2. What is Fertility
• Fertility is the ability to produce offspring under natural conditions. The fertility
rate is the measurement of fertility, The fertility rate at a given age is the number of
children born alive to women of that age during the year as a proportion of the
average annual population of women of the same age.
• In demography, fertility is the product of reproduction, which is based on the
number of live young produced by an individual.
• Fertility in humans is measured within the child-bearing age of a woman, which is
15-49 years.
• It depends on nutrition, endocrinology, emotions, consanguinity, instinct,
sexual behavior, timing, economics, culture, etc. These factors are called
the proximate determinants of fertility
3. • In 2020,
fertility rate for
India was 2.1
births per
woman.
Fertility rate of
India fell
gradually from
5.5 births per
woman in 1971
to 2.1 births per
woman in
2020.
4. Highest Fertility Rate?
• Niger ,With a fertility rate of almost 6.8 children per woman, Niger is the
country with the highest fertility rate in the world followed by Somalia.
The total population of Niger is growing at a fast pace. The population
growth in Niger is amongst the top 10 highest in the world.
• Niger - 6.8, Somalia - 6.0, Congo (Dem. Rep.) - 5.8 (tie), Mali - 5.8 (tie),
Chad - 5.6, Angola - 5.4, Burundi - 5.3 (tie), Nigeria - 5.3 (tie), Gambia -
5.2, Burkina Faso - 5.1
Fertility Rate In World
2.438 births per woman
The fertility rate for World in 2021 was 2.438 births per woman, a 0.41%
decline from 2020.
6. What is Fecundity
• Fecundity is the physiological ability or the potential for reproduction.
• It is closely related to fertility and is measured by the number of gametes, seed
sets or asexual propagules produced by an individual or a population. fecundity is
the quantification of the number of individuals added to the population.
• Fecundity is an important phenomenon in the regulation of the size of a population
based on the requirements of the ecosystem.
9. What is Mortality
• the number of deaths in one period of time or in one place
mortality rate
• A mortality rate is a measure of the frequency of occurrence of death in a
defined population during a specified interval.
10. • Crude mortality rate
• The average annual number of deaths during a year per 1,000 population.
• Counts all deaths
• All causes
• All ages and both sexes
• Under-5 mortality rate
• Counts deaths in the first 5 years of life, divides by number of live births in the
hypothetical cohort of newborns
Types of mortality rates
There are several different mortality rates used to monitor the level of mortality in
populations. In humanitarian emergencies, the following are most commonly used:
11. • Age-specific mortality rate
• Counts only deaths in specific age group
• Usually calculated for children less than 5 years of age
• 'Under 1', '1 to 4', '5 to 15', '16 to 24', '25 to 34', '35 to 44', '45 to 54', '55 to 64', '65 to
74', '75 to 84' and '85 and over'.
• Denominator includes only persons in that age group
• There are also mortality rates which are not really rates. They use live births as the
denominator instead of the actual group in which deaths are counted:
• Infant mortality rate
• Counts deaths in children less than 12 months of age, divides by number of live births in
same time period
• Maternal mortality rate
• Counts deaths in women due to pregnancy or child birth, divides by number of live
births in same time period
12. Although India’s
average IMR —
infant deaths before
one year for every
1,000 live births —
has fallen, it has
increased in some
states. Sikkim,
Puducherry, Kerala,
and Goa have among
the lowest rates of
neonatal, infant, and
child mortality rates.
13. In 2020, death rate
for India was 7.3
per 1,000 people.
In 2020, death rate for WORLD was 7.6 per 1,000 people.
1.Bulgaria — 15.4
2.Ukraine — 15.2
3.Latvia — 14.6
4.Lesotho — 14.3
5.Lithuania — 13.6
6.Serbia — 13.2
7.Croatia — 13.1
8.Romania — 13.0
9.Georgia — 12.8
10.Russia — 12.7
