GEOGRAPHY

1. FACTORS AFFECTING
POPULATION CHANGE

2. There are four factors that affect
population change in a country:
 BIRTH RATE (people who are born)
 DEATH RATE (people who die)
 IMMIGRATION (people that move into the country)
 EMIGRATION (people who move out of the country)
These factors are known as ‘vital
statistics’ for demographers.

3. Birth Rate
 The number of live births per 1000 in
a year.
Country Time Period Crude Birth
Rate
Canada 2005-2010 11.1
Denmark 2005-2010 11.8
Ecuador 2005-2010 22.7
India 2005-2010 22.0
Japan 2005-2010 8.7
Source: http://esa.un.org/wpp/index.htm

5. Birth Rates - 2008
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html

6. Factors influencing birth rates
 The number of women in the
total population,
 Range of ages of female
population (15-49),
 Education levels
• Societies where women are
not treated equally – receive
less education = less
influence
• More education = more time
in school, job outside of
home = fewer children
 government policies,
• Population control programs
 the availability of contraception,
 Economic status
• Low income families – have
more children to bring more
income into the family
• No money for birth control
 Medical conditions and general
level of health care in country
• More infant and early
childhood deaths
• Have many children in
hopes that some will survive
to reach maturity
 culture & religion
• Promotion of larger or
smaller families

7. British Birth Rates on the rise
 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/
uk/home-news/british-birth-rate-
leaps-by-18-in-a-decade-
9107483.html

8. New baby boom?
 http://www.foxnews.com/health/2014/0
1/29/new-baby-boom-how-global-
birthrates-could-bounce-back/

9. DEATH RATE
 The number of deaths per 1000 in a
year.
Country Time Period Crude Death
Rate
Canada 2005-2010 7.3
Denmark 2005-2010 10.1
Ecuador 2005-2010 5.0
India 2005-2010 8.1
Japan 2005-2010 8.8
Source: http://esa.un.org/wpp/index.htm

11. Death Rates - 2009
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Death_rate_world
_map_CIA_2009.PNG

12. Factors influencing death rates
 Development of new and advance medical knowledge and better
trained doctors.
• Cost of services
 Improved sanitation or vaccination programs – members of MEDCs
play this role in LEDCs
 Education- Knowledge about balanced diet
• Help maintain their children’s health as well as their own
• Women in particular (usually the principal caregivers)
 Availability of food and clean water which are essential for good
health.
 Level of Economic development- wealthier areas are able to afford
good diets and healthy lifestyles hence less death rates.
 War and environmental disasters
 The country’s fertility rate
• Large population may increase the general death rates.

13. Case Studies (Groups of 3-4)
 1. A Woman’s Life in Mali (Page 170)
• What conditions affect the number of
children Sow has?
 2. Russia’s increasing death rate
(Page 172)
• What changes within Russian society
caused the dramatic changes in life
expectancy in that country?

14. IMMIGRATION
 The number of people moving into
a country.
 Pull factors-characteristics of a
place that attracts people to it.

15. EMIGRATION
 The number of people leaving a
country
 Push Factors-characteristics of a
place that causes people to leave.
 Refugees- people who are forced to
leave their country due to war, life-
threatening discrimination, famine, or
natural disasters.

16. Replacement Level
 Replacement Level – The number
of children required to keep the
population of a country constant, not
taking migration into
consideration. This is about 2.1
children per female in MDCs and 2.5
children per female in LDCs.

17. Total Fertility Rate
 Total Fertility Rate – The average
number of children a woman has in
her lifetime in a country.
 Factors:
• Religion
• Culture
• Social values and economic status
…Tends to be higher in less developed
countries.

18. Rate of Natural Increase
 Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) – birth
rate minus death rate, calculated as a
percentage; this does not take migration
into consideration

 RNI (%) = BR - DR
 10

 (in order to get a % you must divide by
10 because BR and DR are measured per
1000)

19. Doubling Population Rule
 Doubling Time – The time in years
needed for a population to double its
size assuming the growth rate
remains the same.

 DT (years) = 70__
 RNI

20. Infant Mortality Rate (<1year)
 based upon the number of live births that do
not reach their first birthday (per 1000 births)
 Underlying cause of about half of infant deaths
• Malnutrition

21. Child Mortality Rate (1-5 years)
 based upon the number of children that die
between their 1st and 5th birthdays (per 1000
births)