This document presents a feasibility study for installing a solar power generation system at IUBAT University in Bangladesh. It discusses the background and objectives of utilizing solar energy, which include reducing dependence on fossil fuels and pollution. The methodology section outlines reviewing field work, survey materials, and secondary sources. Key findings presented include works on solar technologies worldwide, the potential of solar energy, system components like solar panels, batteries, and inverters. Load analysis of IUBAT University is provided. The report evaluates solar irradiance and insulation, proposes a system configuration, selects PV modules, and calculates costs. It concludes solar energy can provide benefits as a clean, renewable source.
Sustainability of the Installed Battery-less PV Panel Systems at Two Governme...IJAEMSJORNAL
One of the most prominent energy alternatives available today is the solar energy. Innovation has made this more affordable and reachable to the public both in the resident and commercial areas. Solar energy was harnessed in two buildings from two different organizations through the installation of photovoltaic (PV) solar panels in the two locales. However, these solar panel systems needed to be assessed empirically. Also, during the initial operation, several technical problems led the researcher to use the result of the assessment procedures as basis for a proposed operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting manual for the users. Engineering management intervened in the study through the tools which were helpful in organizing the activities done in the course of the research. The PV solar panels were assessed in a quantitative approach. The energy and cost generated after the installation of the systems were compared to the energy and cost prior to the installation through the analysis of percentage difference and t-test. The efficiency and return on investment (ROI) of the PV solar panels were also assessed. The contents of the manual was based on the survey checklist distributed among the four (4) respondents from the locales and the interview checklist conducted by the researcher on the installer of the panel systems. In summary, no significant difference was observed between the energy and cost generated before and after the installation of the PV solar panels using t-test. But the percentage difference assessment reflected a significant difference in the energy and cost generated before and after the installation. Specifically, there was a positive decrease in the energy cost of the electricity generation in the two locales. Furthermore, the return on investment of the PV systems were discovered to be less than the expected life span which means that the projected payback could be harvested within the utilization of the PV solar panels. Lastly, a manual was made at the end of the study addressing the common issues and problems encountered by the users and how to troubleshoot them and operate the system properly. This manual was made for the sole purposeof maximizing the utilization of the solar PV panels and promoting sustainability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Construction of Solar Panel Laying System based on Genetic AlgorithmDr. Amarjeet Singh
Solar power generation is an important energy
resource in most countries. It plays an important role in
meeting energy demand, improving energy structure and
reducing environmental pollution. The main carrier of solar
power generation is solar panels, but the utilization efficiency
of most existing solar cells is low, which causes serious waste
of solar energy. In response to this phenomenon, we propose a
Solar Panel Laying System(SPLS) based on genetic
algorithm(GA) to construct solar panels, which solves four
problems: the determination of the number of battery
components, the layout of the panels, the selection of the
inverter and the connection of the inverter. In the SPLS ,we
introduce an improved genetic algorithm and multi-objective
optimization solution. Under the double premise that the total
amount of solar photovoltaic power generation is as large as
possible and the cost per unit of power generation is as small
as possible, the quantitative solution of the laying system is
realized.
Sustainability of the Installed Battery-less PV Panel Systems at Two Governme...IJAEMSJORNAL
One of the most prominent energy alternatives available today is the solar energy. Innovation has made this more affordable and reachable to the public both in the resident and commercial areas. Solar energy was harnessed in two buildings from two different organizations through the installation of photovoltaic (PV) solar panels in the two locales. However, these solar panel systems needed to be assessed empirically. Also, during the initial operation, several technical problems led the researcher to use the result of the assessment procedures as basis for a proposed operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting manual for the users. Engineering management intervened in the study through the tools which were helpful in organizing the activities done in the course of the research. The PV solar panels were assessed in a quantitative approach. The energy and cost generated after the installation of the systems were compared to the energy and cost prior to the installation through the analysis of percentage difference and t-test. The efficiency and return on investment (ROI) of the PV solar panels were also assessed. The contents of the manual was based on the survey checklist distributed among the four (4) respondents from the locales and the interview checklist conducted by the researcher on the installer of the panel systems. In summary, no significant difference was observed between the energy and cost generated before and after the installation of the PV solar panels using t-test. But the percentage difference assessment reflected a significant difference in the energy and cost generated before and after the installation. Specifically, there was a positive decrease in the energy cost of the electricity generation in the two locales. Furthermore, the return on investment of the PV systems were discovered to be less than the expected life span which means that the projected payback could be harvested within the utilization of the PV solar panels. Lastly, a manual was made at the end of the study addressing the common issues and problems encountered by the users and how to troubleshoot them and operate the system properly. This manual was made for the sole purposeof maximizing the utilization of the solar PV panels and promoting sustainability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Construction of Solar Panel Laying System based on Genetic AlgorithmDr. Amarjeet Singh
Solar power generation is an important energy
resource in most countries. It plays an important role in
meeting energy demand, improving energy structure and
reducing environmental pollution. The main carrier of solar
power generation is solar panels, but the utilization efficiency
of most existing solar cells is low, which causes serious waste
of solar energy. In response to this phenomenon, we propose a
Solar Panel Laying System(SPLS) based on genetic
algorithm(GA) to construct solar panels, which solves four
problems: the determination of the number of battery
components, the layout of the panels, the selection of the
inverter and the connection of the inverter. In the SPLS ,we
introduce an improved genetic algorithm and multi-objective
optimization solution. Under the double premise that the total
amount of solar photovoltaic power generation is as large as
possible and the cost per unit of power generation is as small
as possible, the quantitative solution of the laying system is
realized.
Prediction of the Power Output of Solar Cells Using Neural Networks: Solar Ce...CSCJournals
The prediction of the output power of solar cells in a given place has always been an important factor in planning the installation of solar cell panels, and guiding electrical companies to control, manage and distribute the energy into their electricity networks properly. The production of the electricity sector in Palestine using solar cells is a promising sector; this paper proposes a model which is used to predict future output power values of solar cells, which provides individuals and companies with future information, so they can organize their activities. We aim to create a model that able to connect time, place, and the relations between randomly distributed solar energy units. The system analyzes collected data from units through solar cells distributed in different places in Palestine. Multilayer Feed-Forward with Backpropagation Neural Networks (MFFNNBP) is used to predict the power output of the solar cells in different places in Palestine. The model depends on predicting the future produce of the power output of solar cell depending on the real power output of the previous values. The data used in this paper depends on data collection of one day, month, and year. Finally, this proposed model conduct a systematic process with the aim of determining the most suitable places for an installation solar cell panel in different places in Palestine.
The utilization of conventional sources of energy releases harmful pollutants to the environment causing global warming and acid rain. For that reason, it becomes necessary to use a non-depletable, sustainable and eco-friendly renewable energy as a mean of producing electricity. Malaysia is tropical country rich in resources beneficial in electricity generation as it is in equatorial region therefore it has an abundance of solar irradiance of average annually. In addition, Malaysia’s demand in electricity is increasing to 124,677 GWh by 2020. Therefore, the electricity generation from renewable sources in Malaysia is anticipated to grow in the future alongside the government endorsement due to its clean, eco-friendly and free source of energy which can highly reduce the dependency on oil and gas that emits harmful pollutants to the environment. This paper gives a comprehensive review on the renewable projects and researches in Malaysia, challenges that affect popularity of renewable energy in Malaysia and available and successful renewable energy system in Malaysia.
The building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system have recently drawn interest and have demonstrated high potential to assist building owners supply both thermal and electrical loads. In this paper, the BIPV technology has been reviewed, in terms of its performance, efficiency and power generation capacity. Specifically, the applications of the BIPV in tropical climate regions have been discussed, together with its prospects and challenges. For these schemes to be implemented in a tropical climatic region, the following issues must be considered: 1) Certain studies must be done relating to electrical load demand, predicted PV output, location of the buildings and its integration and constraints associated with roof design; 2) For the highest energy production from solar PV, the solar collectors need to be with the right tilt depending on the location; 3) Design criteria such as safety, efficiency, durability, flexibility and constructive issues need to be considered; 4) The government of such countries must train electricians and carpenters on PV installations; 5) The BIPV roofing must perform same function as normal roofing materials, such as noise protection, water tightness, insulation and climate protection, and 6) As practiced around the world, these countries must establish design standards for the BIPV.
A case study in designing and analysis of cost for a solar photo voltaic systemIJARIIT
The world faces an increasing an environmental pollution basically as a result of combustion of conventional energy
sources. India currently depends on conventional energy to supply power to her teaming population. Due to this, the energy
generated does not meet demand. Consequently, the power supply is erratic and areas isolated from the main cities lack power
supply. Therefore, the need to develop a non-conventional source of energy generation such as solar cannot be overemphasized.
A photovoltaic system that can increase energy output and/or supply power to isolated areas of the country is a good choice,
considering the abundance of solar radiated energy in India. In this work as PV system model is designed to work either as a
standalone PV system or as grid integrated and the payback period is calculated for the same. The developed model may be
useful in the prediction of PV cell behavior under different physical and environmental parameters. The result obtained showed
the maximum power output and the corresponding maximum voltage of solar module. Study results demonstrate that, under
complex irradiance conditions, the power generated by the new configuration is enhanced than that of the traditional
configuration. The solar PV system can be widely used in many consumer applications, such as PV vests for cell phones and
music players.
In current year, endurable and entire renewable
energy resources are extensively used in electrical energy
generation system. Mainly, solar energy conservation systems
are apply in stand -alone system. Solar panels covert solar
radiation into direct electrical energy. Solar panels are one of
the most potential renewable energy technologies for refreshing
building. In this study, responsibility analysis of a solar system
installed in my collage academic block and hostel is
investigated. The system includes solar panel, battery,
generator, converter and loads. In this study we calculate
overall load in academic block (Electrical engineering
department and round building) and only boy hostel. After
knowing overall loads result for these buildings we simulate
this data through HOMER tool and we obtain the best result
which is presented in this paper.
The result obtained from the optimization gives the initial
capital cost as 296.000$ while operating cost is 2,882$/yr. Total
net present cost (NPC) is 332,846$ and the cost of energy
(COE) is 0.212$/kWh.
The main purpose of this research paper is that the
maximum demand of energy consumption for both academic
block and hostel are simulated through solar panel, for this
purpose which amount of solar panel and battery is required.
Recent technological developments in pv+thermal technology a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Large amount of work had been carried out and going on in research and technological development of solar energy systems. Many systems have been innovated and approved as a product industrial bodies as per its market potential. Theoretical models have been developed, manufactured within specified design constraints and tested to get desired results. Many have optimized the systems using different advanced tools, some have developed software techniques like neural network, and the product developed is studied for market potential. The journey is going on in order to increase efficiency of system and compete with conventional energy prizes. This article gives an overview about the trend of solar technology development, future key areas in which researchers have to work for sustainable and efficient solar technology. Keywords: - PV/T, solar energy, efficiency of PV cells, hybrid systems.
In a world where environment protection and energy conversion are growing concerns,the development of solar vehicle has taken on an accele ration pace. The dream of having commercially viable solar vehicle is becoming a rea lity. EV�s are gradually available in the market. This opportunity is taken towards design an d development of Solar two wheeler. Solar vehicle is a multi-disciplinary subject which covers broad and complex aspects. However,it has core technologies,namely propulsio n technology,energy source technology,storage and control technology. As energy source s olar panel is used and developed voltage is stored in battery and used for the drive the hub motor which is used as rare wheel of the vehicle.
Testing of a Microcontroller Based Solar panel Tracking System iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Prediction of the Power Output of Solar Cells Using Neural Networks: Solar Ce...CSCJournals
The prediction of the output power of solar cells in a given place has always been an important factor in planning the installation of solar cell panels, and guiding electrical companies to control, manage and distribute the energy into their electricity networks properly. The production of the electricity sector in Palestine using solar cells is a promising sector; this paper proposes a model which is used to predict future output power values of solar cells, which provides individuals and companies with future information, so they can organize their activities. We aim to create a model that able to connect time, place, and the relations between randomly distributed solar energy units. The system analyzes collected data from units through solar cells distributed in different places in Palestine. Multilayer Feed-Forward with Backpropagation Neural Networks (MFFNNBP) is used to predict the power output of the solar cells in different places in Palestine. The model depends on predicting the future produce of the power output of solar cell depending on the real power output of the previous values. The data used in this paper depends on data collection of one day, month, and year. Finally, this proposed model conduct a systematic process with the aim of determining the most suitable places for an installation solar cell panel in different places in Palestine.
The utilization of conventional sources of energy releases harmful pollutants to the environment causing global warming and acid rain. For that reason, it becomes necessary to use a non-depletable, sustainable and eco-friendly renewable energy as a mean of producing electricity. Malaysia is tropical country rich in resources beneficial in electricity generation as it is in equatorial region therefore it has an abundance of solar irradiance of average annually. In addition, Malaysia’s demand in electricity is increasing to 124,677 GWh by 2020. Therefore, the electricity generation from renewable sources in Malaysia is anticipated to grow in the future alongside the government endorsement due to its clean, eco-friendly and free source of energy which can highly reduce the dependency on oil and gas that emits harmful pollutants to the environment. This paper gives a comprehensive review on the renewable projects and researches in Malaysia, challenges that affect popularity of renewable energy in Malaysia and available and successful renewable energy system in Malaysia.
The building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system have recently drawn interest and have demonstrated high potential to assist building owners supply both thermal and electrical loads. In this paper, the BIPV technology has been reviewed, in terms of its performance, efficiency and power generation capacity. Specifically, the applications of the BIPV in tropical climate regions have been discussed, together with its prospects and challenges. For these schemes to be implemented in a tropical climatic region, the following issues must be considered: 1) Certain studies must be done relating to electrical load demand, predicted PV output, location of the buildings and its integration and constraints associated with roof design; 2) For the highest energy production from solar PV, the solar collectors need to be with the right tilt depending on the location; 3) Design criteria such as safety, efficiency, durability, flexibility and constructive issues need to be considered; 4) The government of such countries must train electricians and carpenters on PV installations; 5) The BIPV roofing must perform same function as normal roofing materials, such as noise protection, water tightness, insulation and climate protection, and 6) As practiced around the world, these countries must establish design standards for the BIPV.
A case study in designing and analysis of cost for a solar photo voltaic systemIJARIIT
The world faces an increasing an environmental pollution basically as a result of combustion of conventional energy
sources. India currently depends on conventional energy to supply power to her teaming population. Due to this, the energy
generated does not meet demand. Consequently, the power supply is erratic and areas isolated from the main cities lack power
supply. Therefore, the need to develop a non-conventional source of energy generation such as solar cannot be overemphasized.
A photovoltaic system that can increase energy output and/or supply power to isolated areas of the country is a good choice,
considering the abundance of solar radiated energy in India. In this work as PV system model is designed to work either as a
standalone PV system or as grid integrated and the payback period is calculated for the same. The developed model may be
useful in the prediction of PV cell behavior under different physical and environmental parameters. The result obtained showed
the maximum power output and the corresponding maximum voltage of solar module. Study results demonstrate that, under
complex irradiance conditions, the power generated by the new configuration is enhanced than that of the traditional
configuration. The solar PV system can be widely used in many consumer applications, such as PV vests for cell phones and
music players.
In current year, endurable and entire renewable
energy resources are extensively used in electrical energy
generation system. Mainly, solar energy conservation systems
are apply in stand -alone system. Solar panels covert solar
radiation into direct electrical energy. Solar panels are one of
the most potential renewable energy technologies for refreshing
building. In this study, responsibility analysis of a solar system
installed in my collage academic block and hostel is
investigated. The system includes solar panel, battery,
generator, converter and loads. In this study we calculate
overall load in academic block (Electrical engineering
department and round building) and only boy hostel. After
knowing overall loads result for these buildings we simulate
this data through HOMER tool and we obtain the best result
which is presented in this paper.
The result obtained from the optimization gives the initial
capital cost as 296.000$ while operating cost is 2,882$/yr. Total
net present cost (NPC) is 332,846$ and the cost of energy
(COE) is 0.212$/kWh.
The main purpose of this research paper is that the
maximum demand of energy consumption for both academic
block and hostel are simulated through solar panel, for this
purpose which amount of solar panel and battery is required.
Recent technological developments in pv+thermal technology a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Large amount of work had been carried out and going on in research and technological development of solar energy systems. Many systems have been innovated and approved as a product industrial bodies as per its market potential. Theoretical models have been developed, manufactured within specified design constraints and tested to get desired results. Many have optimized the systems using different advanced tools, some have developed software techniques like neural network, and the product developed is studied for market potential. The journey is going on in order to increase efficiency of system and compete with conventional energy prizes. This article gives an overview about the trend of solar technology development, future key areas in which researchers have to work for sustainable and efficient solar technology. Keywords: - PV/T, solar energy, efficiency of PV cells, hybrid systems.
In a world where environment protection and energy conversion are growing concerns,the development of solar vehicle has taken on an accele ration pace. The dream of having commercially viable solar vehicle is becoming a rea lity. EV�s are gradually available in the market. This opportunity is taken towards design an d development of Solar two wheeler. Solar vehicle is a multi-disciplinary subject which covers broad and complex aspects. However,it has core technologies,namely propulsio n technology,energy source technology,storage and control technology. As energy source s olar panel is used and developed voltage is stored in battery and used for the drive the hub motor which is used as rare wheel of the vehicle.
Testing of a Microcontroller Based Solar panel Tracking System iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Solar Revolution, A Comprehensive Guide.
If you're interested in renewable energy and want to learn more about solar power, this ebook is the perfect resource for you. "Everything You Need to Know About Solar Power" covers all aspects of solar power, from the basics of how it works to the technical details of installation and maintenance, as well as its environmental impact and future potential.
In the first section, you'll find a comprehensive introduction to solar power, including a definition of solar power, its importance in today's world, and a brief history of solar power. In the following section, you'll gain a deeper understanding of solar power, including how it works, the types of solar power systems available, and their advantages and disadvantages.
The technical aspects of solar power are explored in detail in the third section, including solar panel construction and components, installation and maintenance of solar panels, and solar power system sizing and design. You'll also learn about the technical terminology and jargon used in the solar power industry.
The environmental impact of solar power is examined in the fourth section, including the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the impact on natural habitats and wildlife, and the relationship between solar power and climate change. Real-life examples and case studies are provided to help you understand the impact of solar power on the environment.
In the fifth section, you'll discover the future of solar power, including the latest innovations in solar technology, global trends in solar power, and the challenges and opportunities facing the solar power industry. Real-life examples and case studies are also included to help you understand the potential of solar power in the future.
Finally, the ebook concludes with a section that ties everything together, including the future of solar power, final thoughts on solar power, and encouragement to take action.
Whether you're interested in installing solar power in your home or business, or just want to learn more about renewable energy, this ebook is an essential guide to solar power. With detailed information, real-life examples, and case studies, you'll have all the information you need to understand the basics of solar power and its potential for the future.
BUILDING AN EFFICIENT SOLAR CHARGER AND COMPARING ITS CHARGING SPEEDS WITH A ...SukhpreetSingh164
Abstract of the Research Paper
Energy sources using exhaustible energy at its input are being discouraged because they cause significant damage to the environment and human beings. Solar energy is considered one among the clean and green energy sources because it takes sunlight as its input which is a renewable energy source. There are many places in the world where electricity is not constant or not available. There are also cases where solar energy is neglected by people simply because of a lack of knowledge of its efficiency, and it is basically considered non-efficient. The purpose of this research is to build a solar charger, test its workability, and compare its efficiency with a regular wall charger to provide information for it to be used by both rural and urban people. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used appropriately, and most efficient circuit parts and appropriate testers were used in this research study to achieve the objectives. It was found that the solar charger was almost as efficient as a regular wall charger. There were some factors which decrease the efficiency of the solar charger which may be analyzed by future researchers on this concept. In conclusion, after being found that a solar charger is as efficient as a regular wall charger, its use must be encouraged by both rural and urban people.
Keywords: Solar charger, wall charger, comparative study
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Systematic Review of Renewable Energy Trend.pdfssuser793b4e
This paper systematically and successfully reviewed the renewable energy trend from 2010 to 2023. This review
detailed the difference renewable energy and conclusion was drawn that solar photovoltaic (PV) energy has the
leading trend in power generation growth and innovation. This research work explained in detail the most recent
solar photovoltaic optimization techniques and it was observed from the review that hybridization of intelligent and
non-intelligent maximum power point tracking technique has the best tracking power conversion efficiency. The
advantages and disadvantage of solar PV together with the solar optimization and innovational growth trends were
examined. This research showed that clean and renewable energy sources will continue to grow and the solar energy
industry is expected to experience significant growth and rapid innovation in the next 10 years. From the observed
rapid growth and innovation trend in solar energy, the world will have a very cheap, abundant and clean energy
before 2050.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Planning and Designing a Stand Alone Solar Power System for Multi-Building Or...IJMER
The purpose of this project is to discover ways to produce energy with alternate sources. This presents current status, major achievements and future aspects of solar energy in India and evaluation of current energy policies for conquering the obstructions and implementing solar for the future is also been presented. Solar energy is expected to play a very significant role in the future especially in developing countries, but it has also potential prospects for developed countries. Solar radiation is an integral part of different renewable energy resources like PV power, solar thermal power, solar heater etc.
This consists of Study of the Solar cell, Solar Photovoltaic Technology, Planning and Designing a Stand Alone Solar Power System for Multi Building in an Organization where Solar energy plays an important role for the power supply in case of emergency by replacing Diesel Generator set i.e. DG Set.
This gives a detail planning and designing of solar power system of 80KW demand per hour for Al-Falah School of engineering and technology, Brown hills college of engineering and technology, central canteen, masjid, Hostel as well as Al-Falah School of Training and Education.
Solar Roadways - The future transport system ( Seminar report by Swapnil Patw...Swapneil Patwari
A solar roadway is a road surface that generates electricity by solar power photovoltaic cells. One current proposal is for 12 ft x 12 ft (3.658 m x 3.658 m) panels including solar panels and LED sign-age, that can be driven on. The concept involves replacing highways, roads, parking lots, driveways, and sidewalks with such a system. A layer of embedded LEDs will be used to create traffic warnings or crosswalks, and excess electricity could be used to charge electric vehicles or routed into the power grid. The electrical components will be embedded between layers of extremely durable, textured glass. A solar roadway is a series of structurally engineered solar panels that are driven upon. The idea is to replace current petroleum-based asphalt roads, parking lots, and driveways with solar road panels that collect energy to be used by homes and businesses, and ultimately to be able to store excess energy in or alongside the solar roadways. Thus renewable energy replaces the need for the current fossil fuels used for the generation of electricity, which cuts greenhouse gases and helps in sustainable development.
Parking lots, driveways, and eventually highways are all targets for the panels. If the entire United States Interstate Highway system were surfaced with Solar Roadways panels, it would produce more than three times the amount of electricity currently used nationwide. Existing prototype panels consist of three layers. 1. Road surface layer, 2. Electronics layer, 3. Base plate layer. Road Survey of India: India had a road network of over 42,45,805 kilometers in 2011.
In which national highways and state highways cover 0.05% of total road network.
These highways can produce 450TWh of electricity according to references when they are surfaced by solar panels.
But India needs 991TWh of electricity.
This implies that if 0.1% of total road network of India is surfaced with Solar Roadway panels, it would illuminate our nation. CONCLUSION: For roughly the same cost of the current systems (asphalt roads and fossil fuel burning electricity generation plants), the Solar Roadways can be implemented.
No more Global Warming.
Safer driving conditions.
Far less pollution.
A new secure highway infrastructure that pays for itself.
A decentralized, self-healing, secure power grid.
No more dependency on foreign oil.
Design and Implementation of a Solar Power Systemijtsrd
Energy is a very important variable that its conservation is of paramount interest to engineers of our time. As we know, the law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another. This helps in sustainable use and protection of natural resources. This research work the Design and Implementation of a Solar Power System focuses on a technique of power generation from solar source. It provides simple basic theoretical studies of solar cell and its modelling techniques using equivalent electric circuits. Solar Photovoltaic PV power generation system is comprising several elements like solar cells, inverter, Battery charge controller and single phase inverter for AC loads are implemented in hardware in simple manner. Sylvester Emeka Abonyi | Kingsley Chibueze Obute | Anthony Amaechi Okafor "Design and Implementation of a Solar Power System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49926.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/49926/design-and-implementation-of-a-solar-power-system/sylvester-emeka-abonyi
Solar technology offers great potential in terms of supplying the world’s energy needs. However, its current contribution to the world is still limited. The main factor is related to high initial cost of building the system. This paper will provide an up-to-date review of solar concentrators and their benefits to make solar technology affordable. It will also analyse on some of the existing solar concentrators used in the solar technology for the past four decades. The design and performance of each concentrator will be explained and compared.
Similar to Feasibility of alternating energy(solar) at IUBAT University (20)
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. Feasibility of alternative energy (solar) At
IUBAT University
Prepared for
Arif Md. Shahed Iqubal
Instructor of Career Planning and Development –II (ART-203).
IUBAT— International University of Business Agriculture and Technology
Prepared by
Md. Tarekul Islam
Program-BSME
ID# 13307051
Section: E/4
Submission Date
March 10, 2017
2
3. March 10, 2017
Student’s Declaration
This to inform that the Report “Feasibility of alternative energy (solar) at IUBAT University”
has been prepared only for academic purpose. I also confirm that it has not been submitted
elsewhere for any reward or presentation or any other purpose.
..............................
Md. Tarekul Islam
ID # 13307051
3
4. Acknowledgement
This Project which is entitled as “Feasibility of alternative energy (solar) at IUBAT University”
is talking about the basic process of collecting the skilled persons & posted them to the right
position in the organization.
In the process of conducting this research project, I would lick to express my gratitude and
respect to some respectable person for their enormous help and giant support.
First of all I would like to thank to Arif Md Shahed Iqubal Who helped me a lot by his brilliant
guidelines to make this proposal, without which it was not possible to conduct it?
I would like to give special thanks to Prof. Dr., Engr. A.Z.A Saifullah who helped me, a lot to
prepare this report.
4
5. Abstract:
Electricity demand is now the basic need for the current civilization in every moment.
Especially for the developing countries such as Bangladesh has the energy crisis and is one of the
challenging issues to progress the country future. Shortage of electric power generation causes a
significant amount of load shading every day. Lack of fossil fuel reservation is a global issue. In
addition, fossil fuel based power generation is not also environment friendly. Considering all
these barriers, a renewable on-grid power generation system can be a better option for
Bangladesh. This paper presents the feasibility study of an on-grid solar power generation system
for IUBAT University. The load demand of a house in IUBAT University is taken as a case to
perform this study. The proposed solar home system is simulated and the detail analysis, system
description and results are presented in this report.
5
6. Table of Contents
Topics Page No.
I. Preparatory Part:
A. Title Fly 1
B. Title Page 2
C. Students Declaration 3
D. Acknowledgement 4
E. Table of Contents 5
F. List of Illustration 6
II. Body of the Report:
A. Introduction 8
B. Background 8
C. Objective 9
D. Outcome 9
E. Limitation 9
F. Methodology 10
G. Secondary Data Sources 10
H. Primary Data Sources
III. Discussion of findings
a. Works on Solar Technologies Around the World 11
b. Potential of solar energy 12
c. Solar Panel 13
d. Types of Solar System Design 13
e. Solar PV Technologies 13
f. Components of Solar PV System 14
6
7. g. Charge Controller 14
h. Battery 14
i. Inverter 14
j. Load Survey of IUBAT University 15
k. Irradiance and Insulation 15
l. System Configuration 16
m. PV Module Selection 17
n. Number of Module Selection 17
o. Cost Calculation 18
(a) Per Unit Energy Co 19
IV. Supplementary Part:
a) Conclusion 19
b) List of Abbreviation 19
c) Reference 20
Table Of Illustration:
Figure 1: The largest solar power building in northwest china 11
Figure 2: 100% solar powered stadium in Taiwan. 11
Figure 3: Samsung LPC250S solar module 18
Figure 4: Approximate cost calculation 19
Figure 5: Potential of solar energy 19
Table 1: Efficiency of different types of solar cells 14
7
8. Introduction:
As the demand for solar electric systems grows, progressive builders are adding solar
photovoltaic’s (PV) as an option for their customers. This overview of solar photovoltaic systems
will give the builder a basic understanding of:
Evaluating a building site for its solar potential
• Common grid-connected PV system configurations and components
• Considerations in selecting components
• Considerations in design and installation of a PV system
• Typical costs and the labor required to install a PV system
• Building and electric code requirements
• Where to find more information
Emphasis will be placed on information that will be useful in including a grid-connected PV
system in a bid for a residential or small commercial building. We will also cover those details of
the technology and installation that may be helpful in selecting subcontractors to perform the
work, working with a designer, and directing work as it proceeds. A summary of system types
and components is given so the builder will know what to expect to see in a design submitted by
a subcontractor or PV designer. In 2008, the installed cost of a residential PV system in the
8
9. United States typically ranged from $8 to $10 per installed watt before government or utility
incentives. For more detail on costs, see the section titled “Cost Considerations.” For information
on putting together your installation team, refer to the section “The Project Team.”
Background:
For billions of years, the sun has poured out huge amounts of energy in several forms, including
light, heat, radio waves, and even x-rays. The Earth, in orbit around the sun, intercepts a very
small part of the sun’s immense output. On Earth, direct sunlight is available from sunrise until
sunset, except during solar eclipses. Solar collectors and modules are designed to capture some
of the sun’s energy and change it from radiation into more usable forms such as heat or
electricity. In fact, sunlight is an excellent source of heat and electricity, the two most important
forms of energy we consume. Solar energy is becoming increasingly popular for remote power
needs such as telecommunication towers, agricultural applications (irrigation and pasture
management), in tropical countries that are not connected to an electrical grid, for heating
swimming pools, and many other applications around the world.
Objectives:
• Solar energy is a clean and renewable energy source.
• Once a solar panel is installed, solar energy can be produced free of charge.
• Solar energy will last forever whereas it is estimated that the world’s oil reserves will last
for 30 to 40 years.
• Solar energy causes no pollution. Solar cells make absolutely no noise at all. On the other
hand, the giant machines utilized for pumping oil are extremely noisy and therefore very
impractical.
• Very little maintenance is needed to keep solar cells running. There are no moving parts
in a solar cell which makes it impossible to really damage them.
• In the long term, there can be a high return on investment due to the amount of free
energy a solar panel can produce, it is estimated that the average household will see 50%
of their energy coming in from solar panels.
Outcomes: Solar energy is not only sustainable, it is renewable and this means that we will
never run out of it. It is about as natural a source of power as it is possible to generate electricity.
The creation of solar energy requires little maintenance. Once the proposal has been
implemented, there will be a great impact not only to the university but also to the students,
faculty, employees, and the environment. [edit]
9
10. Limitations: High initial cost to purchase solar panel system relatively large area is required
to install a solar system the highest efficiency is dependent on full sun exposure No electricity
can be produced at night, and reduced production on cloudy/rainy days.
Problem:
• Solar panels can be expensive to install resulting in a time-lag of many years for savings
on energy bills to match initial investments.
• Electricity generation depends entirely on a countries exposure to sunlight; this could be
limited by a countries climate.
• Solar power stations do not match the power output of similar sized conventional power
stations; they can also be very expensive to build.
• Solar power is used to charge batteries so that solar powered devices can be used at night.
The batteries can often be large and heavy, taking up space and needing to be replaced
from time to time.
Methodology:
For the purpose of assessing quality and effective of the assignment the approach adopted
will include the followings:
Review and relevance of field work
Ensure appropriate survey materials
The methodology will be fully developed with availability of more information as
well as theoretical exploration.
In order to meet the data requirement and collect the mentioned information following
sources has been used:
Primary Data Sources:
Face to face question and answer.
Secondary Data Sources:
10
11. Important sources of secondary data for conducting this research were:
• Book, report.
• Web site.
Discussion of findings:
a. Works on Solar Technologies Around the World:
There are huge works, research, thesis, implementation, design consideration and
Improvement on solar technologies is going on around the world as well as in our Country
that is why we have more than 35 [5] company doing business, implementation And research
on solar technologies. will condense at a temperature about 25 to 30 degrees above
outside ambient air temperature University students around the globe working with solar
system. Like A group of students of Ahsanullah University of science and technology
designed a solar system frothier university .A group of students of the Pennsylvania State
University has designed and simulated aDistributed photovoltaic system for their university
as their thesis. Again RajamangalaUniversity of Technology Thanyaburi of Thailand
installed pv system for their university to promote solar energy project. Scientist working on
developing the solar panels, like scientist of Korea and California has develop a new way of
boosting the efficiency of plastic solar panels [6]. By this they make it more competitive to
traditional solar panels. Commercial buildings, houses, offices, companies are installing solar
system for green energy. Such as the largest solar
Powered building in Dachau, Shandong Province in northwest China [7].
11
12. Figure 1. The largest solar power building in northwest china
The above picture is the largest solar powered building and it will be the venue of the 4th
World solar city congress. We can also see 100% solar powered buildings. Like the stadium for
the world game
2009 in Taiwan was 100% solar powered.
12
13. Figure 2: 100% solar powered stadium in Taiwan.
The fig 2 shows that the 100% solar powered building in Taiwan. It has 8,840 solar panels in the
roof and can produce 1.14 million kWh/year. By this it can prevent 660 tons of carbon dioxide to
release in the environment [8].Many works like research, improvement etc on solar technologies
is going on around the world and in our country as well. Solar energy is mainly site based with
some key factors. Site and load based: The solar power is site or location based. Solar power
is designed and supplied from a particular location to a particular consumer/s. Such as- a house
or Apartment can use its rooftop, lawn, garden etc to implement their solar system to get the
desired power. Beside a solar power plant is designed for a particular amount of load, such as-
Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant of Canada can deliver 80 MW of power [9],Olmedilla
Photovoltaic Park of Spain can deliver 60 MW of power [10].
Potential of solar energy:
There is a huge potential of solar energy. It is so huge that the total energy needs of the
Whole world can be fulfilled by the solar energy. The total energy consumption of the whole
world in the year 2008 was 474 exajoule(1EJ=1018 J) or approximately15TW(1.504*1013 W).
[11] Almost 80%-90% of this energy came from fossil fuel. [12]From the sun earth receives
3,850,000 EJ of energy. [11] Which is equivalent to 174petawattas (1 PW=1015 W). The earth
does not hold all the energy, a part of it reflects back. After reflection earth receives 89 PW of
energy. Of this huge amount only less than0.02% is enough to replace the fossil fuel and nuclear
power supply in the whole world at present. By this we can easily understand the great potential
of solar energy. Considering green house effect, other environmental impact, cost, risk and
availability solar energy has the greatest potential among all the energy sources.
13
14. Fig: solar panel
Solar panel:
Solar panels produce electricity from sunlight. The first solar panel-powered satellite was
Launched in 1958 by Hoffman Electronics.
A solar panel consists of number of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells connected in series and
Parallel. These cells are made up of at least two layers of semiconductor material (usually
Pure silicon infused with boron and phosphorous). One layer has a positive charge; the
other has a negative charge. When sunlight strikes the solar panel, photons from the light
are absorbed by the semiconductor atoms, which then release electrons. The electrons,
flowing from the negative layer (n-type) of semiconductor, flow to the positive layer (ptype),
producing an electrical current. Since the electric current flows in one direction
(Like a battery), the electricity generated is DC.
Types of solar system design:
There can be various types of solar system design. But there are three basic designs
Consideration, they are-
1. Grid tie
2. Off-grid
3. Stand alone
(b) Solar PV technologies:
With the growing demand of solar power new technologies are being introduced and
Existing technologies are developing. There are four types of solar PV cells:
• Single crystalline or mono crystalline
• Multi- or poly-crystalline
• Thin film
• Amorphous silicon
Single-crystalline or mono crystalline: It is widely available and the most efficient cells
Materials among all. They produce the most power per square foot of module. Each cell
is cut from a single crystal. The wafers then further cut into the shape of rectangular cells
to maximize the number of cells in the solar panel.
Polycrystalline cells: They are made from similar silicon material except that instead of
being grown into a single crystal, they are melted and poured into a mold. This forms a
square block that can be cut into square wafers with less waste of space or material than
round single-crystal wafers.
Thin film panels: It is the newest technology introduced to solar cell technology.
Copper indium dieseline, cadmium telluride, and gallium arsenide are all thin film
14
15. materials. They are directly deposited on glass, stainless steel, or other compatible
substrate materials. Some of them perform slightly better than crystalline modules under
low light conditions. A thin film is very thin-a few micrometer or less.
Amorphous Silicon: Amorphous silicon is newest in the thin film technology. In this
technology amorphous silicon vapor is deposited on a couple of micro meter thick
amorphous films on stainless steel rolls. [13] Compared to the crystalline silicon, this
technology uses only 1% of the material.
Table 1 below shows the efficiency of different types of solar cells.
Table1. Efficiency of different types of solar cells
Cell type Efficiency, %
Mono crystalline 12 – 18
Polycrystalline 12 – 18
Thin film 8 – 10
Amorphous Silicon 6 – 8
Components of a solar PV system
A typical solar PV system consists of solar panel, charge controller, batteries, inverter
and the load. Figure 2 shows the block diagram of such a system.
Charge controller:
When battery is included in a system, the necessity of charge controller comes forward. A
charge controller controls the uncertain voltage build up. In a bright sunny day the solar
cells produce more voltage that can lead to battery damage. A charge controller helps to
maintain the balance in charging the battery. [14]
Batteries
To store charges batteries are used. There are many types of batteries available in the
market. But all of them are not suitable for solar PV technologies. Mostly used batteries
are nickel/cadmium batteries. There are some other types of high energy density batteries
such as- sodium/sulphur, zinc/bromine flow batteries. But for the medium term batteries
nickel/metal hydride battery has the best cycling performance. For the long term option
iron/chromium redox and zinc/manganese batteries are best. Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM)
batteries are also one of the best available potions for solar PV use. [15]
Inverter:
Solar panel generates dc electricity but most of the household and industrial appliances
need ac current. Inverter converts the dc current of panel or battery to the ac current. We
can divide the inverter into two categories. [16] They are-
15
16. • Stand alone and
• Line-tied or utility-interactive
Load survey of IUBAT University
Finding out and understanding the total energy consumption of IUBAT University is the
first step through designing an Energy Program for IUBAT University. In this part we
observed the data of energy consumption figures and facts of IUBAT University. We
collected the peak and off peak data. We analyzed the monthly load from October 2015
to September 2016.
Irradiance and insulation
Insolation: Insolation is the amount of solar energy that strikes a given area over a
specific time and varies with latitude or the seasons [19].
Irradiation: Irradiance means the amount of electromagnetic energy incident on the
surface per unit time per unit area. so the total solar irradiation is defined as the amount
of radiant energy emitted by the sun over all wavelengths that falls each second on 1m2
It is very important to know the irradiation and insolation of a site when anyone is going
to design a solar PV system for that site. Depending on the sun shine, irradiance and
insolation varies with place to place.
System configurations:
There are many poosible configurations of solar PV system. Each of these configurations
has its own advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the system requirements
appropriate system configurations has to be chosen. In our work, at first we considered
two possible configurations for BRACU campus. The first one is grid connected solar PV
system without battery (Figure 13 (a)) and the second one is stand alone solar PV system
with battery (Figure 13 (b)).
16
17. Figure 3. (a) and (b) possible configurations of solar PV system for IUBAT
University
Figure (a): The block diagram (a) shows the design configuration where the solar panels
will be connected to inverters, then the from the inverter current will be supplied to the
university’s bus bar then to the load.
Figure (b): The block diagram (b) shows a design configuration that can both supply and
store energy. When the demand is high the then the system will deliver energy same as
the block diagram (a) as described. But when the demand is low or in a off day the
battery can store energy by solar panel through charge controller. This stored energy can
be used as backup for gloomy day or at night.
17
18. But we need huge amount of energy to run the University. Monthly average energy
consumption of BRAC University is 238,573.33 kWh and we can theoretically produce
19335.607 kWh per month.
At 694.04 W/m2 insolation the selected PV module can produce = 173.51 W
Daily average bright sunshine hour = 7.55
Total no. of modules = 492
So, the monthly energy generation = 173.51*7.55*492*30
= 19335.607 kwh/month
As this is a huge difference with the University’s monthly energy consumption we can
not store extra energy.
Therefore, we choose the block diagram (a) for our proposed system.
Selecting the PV module:
As we need huge power supply and we do not have huge area. So, we selected mono
crystalline silicon module. Our module selection depends on cost and efficiency.
The capital investment of solar PV panel is very high. Approximately, 60% of the total
system installation cost is the price of module cost. We should consider the cost in order
to get the best output of the money spent. Cost varies on efficiency of panel and the
material has been used to make the PV panel. The cost of silicon solar cell is very high.
In our design we used mono crystalline silicon cell.
Efficiency of solar cell depends on the technology used. Silicon solar cell has the highest
efficiency. Thin film has low efficiency, but they can be ideal for some applications.
Another important consideration is temperature. Module efficiency decreases as the
module temperature increases. When modules operating on roof, it heats up substantially.
Cell inner temperature reaches to 50-70 degree Celsius. In high temperature areas, it is
better to choose a panel with low temperature co-efficient.
18
19. Figure 4. Samsung LPC250S solar module
Fig. 4 shows the Samsung solar module and the model is LPC250S. Its maximum output
power is 250 watt. If irradiance is 1000 watts per meter square then the module’s nominal
power output is 200 watt if irradiance is 800 watts per meter square. The irradiance of
Dhaka City is 694.04 watts per meter square. So we will get power less than 200 watts,
approximately 173.51 watts. 25 years power output warranty is 80%. The panel
efficiency is 15.62%. Short circuit current of the panel is 8.66A at standard test condition
and 6.90A at nominal condition. [20]
DETAILED BUDGET REQUIREMENT: A solar module (or solar panel) costs $1.50 to
$2.00 per WP (Peak Watt).That is 6,500php per 100WP solar module for a total of 65,000php
per site. If it is to be installed on ten sites, it will just cost 650,000php, without even reaching the
amount the university pay on one month of the electricity bill. The source of the Budget will be
from the university budget. The proponent suggests that the University may do a fundraising
campaign for the project and acquire sponsors.
19
20. Per unit energy cost
We consider our proposed PV system life is 25 years. So, the cost per unit of energy by
the designed system will be:
Total cost of the system : 608670.476 $ (from table6)
Average daily bright sunshine hours : 7.55
Estimated capacity of the designed system in kW : 86 [Chapter 7.2]
Avg. energy produced per day in kWh : 86*7.55 = 649.3
Energy produced in 25 years in kWh : 649.3*25*365 = 5924862.5
Cost per unit of energy in USD : (Total cost of the system/ Energy
produced in 25 years)
= (608670.476 /5924862.5 )
= 0.1027
So we could be able to generate per unit of energy at 0.1027 $ or (0.1027*70) TK
= 7.189 TK.
III. Supplementary Part
Conclusion:
We are facing fuel shortage for electricity generation and in the near future the whole
world going to face the same scarcity because of world’s limited fuel stock. So
worldwide renewable energy demand and research are rising and our government also
taking steps for green energy. So, we choose solar energy for IUBAT University as
secondary energy source.
List of Abbreviation:
1. EFR (Energy Efficiency Rating).
2. ACM (air cycle machine).
3. PV (Photovoltaics).
4. CFM (cubic feet per minute).
20
21. REFERENCES:
[1] http://www.developmentofaircondition.com.html
[2] http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com.html
[3] http://www.wikipedia.org
[4] http://www.google.com
[6] http://www.cchrc.org/sites/default/files/docs/CCHRC_Solar_Feasibilty_Study.pdf
[7] https://sustain.ku.edu/sites/sustain.ku.edu/files/docs/Solar.pdf
[8]http://sustainability.ucsc.edu/topics/files/ICES/ICES%20RFQ%20Documents/NREL
%20Solar%20Study%20Fort%20Ord-MBEST.pdf
[9] http://www.cee.cornell.edu/academics/graduate/upload/Emerson-Final-Report-F2011.pdf
[10] http://www.txspc.com/documents/AECommercialGridTieNEWVERSION.pdf
[11] http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/solarenergy.php
[12] .https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-
8#q=proposal+fessibility+of+solar+energy
[13] A Text Book of Refrigeration and Air-condition by R.S. Khurmi
21