This document discusses ferrous metals and their classification. It states that ferrous metals contain iron as their major constituent, with examples including cast iron and steel. It then describes the classification of ferrous materials, with steels being alloys of iron and carbon. Steels are further classified as plain carbon steels, which contain up to 1.5% carbon, and alloy steels, which contain additional alloying elements. Plain carbon steels are then broken down into low-carbon (<0.25% C), medium-carbon (0.25-0.6% C), and high-carbon (>0.6% C) steels.

1. FERROUS METALS AND ITS
CLASSIFICATION

2. METALS
• Metals are elemental substance.
• Metals are readily give up electrons to provide
a metallic bond and electrical conductivity.

3. Characteristics of metals
• Hardness
• Strength
• Rigidity
• Formability
• Machinability
• Weldability
• Conductivity and Dimensional stability

4. TYPES OF METALS
• FERROUS METALS
–Which contains IRON as their major
constituent.
• EXAMPLE: Cast iron ,Steel, etc.,
• NON FERROUS METALS
–Which contain a metals other than iron as
their main constituent.
• EXAMPLE: Aluminium, Copper, Zinc,
etc.,

5. FERROUS MATERIALS
• Major constituent as iron
• Iron based components are easily available and
distributed throughout the world.
• Ferrous materials can be produced very
economically.
• Ferrous materials achieve Mechanical and Physical
properties.
• DISADVANTAGE: CORROSION

6. CLASSIFICATION OF FERROUS MATERIALS

7. STEELS
• Steels are alloys of IRON and CARBON, not only carbon
other elements like silicon, manganese, sulphur, nickel, etc.
• CLASSIFICATION OF STEELS
1. PLAIN CARBON (NON-ALLOY) STEELS
1. Low carbon steels
2. Medium carbon steels
3. High carbon steels
2. ALLOY STEELS
1. Low alloy steels
2. High alloy steels
CARBON

8. PLAIN CARBON STEELS
• DEF: Carbon is the alloying element that essentially
controls the properties of alloys, and in which the
amount of manganese cannot exceed 1.65% and
copper and silicon must be less than 0.6%
• COMPOSITION:
– CARBON UP TO 1.5% COPPER UP TO 0.6%
– MANGANESE UP TO 1.65% SILICON UP TO 0.6%

9. PLAIN CARBON STEELS
• CHARACTERISTICS:
– Moderately priced steels (Due to absence of large
amount of alloying elements)
– Sufficiently ductile
– PRODUCTS: Sheet, Plates, Tube, Wire.
• APPLICATIONS:
– Mass production in automobile appliances.
– Ball bearings, base plates, structural members, etc.

10. CLASSIFICATION OF PLAIN CARBON STEELS
1. LOW-CARBON STEELS
– Less than 0.25% carbon containing
2. MEDIUM-CARBON STEELS
– Containing between 0.25% to 0.60%carbon
3. HIGH-CARBON STEELS
– Containing more than 0.60% carbon

11. LOW CARBON STEELS
• Low carbon steels that contain less than 0.25%
carbon
• Low carbon steels are knows as MILD STEELS.
• CHARACTERISTICS:
– Soft and weak
– Outstanding ductility and toughness
– Good formability and weldability
– Least expensive to produce
• APPLICATIONS:
– Automobile body components Bridges
– Structural shapes( I- beams etc)
– Pipelines, Buildings.

12. MEDIUM CARBON STEELS
• Low carbon steels that contain between 0.25%
and 0.60% carbon
• These steels may be Heat treated by
Austenitizing, Quenching and then tempering to
improve MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.
• CHARACTERISTICS:
– Low hardenabilities
– High strength and hardness properties are
achieved.(Sacrifice of Ductility and Toughness)
• APPLICATIONS:
– Railway tracks, gears, crankshafts.

13. HIGH CARBON STEELS
• HIGH carbon steels that contain more than 0.60%
carbon.
• CHARACTERISTICS:
– Hardest and strongest Least ductile( more brittle)
– More wear resistant
– Sharp cutting edge tools.
• APPLICATIONS:
– Cutting tools and dies
– Knives
– Blades
– High strength Wire

14. ALLOY STEELS
• Alloy steels mean any steels other than CARBON
STEELS.
• ALLOYING ELEMENTS:
– Chromium, nickel, tungsten
– Molybdenium, vanadium, cobalt
– Boron, copper others
• PURPOSE OF ALLOYING:
– To increase strength, To improve hardness
– To improve Toughness, Machinability, Ductility
– To improve resistance to abrasion and wear
– To enhance grain size control.

15. CLASSIFICATION OF ALLOY
STEELS
1. LOW ALLOY STEELS
1. AISI steels
2. HSLA steels
2. HIGH ALLOY STEELS
1. Tool and die steels
2. Stainless steels
STEELS

16. LOW ALLOY STEELS
• Low alloy steels are steels which contain upto 3 to
4% of one or more alloying elements
• They have similar microstructure and require
similar heat treatment like plain carbon steels.
• Presence of alloying elements increase strength
and hardenability.

17. TYPES OF LOW ALLOY STEELS
1. AISI STEELS
• American Iron and Steel Institute steels that are generally
used in machine construction.
• AISI steels normally have LESS THAN 5% OF total
addition elements such as Cr, Ni, V, etc,.
2. HSLA STEELS
• High Strength and Low Alloy steels is also knows as
micro alloyed steels
• Elements are Al,V, etc.

18. HIGH ALLOY STEELS
• High alloy steels are steels which contain 5% of
one or more alloying elements
• They have similar microstructure and require
different heat treatment than of plain carbon steels.
• The room temperature structures after normailising
may be austenitic, martensitic

19. TYPES OF HIGH ALLOY STEELS
1. TOOLAND DIE STEELS
• High quality alloys are used which require special
characteristics like HARDENABILITY, WEAR
RESISTANCE, TO SOFTENIG ON HEATING,.
2. STAINLESS STEELS
• Used for improving corrosion resistance.