The document provides guidance on writing paragraphs, including defining a paragraph, planning a paragraph, and the components of a well-written paragraph. It discusses writing a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence. It also covers selecting and limiting topics, choosing relevant details, and properly organizing sentences for coherence.

1. It’s all about properly arranging
bricks to build a solid house to last
for centuries.
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2. There is nothing to writing. All
you do is sit down at a
typewriter and …bl…ee…d ..
The scariest moment is always
just before you…….s..t.art
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3. Define paragraph;
Plan a Paragraph;
Write a Topic Sentence;
Write Supporting Sentences;
Organize Supporting Sentences;
Write a Concluding Sentence;
Practice.
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4. a group of sentences;
The blue whale is the largest whale and
also the largest mammal that has ever
lived. It weighs at least 90 tonnes and
the biggest blue whale may weigh more
than twice this amount. Although it is so
huge, the blue whale is not a fierce
hunter. It eats tiny shrimp-like creatures
called krill. It may gobble up as many
as four million of these in a day.
The blue whale is the largest whale
and also the largest mammal that
has ever lived. Most of the 37 or so
species of dolphin live in the sea, but
there are five that live in rivers. Great
white sharks are mostly about 7
metres long, but some can grow up
to 12 metres.
develop a singe idea or topic.
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5.  topic sentence (TS) –
 states the main idea;
 usually at the beginning of the paragraph
 supporting sentences (SS) –
 explain / develop the TS;
 every sentence relates to the TS
 a concluding sentences –
 summarizes the SS;
 states a conclusion about TS;
 not needed in some paragraphs.
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6. all of the supporting sentences relate to the
main idea!
COHERENCE
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8. A dolphin is a small whale. Most of the 37 or so species of dolphin live in
the sea, but there are five that live in rivers. They live in warm seas all
over the world. Great white sharks are mostly about 7 metres long, but
some can grow up to 12 metres. The biggest dolphin is usually known as
the killer whale, or orca, and grows up to 9.4 metres long. Great white
sharks are fierce hunters and attack large fish and other creatures such
as sea lions. Dolphins have a streamlined shape and a beaked stout
containing lots of sharp teeth. They are fast swimmers and they catch
sea creatures such as fish and squid to eat. Behind these teeth are row
ones, ready to replace teeth at the front that get damaged or broken. A
form of ultrasound help dolphins find their prey. Their main weapons are
their large, jagged-edged teeth, which they use to kill prey and to tear it
apart. A dolphin gives off a series of high-frequency clicking sounds that
bounce off anything in their path. The echoes tell the dolphin about the
size and direction of the pray.
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9. A dolphin is a small whale. Most of
the 37 or so species of dolphin live
in the sea, but there are five that live
in rivers. The biggest dolphin is
usually known as the killer whale, or
orca, and grows up to 9.4 metres
long. Dolphins have a streamlined
shape and a beaked stout containing
lots of sharp teeth. They are fast
swimmers and they catch sea
creatures such as fish and squid to
eat. A form of ultrasound help
dolphins find their prey. A dolphin
gives off a series of high-frequency
clicking sounds that bounce off
anything in their path. The echoes
tell the dolphin about the size and
direction of the pray.
Great white sharks are mostly
about 7 metres long, but some
can grow up to 12 metres. They
live in warm seas all over the
world. Great white sharks are
fierce hunters and attack large
fish and other creatures such as
sea lions. Their main weapons
are their large, jagged-edged
teeth, which they use to kill prey
and to tear it apart. Behind
these teeth are row ones, ready
to replace teeth at the front that
get damaged or broken.
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10. select and limit a topic –
Travelling
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11. Strategies:
Select an example of the general topic:
General topic: Nineteenth-century American
Authors
Limited topic: Allan Edgar Poe
 Substitute a shorter period for a longer
one:
General topic: The History of English
Limited topic: Words that came into English
during the Space Age
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12.  Divide your topic into parts and focus on one
of the parts:
General topic: The White House
Limited topic: The Oval Office
 Limit your topic to a specific condition, place,
or purpose:
General topic: Shopping
Limited topic: Shopping on a tight budget
(condition)
General topic: Training a dog
Limited topic: Training a dog on command
(purpose)
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13.  list and choose details –
 clock tower;
 Elizabeth tower (2 June 2012) diamond jubilee;
 part of Charles Barry's design for a new palace, after the old Palace
of Westminster was largely destroyed by fire on October 16,1834;
 one of the world's most famous tourist attractions;
 the interior of the tower is not open to overseas visitors;
 leans slightly to the north-west (changes in ground conditions since
construction).
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14. Must state precisely the idea that unifies
the other sentences in the paragraph;
Should be neither too general nor too
narrow.
Before writing TS, you should look over the
list and selected details
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15.  Big Ben clock tower;
 Elizabeth tower (2 June 2012) diamond jubilee;
 part of Charles Barry's design for a new palace, after the
old Palace of Westminster was largely destroyed by fire on
October 16,1834;
 one of the world's most famous tourist attractions;
 the interior of the tower is not open to overseas visitors;
 leans slightly to the north-west (changes in ground
conditions since construction).
A. Big Ben is a clock.
B. Big Ben is England’s famous clock that attracts many
tourists
C. Elizabeth Tower, also known as the Clock Tower, has
become one of London’s most famous tourist
attractions.
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16. provide a detailed picture of the idea
revealed in TS;
choose supporting ideas according to your
purpose:
 describe (a person, event, etc) = facts;
 explain = examples;
 facts+events.
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17. A fact is information that is known with certainty or that can
be checked for accuracy, such as dates, events,
measurements, and physical characteristics.
A man named David rice Atchison was President of the United States
for one day and didn’t know it. According to a nineteenth-century law,
if neither the President nor the Vice President was in office, the
president pro tempore of the Senate became chief executive. On
March 4, 1849, President James Knox Polk’s term had lapsed, and
the newly elected Zachary Taylor could not yet be sworn in (it was a
Sunday). So for one day Atchison was President. It was not until
several months later that Atchison learned of this, as the law was then
an obscure one. Is has since been changed.
David Louis, Fascinating Facts
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18. An example is a member or a trait that is typical of a whole
group.
A dolphin is a small whale. Most of the 37 or so species of dolphin live
in the sea, but there are five that live in rivers. The biggest dolphin is
usually known as the killer whale, or orca, and grows up to 9.4 metres
long. Dolphins have a streamlined shape and a beaked stout containing
lots of sharp teeth. They are fast swimmers and they catch sea
creatures such as fish and squid to eat. A form of ultrasound help
dolphins find their prey. A dolphin gives off a series of high-frequency
clicking sounds that bounce off anything in their path. The echoes tell
the dolphin about the size and direction of the pray.
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19. The supporting ideas in a well-organized paragraph form a train
of thought in which one idea closely follows another.
Chronological order;
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Spatial order;
Order of importance.

20.  A way of organizing events or steps in the time order in which
they take place;
Useful for telling a story or explaining how to do something.
The expression “Your name is mud” came about as a result of the trial
of Dr. Samuel Alexander Mudd for his alleged involvement in the
assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. President Lincoln was
shot by the actor John Wilkes Booth on the night of April 14, 1865, as
the President watched a play at Ford’s Theatre. While escaping from
the theatre, Booth broke his leg. Afterward, he showed up at the home
of Dr. Mudd, asking for assistance. Dr. Mudd reportedly set Booth’s
leg, and Booth continued on his way. Later, Dr. Mudd was charged
with being a conspirator in the assassination. Although he pleaded
innocent, he was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in the
military prison known as Shark Island. In time, his name became a
badge of dishonor.
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21.  transitional words and phrases
after before in the end
after a while earlier meanwhile
as soon as first next
at first finally then
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22.  organization of supporting details according to their place
in space;
transitional words and phrases.
across beside inside
around between on
behind down toward
beneath in front of under
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23.  organization of supporting details according to their
importance;
Start with the most important idea and proceed to the
least important idea (or vice versa);
transitional words and phrases.
better yet first more important
best of all in the first place worse yet
finally least important worst
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24. You can end your paragraph with the final sentence in a series of supporting
sentences. At other times, however, you may write a concluding sentence. A
concluding sentence restates what you have said in the topic sentence or offers
a final comment on the topic.
One of the greatest literary families of nineteenth-century England, the
brothers Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell, were actually sisters, not brothers,
and their family name was Bronte, not Bell. The middle of the nineteenth
century did not offer favorable opportunities for female writers. Thus, when
Charlotte, Emily, and Anne Bronte decided to submit their novels for
publication, they did so using male names. Charlotte Bronte, the oldest
sister and the creator of Jane Eyre, called herself Currer Bell, Emily
Bronte, the middle sister and author of Wuthering Heights, used the name
Ellis Bell. Anne Bronte, the youngest sister and author of Agnes Grey,
became Acton Bell. So it was that the Bronte sisters, three of the most
talented novelists of the time, became the Bell brothers, three of the best-known
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novelists of the time.

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