1. The document discusses IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) and key concepts related to implementing an IPTV system such as TCP, UDP, RTP, multicasting, and unicasting.
2. TCP ensures correct transmission of data but is not ideal for live video/audio. UDP is better suited for live streams as it does not require acknowledgment of receipt. RTP improves UDP for multimedia transmission.
3. Multicasting transmits a single stream to multiple receivers simultaneously without additional bandwidth, while unicasting transmits to a single receiver.
A WAN (Wide Area Network) is a network that covers a broad area (i.e., any telecommunications
network that links across metropolitan, regional, national or international boundaries) using leased
telecommunication lines. Business and government entities utilize WANs to relay data among
employees, clients, buyers, and suppliers from various geographical locations. In essence, this mode of
telecommunication allows a business to effectively carry out its daily function regardless of location. The
Internet can be considered a WAN as well, and is used by businesses, governments, organizations, and
individuals for almost any purpose imaginable.
Overview of transport protocols as alternatives to TCP and UDP.
TCP and UDP are the two transport protocols (OSI layer 4) that are predominantly used by applications in IP based networks.
The properties of TCP and UDP are complementary in that TCP provides many quality of service features that UDP lacks.
Therefore, TCP is mainly used in applications that require a certain level of reliable transport connection while UDP is used when reliability is of secondary importance but speed and simplicity are important.
There are, however, alternatives to TCP and UDP. SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) was defined some time ago and was meant to eventually replace TCP. It provides the same features as TCP but fixes some of the shortcomings of TCP. Alternatives for UDP exist as well such as Reliable UDP and UDP redundancy.
Implementing multicast communication system making use of an existing data ne...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A WAN (Wide Area Network) is a network that covers a broad area (i.e., any telecommunications
network that links across metropolitan, regional, national or international boundaries) using leased
telecommunication lines. Business and government entities utilize WANs to relay data among
employees, clients, buyers, and suppliers from various geographical locations. In essence, this mode of
telecommunication allows a business to effectively carry out its daily function regardless of location. The
Internet can be considered a WAN as well, and is used by businesses, governments, organizations, and
individuals for almost any purpose imaginable.
Overview of transport protocols as alternatives to TCP and UDP.
TCP and UDP are the two transport protocols (OSI layer 4) that are predominantly used by applications in IP based networks.
The properties of TCP and UDP are complementary in that TCP provides many quality of service features that UDP lacks.
Therefore, TCP is mainly used in applications that require a certain level of reliable transport connection while UDP is used when reliability is of secondary importance but speed and simplicity are important.
There are, however, alternatives to TCP and UDP. SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) was defined some time ago and was meant to eventually replace TCP. It provides the same features as TCP but fixes some of the shortcomings of TCP. Alternatives for UDP exist as well such as Reliable UDP and UDP redundancy.
Implementing multicast communication system making use of an existing data ne...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
a seminar paper presentation .this will help you know about voice transmission over the internet protocol's.as in Skype, watts app. it also give an idea about old technology. thanks. if any mistakes ,and add any updates and share with me .on about this slide
Significant amount of research and development has been made in the field of core network and it operates in hundreds Gigabits per second (Gbps) speed currently. But on seeing the growth in bandwidth demand in the access network which is exploding day by day, the only promising solution is to upgrade the access network. So it is essential to have an efficient access network that can operate at high functional speeds to support differentiated services like Video on Demand (VOD), High Definition TV, video conferencing, Telemedicine, Uploading and Downloading jumbo files. Apart from these access network always been sensitive to cost and geographical region of coverage it can handle. So internet service providers will have to make a tradeoff between capital expenditure (CAPEX), operational expenditure (OPEX) and geographical region of coverage.
There are mainly five types of access network APON, BPON, GPON, EPON and 10G-EPON. APON provides 622 Mbps of downstream bandwidth and 155 Mbps of upstream. GPON was the advanced version of the BPON and support at a rate of 2.444 Mbps and 1.42 Mbps in downstream and upstream data rate. EPON has symmetry of 1Gbps of upstream and downstream rates. EPON is totally data-centric based on voice, video and data. 10G-EPON is capable of providing broadband access to large number of customers in metropolitan area. Due to the advancement in the optical technology, 10G-EPON (IEEE 803.2av) provides 1Gbps and 10Gbps upstream and downstream data rate with distance more than 20 km.
Practical Fundamentals of Voice over IP (VoIP) for Engineers and TechniciansLiving Online
This manual provides solid practical advice on application, implementation and, most importantly, troubleshooting Voice Over IP (VOIP) systems.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-fundamentals-voice-over-ip-voip-21?id=151
Improving Performance of TCP in Wireless Environment using TCP-PIDES Editor
Improving the performance of the transmission
control protocol (TCP) in wireless environment has been an
active research area. Main reason behind performance
degradation of TCP is not having ability to detect actual reason
of packet losses in wireless environment. In this paper, we are
providing a simulation results for TCP-P (TCP-Performance).
TCP-P is intelligent protocol in wireless environment which
is able to distinguish actual reasons for packet losses and
applies an appropriate solution to packet loss.
TCP-P deals with main three issues, Congestion in
network, Disconnection in network and random packet losses.
TCP-P consists of Congestion avoidance algorithm and
Disconnection detection algorithm with some changes in TCP
header part. If congestion is occurring in network then
congestion avoidance algorithm is applied. In congestion
avoidance algorithm, TCP-P calculates number of sending
packets and receiving acknowledgements and accordingly set
a sending buffer value, so that it can prevent system from
happening congestion. In disconnection detection algorithm,
TCP-P senses medium continuously to detect a happening
disconnection in network. TCP-P modifies header of TCP
packet so that loss packet can itself notify sender that it is
lost.This paper describes the design of TCP-P, and presents
results from experiments using the NS-2 network simulator.
Results from simulations show that TCP-P is 4% more
efficient than TCP-Tahoe, 5% more efficient than TCP-Vegas,
7% more efficient than TCP-Sack and equally efficient in
performance as of TCP-Reno and TCP-New Reno. But we can
say TCP-P is more efficient than TCP-Reno and TCP-New
Reno since it is able to solve more issues of TCP in wireless
environment.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AI
Feature satip3
1. ■
148 149TELE-audiovision International — The World‘s Largest Digital TV Trade Magazine — 09-10/2013 — www.TELE-audiovision.com www.TELE-audiovision.com — 09-10/2013 — TELE-audiovision International — 全球发行量最大的数字电视杂志
FEATURE 自制IPTV
来自网络的电视
第三部分
• 网络数据传输的基础
• TCP, UDP 和 RTP分别指的是什么
• 如何利用网络
• 网络布线使其他线缆都变得冗余
• 建议使用千兆网络更可靠
This is how our test
centre looked like for
this report.
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FEATURE Selfmade IPTV
1. Schematics of a MULTICAST
transmission. The server sends
one stream to the switch. The
transmission is then forwarded
to all connected devices.
2. Schematics of a UNICAST
transmission. The server sends
one stream to the switch, but
this time the stream is only
forwarded to one specific client.
Notice how the remaining ports
are fully available for other
communications.
3. Analogy of UDP: one
transmitter sends information,
regardless of how many
listeners there are. Also,
there is no feedback to the
transmitter. If a listener misses
a part or if he cannot correctly
receive the transmission, there
is nothing to do about it – the
transmitter will never know!
4. Analogy of TCP: one
transmitter sends information
to one listener. The reception
of every sentence has to be
confirmed by the listener. If he
missed the sentence or if he
did not understand it clearly,
the transmitter will send the
sentence again.
Vitor Martins Augusto
You can find quite a bit of infor-
mation on IPTV in the Internet
but it’s often not all that easy to
understand since it can be very
long-winded and complicated and
assumes the reader has some ba-
sic knowledge. One reason for the
difficulty in getting started in this
field is that most of the material
doesn’t have TV installers in mind
but rather is more geared towards
network specialists and IT admin-
istrators; two worlds bump into
each other here. Our goal is to save
our TELE-audiovision readers some
time and describe the more impor-
tant points.
Taking the leap into the IPTV world is
made complicated by these keywords:
TCP, UDP, RTP, Multicasting and Uni-
casting. But none of these are really
earth-shattering.
Almost everyone today that uses a
computer or tablet to get to the Inter-
net knows what TCP is. This network
protocol regulates the communication
between the various computers. Data
is sent in small packets from the send-
er’s computer to the recipient’s com-
puter.
To prevent the loss of a packet, it
contains the address of the transmit-
ter and the receiver. The packet also
includes a checksum that is calculated
from the data it contains. This makes it
possible to determine if the packet ar-
rives correctly and undamaged.
The best thing about TCP is that the
individual packets are transmitted until
a confirmation is sent back by the re-
ceiver. If this is the case, the transmit-
ter can then forget about the correctly
received data. Otherwise, the packet
would be retransmitted as often as
needed until a reception confirmation is
sent back. The order in which the indi-
vidual data packets are received is not
important – they will be placed in the
proper order by the receiver.
You can look at TCP as an amateur ra-
dio communication between two Hams:
the first Ham transmits a lengthy mes-
sage and after each sentence waits for
the second Ham to signal that he re-
ceived the message by saying „Roger“.
If he didn‘t understand it the first time,
the first Ham repeats the transmission.
This protocol is ideal for data trans-
missions; it guarantees that the data
arrives correctly and in one piece. For
live video and/or audio transmissions
this protocol is not as ideally suited.
There are two problems:
1) The video (or audio) has to arrive
in the correct order. What good would
it do if the third frame, for example, is
lost and after the seventh frame the
whole thing is repeated?
2) The checksum process is redun-
dant. If the image data of a frame
doesn‘t arrive correctly, it would be too
late the retransmit that frame.
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2
3
4
152 TELE-audiovision International — The World‘s Largest Digital TV Trade Magazine — 09-10/2013 — www.TELE-audiovision.com
Because of these reasons
the UDP protocol is much
better suited for live trans-
missions of audio and vid-
eo. In this case we‘re deal-
ing with a greatly simplified
protocol in that the data
packets are sent without a
checksum. Aside from that,
the transmitter is not looking
for any kind of return signal
from the receiver. And in
Multicast mode the transmit-
ter really doesn‘t care who‘s
on the receiving end.
Analog to UDP could be
compared to a radio broad-
cast: the DJ reads the news
aloud and has no idea who‘s
listening, no idea how good
the reception is and no idea
if the listener understood
everything that was said.
Unlike TCP, with UDP you
1. DekTec DTE-3137 in action. Amazing how much
performance has been fitted in such a small
device – yet, it can inject a complete DVB-S/S2
transponder into the network.
2. In order to be able to work with IPTV, we had
to get ourselves a gigabit switch. These are
very cheap now, so there is no excuse to keep
struggling with 100MBPS technology.
3. The Dexing NDS3975 in action: it is receiving
three transponders (one from its internal tuner,
one from the Topreal TP-1011 through ASI and
one from the DekTec DTE-3137 through IP). It then
multiplexes a new transponder which is output
through ASI and IP (on a different IP). Amazing!
4. This picture shows one clear advantage of
using only IPTV within a studio or head-end
station: notice the blue network cable – this
single cable is enough to transport all required
information. Actually, all other cables could be
removed (except for the LNB-cable, in case you
want to use the internal tuner).
4. 1
2
3
154 TELE-audiovision International — The World‘s Largest Digital TV Trade Magazine — 09-10/2013 — www.TELE-audiovision.com
should make sure there is
a reliable network connec-
tion between the transmitter
and receiver, otherwise the
broadcast won‘t be reliable.
RTP on the other hand is
not a fundamental protocol
like TCP or UDP. On the con-
trary, RTP is a protocol layer
based on UDP. This means
that as a basis UDP is always
used for RTP. RTP offers a
number of functions that
greatly improve live audio
and video transmissions:
• Data identification
• Time stamps for audio/
video synchronization
• Maintaining the order of
MPEG frames
• Special handling of MPEG
key frames
This just goes to show that
RTP should be used when-
ever all the devices involved
support this protocol.
With Multicasting an au-
dio/video stream is simply
transmitted without any par-
ticular receiver in mind. This
transmission is routed to all
users by the network and
it‘s up to the users to de-
cide if they want to receive
it or not. Obviously this is
extremely practical if more
than one user wants to re-
ceive the same stream. As
many users as desired can
tune in without the need for
additional network band-
width between the transmit-
ter and the switch.
Since the switch has to
process numerous data
packets, it could very quickly
become overloaded when
dealing with a cheap SOHO
product (Small Office, Home
Office) while at the same
time additional data is ex-
changed between users. If,
for example, User 2 doesn‘t
want to take part in Multi-
casting and would rather
send a large file to User 3, it
could happen that the flow of
this data transmission is re-
duced to a snail‘s pace or it
might not function at all.
To utilize Multicasting, with
regard to the IP destination
address it would be good
enough to configure using any
IP address from 224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255. This ad-
dress range would be used
by all of the Multicast de-
1. Wireshark capturing the network traffic. Beware that
lots of data is captured during a IPTV broadcast. You
should only capture data for some seconds, otherwise
it will take ages to process all captured packets.
2. After capturing the network traffic for a short
period, there are many analysis tools available within
Wireshark. This picture shows where the traffic
originated. It can be clearly seen that the devices with
IP-address 192.168.1.149 and 192.168.1.210 generated a
huge amount of traffic. Notice the destination IP: they
are multicasting IPs
3. All captured packets can be analyzed individually and
the contents can be viewed, while the header is shown
in a more detailed way.
5. 4
5 6
7
156 TELE-audiovision International — The World‘s Largest Digital TV Trade Magazine — 09-10/2013 — www.TELE-audiovision.com
4. This graph shows the bandwidth
during the captured transmission. Inter-
estingly, the bandwidth is not constant,
when displayed in millisecond interval.
5. This graph shows the bandwidth of
the same transmission, but as Bits/
second. With just two transponders fed
into the network, a 100MBPS switch
is working at its limit. In fact, we tried
to use a 100MBPS switch and it froze
after a few seconds. A regular operation
was only possible using a 1000MBPS
switch.
6. Using DekTec’s StreamXpert soft-
ware, which already has been tested
in TELE-satellite 11-12/2012, together
with the professional DekTec DTE-3137
receiver, one has much more feed-
back about the IPTV broadcast. Notice
the lower left corner: a graph shows
continuously the occupied network
bandwidth.
7. StreamXpert can show all possi-
ble information about the streamed
transponder, including the programme
clock reference (PCR), required for
correct synchronization of audio and
video. This allows editing the times-
tamps in order to compensate for any
detected errors.
vices.
Note that Multicast is
not only used for IPTV;
it is used whenever the
same data needs to be
sent to multiple com-
puters, such as, when
multiple computers
need to be installed all
at the same time via a
network. That‘s how IT
professionals, for ex-
ample, in universities or
large company‘s install
an operating system on
hundreds of computers
all at once.
With Unicasting how-
ever, the stream - un-
like Multicasting - is
sent to one specific re-
ceiver. This has the ad-
vantage of not loading
down the network for
all the remaining users
allowing data traffic to
function normally. The
data is routed in the
switch between the in-
puts of the servers and
the users while the re-
maining switch ports
remain free.
The disadvantage is
the fact that for eve-
ry additional user the
stream would have to
be individually retrans-
mitted. In no time at all
the network bandwidth
6. 8 9
10
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8. Despite having a perfect
picture, StreamXpert indicates
some errors in PAT and PMT.
Interestingly; these were
already present in the original
DVB-S stream…
9. Useful information provided
by StreamXpert: the grid
view, where all active services
within the stream are mapped
according to their PID.
10. Meanwhile, we monitor
our Dexing NDS3975 with
the SnmpNMS management
software. This application
gives us remote access to the
internals of this integrated
professional receiver.
11. On the Mux-tab, we can
specify which channels of
the three different incoming
transponders (through the
internal tuner, ASI-in and IPTV)
we want to output.
ate via a 100MBPS interface;
in view of the fact that the
bandwidth of common DVB-
S/S2 transponders transport
data on average at 50MBPS,
this would be sufficient.
All the IPTV receivers we
know of also operate on a
100MBPS network interface.
Why then would you want to
upgrade to a 1000MBPS in-
frastructure? The simplest
explanation is this: if cars
could only drive at 55 MPH,
then in principle single-lane
roads would be good enough.
But if there are a large num-
ber of cars all on the road at
the same time, then a multi-
lane highway would be much
better even though the cars
would be moving no faster
than 55 MPH. A 100MBPS
switch is designed for this
speed and would fall to its
knees if all the ports would
suddenly demand high data
transfer rates at the same
time. A 1000MBPS switch is
would reach its capacity and
it‘s especially the connection
from the server to the switch
that would need to withstand
enormous amounts of data.
The question often arises
if IPTV should be operated
at 100MBPS or would it be
better at 1000MBPS (also
referred to as 1GBPS or
1GBit/s). It‘s not an easy
answer; it depends ulti-
mately on how you want to
use IPTV and the network.
When different receivers will
only route single transpond-
ers to one or more multiplex-
ers, then for the most part
a 100MBPS network would
suffice. Quite often profes-
sional receivers only oper-
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simply able to handle much
more data internally.
If you want to provide
IPTV to a community, a ho-
tel or a home where the
network would be used for
other services (Internet,
File sharing, VoIP, etc.), then
we definitely would recom-
mend a 1000MBPS network.
In today‘s day and age this
is considered standard and
upgrading from a 100MBPS
network to a 1000MBPS
network should not really
present any problems if the
cables already in place are
CAT-5e or CAT-6 types. If
this isn‘t the case, the exist-
ing cable should be replaced
with CAT-6 cable. The
switches would also have to
be updated and you should
make sure that the network
adapter on older computers
can also handle 1000MBPS.
To get an overview of the
network, it would pay to in-
stall a Network Monitoring
Program, also called a Net-
work Sniffer. These pro-
grams log all packets that
are sent on a network.
In order for this to be tech-
nically possible, special soft-
ware, known as WinPcap,
needs to be installed. Win-
Pcap places the computer‘s
network card in „promiscu-
ous“ mode in which the net-
work card accepts all pack-
ets, not just those that are
specifically meant for that
computer, but all of them.
Additionally, WinPcap pro-
vides an interface for ap-
plications to gain access to
these data packets.
The most well-known
and most popular network
monitoring program is Wire-
shark. The basic require-
ment is WinPcap and with
that all of the data traffic can
be logged. In this way it‘s
easy to recognize which IP
addresses from which com-
puters are requesting which
data packets. It‘s also easy
to identify if network multi-
casting is in use, how much
bandwidth is being used,
etc. And the good news?
Both WinPcap and Wireshark
are free.
Whether in a studio or in
a headend, IPTV has estab-
lished itself as an omnipres-
ent solution for the distri-
bution of audio and video
signals. There are many
advantages regardless if
IPTV is used for the internal
distribution in a headend or
for the direct feed to an end
user.
Just the fact alone that all
data can be sent over a sin-
gle cable makes it worth uti-
lizing this technology.
12. To check our IPTV streams
within the network, we use VLC.
13. TSReader Professional is an
excellent tool when it comes to
analyze transponder streams.
Instead of just rendering the
channel, TSReader shows
all PIDs and their respective
bandwidth.