Networks
This document discusses the evolution of heterogeneous wireless networks from 1G to 4G and introduces concepts of cooperative wireless networking. It describes centralized wireless networks with single-hop links to base stations and decentralized wireless ad hoc networks with multi-hop end-to-end communication. The document outlines limitations of wireless ad hoc networks and introduces cooperative networking approaches that allow nodes to relay transmissions, creating virtual antenna arrays with spatial diversity benefits and efficient distributed space-time codes. Micro and macro cooperative network architectures are proposed utilizing infrastructure-based division with macro networks providing cooperative diversity and micro networks realizing cellular controlled point-to-point networks.
On chip photonic-nima afraz
This document presents a proposal for an on-chip photonic network-on-chip (NoC) to improve performance and energy efficiency in future many-core processors. It describes a hybrid photonic-electronic NoC architecture that uses silicon photonics for high-bandwidth communication and an electronic control network. Simulation results show the photonic NoC can achieve 96% lower power dissipation compared to an electronic NoC. The advantages of photonic interconnects include high bandwidth, low power independent of transmission distance, and recent advances that make integrated silicon photonic devices practical for on-chip networks.
Railway Industrial Training Report
This document provides a summary of the author's summer training internship at the Divisional Railway Manager Office in Ajmer. It discusses the railway communication systems used including the automatic electronic exchange, C-DOT electronic exchange, important exchange cards, call processing, and interactive voice response, passenger reservation, and optical fiber communication systems. The training covered various technical aspects of the railway working systems including RAILNET, microwave communication, and signaling departments.
IoT in Rail: Trains, Metro Rail and Light/Urban Rail
The document discusses Internet of Things (IoT) solutions for rail systems. It outlines challenges around safety, security and operational efficiency in rail transportation. It then describes ALE's networking solutions for rail, including applications for different rail subsystems, security features, and examples of rail customers that have implemented ALE's solutions.
Railway shashikant training report on
The document provides details about Shashikant's training on microwave telecommunication and signaling systems used in Indian Railways. It discusses that Indian Railways uses (1) microwave communication to link different zones and divisions for train control and passenger reservation systems, (2) signaling systems like color light signals to guide train movement and ensure safety, and (3) solid state interlocking for advanced signal control. The training covered principles of railway signaling, microwave transmission fundamentals, and applications of microwave in train operations and communication networks in Indian Railways.
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Communication Based Train Control (Mobile Train Radio Communication)
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RECONFIGURABLE OPTICAL ADD AND DROP MULTIPLEXERS A REVIEW
RECONFIGURABLE OPTICAL ADD AND DROP MULTIPLEXERS A REVIEW
RECONFIGURABLE OPTICAL ADD AND DROP MULTIPLEXERS A REVIEW
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Digital Fleet Management - Why Your Business Need It?
Fleet management these days is next to impossible without connected vehicle solutions. Why? Well, fleet trackers and accompanying connected vehicle management solutions tend to offer quite a few hard-to-ignore benefits to fleet managers and businesses alike. Let’s check them out!
一比一原版(Columbia文凭证书)哥伦比亚大学毕业证如何办理
一模一样【微信：176555708】【(Columbia文凭证书)哥伦比亚大学毕业证成绩单Offer】【微信：176555708】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：176555708】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
一比一原版(WashU文凭证书)圣路易斯华盛顿大学毕业证如何办理
一模一样【微信：176555708】【(WashU文凭证书)圣路易斯华盛顿大学毕业证成绩单Offer】【微信：176555708】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：176555708】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
Skoda Octavia Rs for Sale Perth | Skoda Perth
The Octavia range embodies the design trend of the Škoda brand: a fusion of
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What do the symbols on vehicle dashboard mean?
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快速办理(napier毕业证书)英国龙比亚大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(napier毕业证书)英国龙比亚大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
EV Charging at Multifamily Properties by Kevin Donnelly
Kevin Donnelly gave this presentation at the Forth Addressing The Challenges of Charging at Multi-Family Housing webinar on June 11, 2024.
AadiShakti Projects ( Asp Cranes ) Raipur
Welcome to ASP Cranes, your trusted partner for crane solutions in Raipur, Chhattisgarh! With years of experience and a commitment to excellence, we offer a comprehensive range of crane services tailored to meet your lifting and material handling needs.
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Crane Operator Training: Proper training is crucial for safe and efficient crane operation. We offer specialized training programs conducted by certified instructors to equip operators with the skills and knowledge they need to handle cranes effectively.
Custom Solutions: We understand that every project is unique, which is why we offer custom crane solutions tailored to your specific requirements. Whether you need modifications, attachments, or specialized equipment, we can design and implement solutions that meet your needs.
At ASP Cranes, customer satisfaction is our top priority. We are dedicated to delivering reliable, cost-effective, and innovative crane solutions that exceed expectations. Contact us today to learn more about our services and how we can support your project in Raipur, Chhattisgarh, and beyond. Let ASP Cranes be your trusted partner for all your crane needs!
一比一原版(AUT毕业证)奥克兰理工大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
AUT毕业证【微信95270640】奥克兰理工大学毕业证购买,办理AUT成绩单,AUT毕业证制作【Q微信95270640】《奥克兰理工大学毕业证》，AUT毕业证购买，AUT学位证，奥克兰理工大学学位证《AUT成绩单制作》【AUT毕业证文凭 AUT本科 澳洲学历认证原版制作《diploma certificate degree transcript 》【留信网认证，本科，硕士，海归，博士，排名，成绩单】代办国外（海外）澳洲、韩国、加拿大、新西兰等各大学毕业证。 ?我们对海外大学及学院的毕业证成绩单所使用的材料，尺寸大小，防伪结构（包括：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。 文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）都有原版本文凭对照。
[留学文凭学历认证(留信认证使馆认证)奥克兰理工大学毕业证成绩单毕业证证书大学Offer请假条成绩单语言证书国际回国人员证明高仿教育部认证申请学校等一切高仿或者真实可查认证服务。
多年留学服务公司,拥有海外样板无数能完美1:1还原海外各国大学degreeDiplomaTranscripts等毕业材料。海外大学毕业材料都有哪些工艺呢？工艺难度主要由：烫金.钢印.底纹.水印.防伪光标.热敏防伪等等组成。而且我们每天都在更新海外文凭的样板以求所有同学都能享受到完美的品质服务。
国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理方法：
1客户提供办理奥克兰理工大学奥克兰理工大学毕业证成绩单信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
— — — — 我们是挂科和未毕业同学们的福音我们是实体公司精益求精的工艺！ — — — -
一真实留信认证的作用(私企外企荣誉的见证):
1：该专业认证可证明留学生真实留学身份同时对留学生所学专业等级给予评定。
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Fiber optic used in modern trains
- 2. Section II: Fiber optics in train controlling /transportation system Train Propulsion system Train communication system Traction power and Grid power Quality Conclusion Section I:- Introduction Block diagram of Fiber optic communication system Fiber optic Link components Construction of fiber optic cable Types of cables Single mode Fiber optics Multi mode Fiber optics Connectors 2
- 3. 3
- 4. 4
- 5. Optical Transmitter Optical Fiber/Cable Connectors Optical Receiver 5
- 6. Fiber optical cable: • Core • Cladding • coating 6
- 8. Fiber Optic Communications are Classified as 2 types: Multimode Fibers Single mode Fibers 8
- 10. Multimode Fiber Light Propagation: 10
- 11. Single mode Fiber : 11
- 12. Single mode Fiber Light propagation: 12
- 13. Multimode and Single mode Diameter Ratios: 13
- 14. Connectors: 14
- 15. 15
- 16. Diesel Train Electric Train 16
- 17. 17
- 18. Multifunction Vehicle Bus (MVB) layout in Locomotive: 18
- 19. Multifunction Vehicle Bus (MVB) layout in a Coach: 19
- 20. Medical Defense/Government Telecommunications 20
- 21. Provides smartness to the train communication Accurate information can be transmitted without any loss of data Used as the transmission medium to control the voltages of the train 21