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FEMINISM IN POLITICS, TYPES AND IMPORTANCE.pdf
- 1. FEMINISM REPORTERS: ALONTO, REMAH JAMIMAH PANGANDAMAN, JANNA MALIKAH
- 2. What is Feminism? Feminism is a well-established ideology with certain core positions, it is the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes. Feminist ideology is defined by two basic beliefs: that women are disadvantaged because of their sex; and that this disadvantage can and should be overthrown. (Heywood 2009) One subject on which feminists agree is the need to replace what they see as the system of male dominance, or patriarchy, that affects all social institutions.
- 3. What is Feminism? The focus of feminism is on improving the status of women in society and challenging the traditional roles assigned to them. Throughout most of Western history, women were confined to the domestic sphere, while public life was reserved for men. In medieval Europe, women were denied the right to own property, to study, or to participate in public life.
- 5. EARLY FEMINISTS In his classic Republic, Plato advocated that women possess “natural capacities” equal to men for governing and defending ancient Greece.
- 6. EARLY FEMINISTS In late 14th- and early 15th-century France, the first feminist philosopher, Christine de Pisan, challenged prevailing attitudes toward women with a bold call for female education. Christine de Pisan’s Book of the City of Ladies, published in Italy in 1405, protested misogyny and the role of women in the Middle Ages.
- 7. EARLY FEMINISTS Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), considered as the first text of modern feminism Challenging the notion that women exist only to please men, she proposed that women and men be given equal opportunities in education, work, and politics. Women, she wrote, are as naturally rational as men. If they are silly, it is only because society trains them to be irrelevant.
- 8. EARLY FEMINISTS Abigail Adams, first lady to President John Adams, specifically saw access to education, property and the ballot as critical to women’s equality. In letters to her husband John Adams, Abigail Adams warned, “If particular care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice.”
- 9. FIRST WAVE FEMINISM The early form of feminism which developed in the mid-nineteenth century and was based on the pursuit of sexual equality in the areas of political and legal rights particularly suffrage rights The famous Seneca Falls convention, held in 1848, marked the birth of the US women’s rights movement.
- 10. FIRST WAVE FEMINISM Abolitionists like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott boldly proclaimed in their now-famous Declaration of Sentiments that “We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal.” Controversially, the feminists demanded “their sacred right to the elective franchise,” or the right to vote.
- 11. FEMALE’S SUFFRAGE First-wave’ feminism ended with the achievement of female suffrage, introduced first in New Zealand in 1893. The Nineteenth Amendment of the US Constitution granted the vote to American women in 1920. The franchise was extended to women in the UK in 1918. Ironically, in many ways, winning the right to vote weakened and undermined the women’s movement. The struggle for female suffrage had united and inspired the movement, giving it a clear goal and a coherent structure.
- 12. SECOND WAVE FEMINISM The form of feminism that emerged in the 1960s and 1970's and was characterized by a more radical concern with ‘women’s liberation’ including the private sphere
- 13. SECOND WAVE FEMINISM Women's Liberation Private Sphere Reproductive Rights Workplace Equality Diversity of Feminist Perspectives Key Features of Second Wave Feminism:
- 14. SECOND WAVE FEMINISM The publication in 1963 of Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique did much to relaunch feminist thought. Friedan set out to explore what she called ‘the problem with no name’, the frustration and unhappiness many women experienced as a result of being confined to the roles of housewife and mother. Second-wave feminism acknowledged that the achievement of political and legal rights had not solved the ‘women’s question’.
- 15. SECOND WAVE FEMINISM The goal of second-wave feminism was not merely political emancipation but ‘women’s liberation Such a goal could not be achieved by political reforms or legal changes alone, but demanded, modern feminists argued, a more far-reaching and perhaps revolutionary process of social change.
- 20. PATRIARCHY SEX AND GENDER THE PERSONAL IS POLITICAL EQUALITY AND DIFFERENCE THE CORE THEMES
- 21. PATRIARCHY Feminists use the concept of ‘patriarchy’ to describe the power relationship between women and men. The term literally means ‘rule by the father’ ( pater meaning father in Latin) Feminists believe that the dominance of the father within the family symbolizes male supremacy in all other institutions. Patriarchy is therefore commonly used in a broader sense to mean quite simply ‘rule by men’, both within the family and outside.
- 22. PATRIARCHY uses the term patriarchy to draw attention to the unequal distribution of rights and entitlements in society at large. The face of patriarchy they highlight is therefore the under- representation of women in senior positions in politics, business, the professions and public life generally. LIBERAL FEMINISTS
- 23. PATRIARCHY tend to emphasize the economic aspects of patriarchy. In their view, patriarchy operates in tandem with capitalism, gender subordination and class inequality being interlinked systems of oppression. SOCIALIST FEMINISTS
- 24. PATRIARCHY place considerable stress on patriarchy. They see it as a systematic, institutionalized and pervasive form of male power that is rooted in the family. Patriarchy thus expresses the belief that the pattern of male domination and female subordination that characterizes society at large is, essentially, a reflection of the power structures that operate within domestic life RADICAL FEMINISTS
- 25. SEX AND GENDER The most common of all anti- feminist arguments, often associated with conservatives, asserts that gender divisions in society are ‘natural’: women and men merely fulfill the social roles for which nature designed them. ‘biology is destiny’. The biological factor that is most frequently linked to women’s social position is their capacity to bear children.
- 26. SEX AND GENDER ‘Sex’, in this sense, refers to biological differences between females and males; these differences are natural and therefore are unalterable. ‘Gender’, on the other hand, is a cultural term; it refers to the different roles that society ascribes to women and men. Gender differences are typically imposed through contrasting stereotypes of ‘masculinity’ and ‘femininity’
- 27. PERSONAL IS POLITICAL asserts that personal experiences, typically considered private, are inherently political and linked to broader social and political structures feminists argue for a redefinition of the term "political" power imbalances exist not only between genders but also among friends, lovers, and within families household dynamics, such as decision-making, financial allocations, and the division of labor, are considered political issues
- 29. EQUALITY & DIFFERENCE goal is to overthrow patriarchy and end sexist oppression but uncertain about practical implementation and approaches traditional demand is for equality with men but different type of feminists have varying notion of equality and the concept of difference
- 30. EQUALITY & DIFFERENCE liberal feminists, champion legal and political equality with men socialist feminists, in contrast, argue that equal rights may be meaningless unless women also enjoy social equality radical feminists, for their part, are primarily concerned about equality in family and personal life
- 31. EQUALITY & DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE FEMINISM - form of feminism which holds that there are deep and possibly ineradicable differences between women and men, whether these are rooted in biology, culture or material experience EQUALITY FEMINISM - form of feminism that aspires to the goal of sexual equality, whether this is defined in terms of formal rights, the control of resources, or personal power
- 32. LIBERAL FEMINISM
- 33. "On the Subjection of Women" proposed organizing society based on reason, with sex being irrelevant, granting women the same rights, including the right to vote "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" argued for women's entitlement to rights and privileges equal to men, emphasizing education as a key factor in achieving this equality
- 34. focuses on reform within the public sphere, seeking equal competition between men and women, assume women's inclination towards family and domestic life is influenced by natural impulses and willing choice demand for equal rights in liberal feminism may primarily benefit educated, middle-class women Liberal feminism, rooted in individualism, demands equal treatment for all individuals, advocating for equal rights, access to education, voting rights, and career opportunities for women.
- 36. The central theme is that patriarchy must be understood in light of social and economic factors, as argued by Friedrich Engels in his book. He linked the oppression of women to the institution of the family in capitalist societies, describing the 'bourgeois family' as patriarchal and oppressive.
- 37. some socialist feminists propose replacing the traditional family with communal living and 'free love,' they also argue that women's confinement to domestic roles serves the economic interests of capitalism, socialist feminists are divided about the nature of the link between gender and class, with some emphasizing the primacy of class politics while others reject this in favor of a more integrated approach
- 38. RADICAL FEMINISM
- 39. Feminist movement in the 1960s and 1970s aimed to uncover the influence of patriarchy not only in politics and the economy but in all aspects of social, personal, and sexual existence. Kate Millett Germaine Greer Eva Figes
- 40. views sexual oppression as the most fundamental feature of society, considering gender the deepest social cleavage patriarchy is seen as a systematic, institutionalized process of gender oppression rooted in family, domestic, and personal life female liberation, requires a sexual revolution overthrowing existing structures and replacing them divergent elements within radical feminism include the 'pro-woman' position
- 43. particularly focusing on differences between women and addressing the overemphasis on the experiences of middle-class, white women in developed societies diversity and hybridity characterize contemporary feminism, is influenced by poststructuralism, specifically Michel Foucault's ideas, which highlight the link between power and systems of thought through the concept of 'discourses of power.'
- 44. TRANS FEMINISM
- 45. gender is self-defined based on inner feelings, challenging the notion that it is ascribed by society or imposed by cultural stereotypes trans politics rejects the binary conception of gender, emphasizing gender and sexual ambiguity and proposing a gender continuum Butler (2006) proposed a concept of gender as a reiterated social performance rather than the expression of a prior reality traditional feminists initially found this perspective problematic
- 46. POST FEMINISM
- 47. deradicalization within feminism is particularly evident, characterized by a rejection of second- wave feminist issues without an attempt to update or remodel them Camille Paglia Germaine Greer Naomi Wolf
- 49. the "MeToo movement" and a resurgence of attacks on women's rights contribute to the belief that a new wave is emerging social media activism, a key feature of the fourth wave, brings feminism into the technological age builds on the third wave's emphasis on inclusivity and raises questions about the meanings of empowerment, equality, and freedom began around 2012, with a focus on issues like sexual harassment, body shaming, and rape culture, utilizing social media to address these concerns
- 50. That's all for today, ladies! See you on our next talk!
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- 52. FREE RESOURCES