This document is a summer internship report submitted by Dharmveer Kumar to his supervisor Dr. K. Sudhakar at the Energy Centre of Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology in Bhopal, India. The report details Dharmveer's performance analysis of a 68 Watt flexible solar PV module under roof-top and facade conditions on a hazy day. It includes an introduction to flexible solar PV technologies, a description of the instruments used, methodology, results and conclusions from the analysis of the module's energy and exergy efficiency.
Raj Vachhani's document discusses solar power plants. It describes two main methods of solar power generation: photovoltaic and concentrated solar power. Photovoltaic uses solar cells to convert sunlight directly into electricity, while concentrated solar power uses mirrors to focus sunlight and heat a liquid to create steam to power turbines. The document also outlines the basic components of solar power systems, including solar panels, batteries, controllers, and inverters. It discusses the working principles and applications of solar energy generation.
This document summarizes information about solar power plants. It discusses how solar power plants work by converting sunlight to electricity through either photovoltaic cells or concentrated solar power. It provides a diagram of a solar power plant and lists its key components like solar modules, controllers, batteries, and inverters. Standalone and grid-tie solar systems are described. Advantages of solar energy include being clean, renewable and producing power with little maintenance, though high upfront costs are a disadvantage. India's largest solar plants are noted. Uses of solar energy include water pumps, buildings, remote areas, and more.
The document describes a dual axis solar tracker designed by four students. It includes details on the solar tracker's components like LDR sensors, Arduino microcontroller, servo motors, charge controller, and solar panels. The tracker uses LDR sensors and a microcontroller to rotate the solar panels along two axes to continuously face the sun for maximum energy collection. It can provide around a 40% gain in solar panel efficiency compared to fixed panels. The document also discusses solar energy technology, advantages of tracking systems, and the students' hardware prototypes.
This document provides an overview of wind power plants. It discusses the typical parts of a wind turbine, including the rotor, transmission system, generator, and yaw and control systems. The document also outlines the advantages of wind power in being a renewable and pollution-free source of energy. However, it notes disadvantages such as the irregular and variable nature of wind and higher capital costs. Additionally, the document reviews the present scenario of wind power in India, which has the fifth largest installed capacity in the world, and is led by states like Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Maharashtra.
The document discusses liquid electricity in the form of a vanadium redox battery (VRB). A VRB works by pumping charged and discharged electrolytes into and out of the battery, allowing it to be "recharged" quickly by just swapping the electrolytes. This could enable electric vehicles to refuel similar to gas vehicles by exchanging the spent electrolyte for a fresh one. Researchers are working to improve the technology and reduce costs to facilitate using liquid electricity for electric vehicle transportation and grid storage applications.
This document is a summer project report submitted by Somobrata Ballabh analyzing the viability of solar rooftop business models in India and assessing credit ratings for solar PV projects. The report discusses key drivers for the Indian solar sector such as innovative financing models, feed-in tariffs, viability gap funding, and policies. It analyzes the performance of the national solar mission and rooftop solar segment. The report also examines issues in the rooftop solar market like competition, policies, financing costs and provides recommendations. Finally, it outlines the methodology for evaluating and assigning credit ratings to solar thermal power projects.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Pappu Jaiswal to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering at Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology. The report is about solar trees and includes chapters on the working principle of solar cells, the manufacturing process of solar cells, and applications, advantages, and disadvantages of solar trees. It was supervised by Mr. Kishan Bhushan Sahay of the Electrical Engineering department.
This document is a 50-page internship report submitted by Naveen Bhati on solar power plants and solar energy. It provides an introduction to the company where the internship took place, Prime Vision Automation Solutions Pvt. Ltd., which provides industrial automation services and solar PV systems. The report includes sections on renewable energy sources like solar energy, the working of solar energy, solar thermal power plants, heat measurement, solar PV systems, SCADA systems, and PLC systems. It also contains diagrams of solar panel configurations, inverters, and solar pumping systems.
Raj Vachhani's document discusses solar power plants. It describes two main methods of solar power generation: photovoltaic and concentrated solar power. Photovoltaic uses solar cells to convert sunlight directly into electricity, while concentrated solar power uses mirrors to focus sunlight and heat a liquid to create steam to power turbines. The document also outlines the basic components of solar power systems, including solar panels, batteries, controllers, and inverters. It discusses the working principles and applications of solar energy generation.
This document summarizes information about solar power plants. It discusses how solar power plants work by converting sunlight to electricity through either photovoltaic cells or concentrated solar power. It provides a diagram of a solar power plant and lists its key components like solar modules, controllers, batteries, and inverters. Standalone and grid-tie solar systems are described. Advantages of solar energy include being clean, renewable and producing power with little maintenance, though high upfront costs are a disadvantage. India's largest solar plants are noted. Uses of solar energy include water pumps, buildings, remote areas, and more.
The document describes a dual axis solar tracker designed by four students. It includes details on the solar tracker's components like LDR sensors, Arduino microcontroller, servo motors, charge controller, and solar panels. The tracker uses LDR sensors and a microcontroller to rotate the solar panels along two axes to continuously face the sun for maximum energy collection. It can provide around a 40% gain in solar panel efficiency compared to fixed panels. The document also discusses solar energy technology, advantages of tracking systems, and the students' hardware prototypes.
This document provides an overview of wind power plants. It discusses the typical parts of a wind turbine, including the rotor, transmission system, generator, and yaw and control systems. The document also outlines the advantages of wind power in being a renewable and pollution-free source of energy. However, it notes disadvantages such as the irregular and variable nature of wind and higher capital costs. Additionally, the document reviews the present scenario of wind power in India, which has the fifth largest installed capacity in the world, and is led by states like Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Maharashtra.
The document discusses liquid electricity in the form of a vanadium redox battery (VRB). A VRB works by pumping charged and discharged electrolytes into and out of the battery, allowing it to be "recharged" quickly by just swapping the electrolytes. This could enable electric vehicles to refuel similar to gas vehicles by exchanging the spent electrolyte for a fresh one. Researchers are working to improve the technology and reduce costs to facilitate using liquid electricity for electric vehicle transportation and grid storage applications.
This document is a summer project report submitted by Somobrata Ballabh analyzing the viability of solar rooftop business models in India and assessing credit ratings for solar PV projects. The report discusses key drivers for the Indian solar sector such as innovative financing models, feed-in tariffs, viability gap funding, and policies. It analyzes the performance of the national solar mission and rooftop solar segment. The report also examines issues in the rooftop solar market like competition, policies, financing costs and provides recommendations. Finally, it outlines the methodology for evaluating and assigning credit ratings to solar thermal power projects.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Pappu Jaiswal to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering at Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology. The report is about solar trees and includes chapters on the working principle of solar cells, the manufacturing process of solar cells, and applications, advantages, and disadvantages of solar trees. It was supervised by Mr. Kishan Bhushan Sahay of the Electrical Engineering department.
This document is a 50-page internship report submitted by Naveen Bhati on solar power plants and solar energy. It provides an introduction to the company where the internship took place, Prime Vision Automation Solutions Pvt. Ltd., which provides industrial automation services and solar PV systems. The report includes sections on renewable energy sources like solar energy, the working of solar energy, solar thermal power plants, heat measurement, solar PV systems, SCADA systems, and PLC systems. It also contains diagrams of solar panel configurations, inverters, and solar pumping systems.
This document is a project report on the design and implementation of a solar tracker system using a microcontroller. It includes an introduction outlining the need for renewable energy sources like solar power. The objectives are to design a system to track solar UV light for solar panels and accurately measure the sun's altitude angle from sunrise to sunset. The literature review covers types of solar trackers including single-axis and dual-axis systems. It also discusses active and passive solar tracking methods and reviews concepts like solar irradiation and efficiency of fixed and tracking solar collectors. Block diagrams, flow charts and the methodology are discussed in subsequent chapters.
The document provides information about Solar & Gas Advisory Service, a company that provides advice on renewable energy installations including solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. It describes how solar PV systems work to generate electricity from sunlight using panels and inverters, and the financial incentives available through the Feed-in Tariff program which pays homeowners for electricity generated and exported to the grid. Installation costs and processes are outlined along with the equipment included in a typical residential solar PV installation.
Presentation of single axis solar trackeravocado1111
This document describes a microcontroller-based single axis solar tracker project. The project aims to maximize solar energy collection by automatically adjusting the position of solar panels to always face the sun. It uses light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to sense the sun's position and control a motor to rotate the panels. When completed, this solar tracker is expected to increase energy output compared to fixed solar panels. Future work may include improving the design and reducing costs to make the system more effective and affordable.
This document discusses PV-Wind hybrid systems which combine photovoltaic solar panels and wind turbines to generate electricity. Such hybrid systems are well-suited for locations where sunlight and wind availability vary seasonally. Key components include solar panels, a wind turbine, batteries, an inverter to convert DC to AC power, and instrumentation to monitor performance. Advantages are 24-hour power generation and reduced outage risks from multiple energy sources, while disadvantages include higher infrastructure costs and intermittent wind. Further research can improve performance and integration of renewable technologies.
This document discusses off-grid and on-grid solar power systems. It describes that off-grid systems include solar panels, batteries, charge controllers and inverters to provide power without being connected to the electric grid. On-grid systems are connected to the electric utility and can sell excess power back to the grid. The document provides details on the components, workings and considerations for both types of systems. It also compares the differences between off-grid and on-grid systems and provides a suggestion for a 250kW solar plant project.
This document describes a solar dust cleaning system project. It found that dust accumulation on photovoltaic solar panels can reduce efficiency by up to 50%. The project uses an automatic sensor-controlled wiper to remove dust from solar panels in order to increase efficiency. When sensors detect dust or particles on the panels, the wipers are activated to clean the panels. This system allows for increased solar panel efficiency, protection from dust damage, and extended panel lifespan compared to non-cleaned panels.
An on-grid solar electric system generates solar electricity through solar panels and routes it to the main utility grid. The homeowner lives as if connected to only the grid, except some or all electricity comes from the sun. There are four cases: 1) Only solar energy supplies households during sunny periods. 2) Solar and grid energy are both used on cloudy or rainy days when solar is insufficient. 3) Excess solar energy is routed back to the utility grid. 4) At night, households rely solely on grid energy with no solar available.
This document summarizes solar power generation from solar energy. It discusses that solar energy comes from the nuclear fusion reaction in the sun. About 51% of the sun's energy reaches Earth's atmosphere. There are two main technologies for solar power generation: solar photovoltaics and solar chimney technologies. Solar photovoltaics convert sunlight directly into electricity via photovoltaic cells. They can be ground mounted or space based. Floating solar chimney technology uses the greenhouse effect to power turbines. The document discusses applications of solar technologies and the advantages of being renewable and non-polluting, though the disadvantages include high costs and reliance on sunny weather conditions.
This document discusses single axis solar tracking systems. It begins with an introduction that outlines the increasing demand for renewable energy and potential of solar energy. It then describes the concept of a single axis solar tracking system which uses a tilted solar panel mount and motor to move the panel relative to the sun's position. The document goes on to describe different types of single axis trackers and discuss sun-earth angles and how they vary throughout the year. It also includes calculations of incidence angles for different periods in Warangal, India. Finally, it discusses the future of solar tracking and double axis tracking systems.
Hybrid power generation by and solar –windUday Wankar
With the development of industry and
agriculture, a great amount of energy such as coal, oil
and gas has been consumed in the world. Extensive
use of these fossil energies deteriorates a series of
problems like energy crisis, environmental pollution
and so on. Everybody knows that the fossil energy
reserves are finite, some day it will be exhausted.
It is possible that the world will face a
global energy crisis due to a decline in the
availability of cheap oil and recommendations to a
decreasing dependency on fossil fuel. This has led to
increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research
such as fuel cell technology, hydrogen fuel, biodiesel,
Karrick process, solar energy, geothermal energy,
tidal energy and wind. Today, solar energy and wind
energy have significantly alternated fossil fuel with
big ecological problems.
With the development of the science and
technology, power generation using solar energy and
wind power is gradually known by more and more
people. And it is widespread used in many developed
countries. The merits of the solar and wind power
generation are very obvious-infinite and nonpolluting.
The raw materials of the solar and wind
power generation derived from nature, and wind
power generation can work twenty-four hours a day,
solar power generation only works by daylight. In
addition, this kind of power generation has no
exhaust emission and there is no influence to the
nature. But it also has some shortcomings. Because
of the imperfect of the technology, equipment of the
solar and wind power generation is very expensive.
By far, it cannot be widely used.
In addition, solar and wind power
generation system affected by the changing of the
weather very much, so it has obvious defects in
reliability compared with fossil fuel, and it is difficult
to make it fit for practical use the lack of economical
efficiency .Because of these problems it needs to
increase the reliability of energy supply by
developing a system which interacts Solar and wind
energy. This kind of system is usually called windsolar
hybrid power generation system significantly
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, through directly using photovoltaic (PV). Photovoltaic convert light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.
Economic load dispatch(with and without losses)Asha Anu Kurian
The document discusses unit commitment in power systems. Unit commitment involves determining the optimal schedule for starting up and shutting down generators to meet changing load at minimum cost while satisfying operational constraints. These constraints include minimum up and down times for generators, crew constraints, transition costs, and constraints related to different generator types like hydro, nuclear, and generators requiring minimum output. The objective is to determine the combination and scheduling of generators that supplies the load as economically as possible over a given period.
Transmission line is one the important compnent in protection of electric power system because the transmission line connects the power station with load centers.
The fault includes storms, lightning, snow, damage to insulation, short circuit fault [1].
Fault needs to be predicted earlier in order to be prevented before it occur
The document discusses solar off-grid systems, which convert sunlight into electricity without being connected to an electrical grid. They are useful for powering areas with little grid access. Solar off-grid systems consist of solar panels that absorb sunlight, batteries that store the generated current, a controller that regulates the battery charging, and an inverter that converts DC to AC current. They have advantages like being renewable, reducing emissions, and saving on electricity bills. Major applications include household power backup, medical clinics, telecom stations, and defense and remote weather stations. The document also describes Medors Renewable Energy, a leading Indian manufacturer of high-quality solar panels and off-grid systems.
- Solar power involves converting sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic cells or concentrated solar power.
- Pakistan receives high solar radiation throughout the year, especially in remote areas not connected to the national power grid, making solar power feasible.
- Advantages of solar power in Pakistan include a free power source, no pollution, and suitability for remote areas, while disadvantages are high initial costs and reliance on sunlight.
- Several solar power plants currently operate in Pakistan and the government is promoting expansion through land allocation projects.
- The objective of this project is to make a smart solar panel which is follow the sun light. Solar panel converts sun light into electricity. It is eco-friendly and low-cost energy. But the solar panel is unable to move in front of the light source, hence solar panel not produces electricity of its full capacity. Solar panel is unable to move, it is fixed at one position. If we want full energy output from solar panel thenwe need to move manualy solar panel in front of the sun light
In this project,
This report aims to let the reader understand the project work which I have done. A brief introduction to Solar Panel and Solar Tracker is explained in the Literature Research section. Basically the Solar Tracker is divided into two main categories, hardware and software. It is further subdivided into six main functionalities: Method of Tracker Mount, Drives, Sensors, Motors, Data Acquisition/Interface Card and Power Supply of the Solar Tracker is also explained and explored. The reader would then be brief with some analysis and perceptions of the information.
Seminar report on Flexible Photovoltaic TechnologyKumudGarg3
This report is relate to topic of Flexible Solar Cell. In this report you get content is introduction, introduction to flexible solar cell, types of solar cell, types of flexible solar cell, application n etc.
This document is a project report submitted by five students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It analyzes a solar photovoltaic system using buck and boost converters. The report includes an introduction that discusses renewable energy sources and trends. It also reviews literature on maximum power point tracking techniques. Components of standalone PV systems and modeling of PV cells are described. Finally, the operation and simulation of PV systems connected to buck and boost converters are explained.
This document is a project report on the design and implementation of a solar tracker system using a microcontroller. It includes an introduction outlining the need for renewable energy sources like solar power. The objectives are to design a system to track solar UV light for solar panels and accurately measure the sun's altitude angle from sunrise to sunset. The literature review covers types of solar trackers including single-axis and dual-axis systems. It also discusses active and passive solar tracking methods and reviews concepts like solar irradiation and efficiency of fixed and tracking solar collectors. Block diagrams, flow charts and the methodology are discussed in subsequent chapters.
The document provides information about Solar & Gas Advisory Service, a company that provides advice on renewable energy installations including solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. It describes how solar PV systems work to generate electricity from sunlight using panels and inverters, and the financial incentives available through the Feed-in Tariff program which pays homeowners for electricity generated and exported to the grid. Installation costs and processes are outlined along with the equipment included in a typical residential solar PV installation.
Presentation of single axis solar trackeravocado1111
This document describes a microcontroller-based single axis solar tracker project. The project aims to maximize solar energy collection by automatically adjusting the position of solar panels to always face the sun. It uses light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to sense the sun's position and control a motor to rotate the panels. When completed, this solar tracker is expected to increase energy output compared to fixed solar panels. Future work may include improving the design and reducing costs to make the system more effective and affordable.
This document discusses PV-Wind hybrid systems which combine photovoltaic solar panels and wind turbines to generate electricity. Such hybrid systems are well-suited for locations where sunlight and wind availability vary seasonally. Key components include solar panels, a wind turbine, batteries, an inverter to convert DC to AC power, and instrumentation to monitor performance. Advantages are 24-hour power generation and reduced outage risks from multiple energy sources, while disadvantages include higher infrastructure costs and intermittent wind. Further research can improve performance and integration of renewable technologies.
This document discusses off-grid and on-grid solar power systems. It describes that off-grid systems include solar panels, batteries, charge controllers and inverters to provide power without being connected to the electric grid. On-grid systems are connected to the electric utility and can sell excess power back to the grid. The document provides details on the components, workings and considerations for both types of systems. It also compares the differences between off-grid and on-grid systems and provides a suggestion for a 250kW solar plant project.
This document describes a solar dust cleaning system project. It found that dust accumulation on photovoltaic solar panels can reduce efficiency by up to 50%. The project uses an automatic sensor-controlled wiper to remove dust from solar panels in order to increase efficiency. When sensors detect dust or particles on the panels, the wipers are activated to clean the panels. This system allows for increased solar panel efficiency, protection from dust damage, and extended panel lifespan compared to non-cleaned panels.
An on-grid solar electric system generates solar electricity through solar panels and routes it to the main utility grid. The homeowner lives as if connected to only the grid, except some or all electricity comes from the sun. There are four cases: 1) Only solar energy supplies households during sunny periods. 2) Solar and grid energy are both used on cloudy or rainy days when solar is insufficient. 3) Excess solar energy is routed back to the utility grid. 4) At night, households rely solely on grid energy with no solar available.
This document summarizes solar power generation from solar energy. It discusses that solar energy comes from the nuclear fusion reaction in the sun. About 51% of the sun's energy reaches Earth's atmosphere. There are two main technologies for solar power generation: solar photovoltaics and solar chimney technologies. Solar photovoltaics convert sunlight directly into electricity via photovoltaic cells. They can be ground mounted or space based. Floating solar chimney technology uses the greenhouse effect to power turbines. The document discusses applications of solar technologies and the advantages of being renewable and non-polluting, though the disadvantages include high costs and reliance on sunny weather conditions.
This document discusses single axis solar tracking systems. It begins with an introduction that outlines the increasing demand for renewable energy and potential of solar energy. It then describes the concept of a single axis solar tracking system which uses a tilted solar panel mount and motor to move the panel relative to the sun's position. The document goes on to describe different types of single axis trackers and discuss sun-earth angles and how they vary throughout the year. It also includes calculations of incidence angles for different periods in Warangal, India. Finally, it discusses the future of solar tracking and double axis tracking systems.
Hybrid power generation by and solar –windUday Wankar
With the development of industry and
agriculture, a great amount of energy such as coal, oil
and gas has been consumed in the world. Extensive
use of these fossil energies deteriorates a series of
problems like energy crisis, environmental pollution
and so on. Everybody knows that the fossil energy
reserves are finite, some day it will be exhausted.
It is possible that the world will face a
global energy crisis due to a decline in the
availability of cheap oil and recommendations to a
decreasing dependency on fossil fuel. This has led to
increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research
such as fuel cell technology, hydrogen fuel, biodiesel,
Karrick process, solar energy, geothermal energy,
tidal energy and wind. Today, solar energy and wind
energy have significantly alternated fossil fuel with
big ecological problems.
With the development of the science and
technology, power generation using solar energy and
wind power is gradually known by more and more
people. And it is widespread used in many developed
countries. The merits of the solar and wind power
generation are very obvious-infinite and nonpolluting.
The raw materials of the solar and wind
power generation derived from nature, and wind
power generation can work twenty-four hours a day,
solar power generation only works by daylight. In
addition, this kind of power generation has no
exhaust emission and there is no influence to the
nature. But it also has some shortcomings. Because
of the imperfect of the technology, equipment of the
solar and wind power generation is very expensive.
By far, it cannot be widely used.
In addition, solar and wind power
generation system affected by the changing of the
weather very much, so it has obvious defects in
reliability compared with fossil fuel, and it is difficult
to make it fit for practical use the lack of economical
efficiency .Because of these problems it needs to
increase the reliability of energy supply by
developing a system which interacts Solar and wind
energy. This kind of system is usually called windsolar
hybrid power generation system significantly
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, through directly using photovoltaic (PV). Photovoltaic convert light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.
Economic load dispatch(with and without losses)Asha Anu Kurian
The document discusses unit commitment in power systems. Unit commitment involves determining the optimal schedule for starting up and shutting down generators to meet changing load at minimum cost while satisfying operational constraints. These constraints include minimum up and down times for generators, crew constraints, transition costs, and constraints related to different generator types like hydro, nuclear, and generators requiring minimum output. The objective is to determine the combination and scheduling of generators that supplies the load as economically as possible over a given period.
Transmission line is one the important compnent in protection of electric power system because the transmission line connects the power station with load centers.
The fault includes storms, lightning, snow, damage to insulation, short circuit fault [1].
Fault needs to be predicted earlier in order to be prevented before it occur
The document discusses solar off-grid systems, which convert sunlight into electricity without being connected to an electrical grid. They are useful for powering areas with little grid access. Solar off-grid systems consist of solar panels that absorb sunlight, batteries that store the generated current, a controller that regulates the battery charging, and an inverter that converts DC to AC current. They have advantages like being renewable, reducing emissions, and saving on electricity bills. Major applications include household power backup, medical clinics, telecom stations, and defense and remote weather stations. The document also describes Medors Renewable Energy, a leading Indian manufacturer of high-quality solar panels and off-grid systems.
- Solar power involves converting sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic cells or concentrated solar power.
- Pakistan receives high solar radiation throughout the year, especially in remote areas not connected to the national power grid, making solar power feasible.
- Advantages of solar power in Pakistan include a free power source, no pollution, and suitability for remote areas, while disadvantages are high initial costs and reliance on sunlight.
- Several solar power plants currently operate in Pakistan and the government is promoting expansion through land allocation projects.
- The objective of this project is to make a smart solar panel which is follow the sun light. Solar panel converts sun light into electricity. It is eco-friendly and low-cost energy. But the solar panel is unable to move in front of the light source, hence solar panel not produces electricity of its full capacity. Solar panel is unable to move, it is fixed at one position. If we want full energy output from solar panel thenwe need to move manualy solar panel in front of the sun light
In this project,
This report aims to let the reader understand the project work which I have done. A brief introduction to Solar Panel and Solar Tracker is explained in the Literature Research section. Basically the Solar Tracker is divided into two main categories, hardware and software. It is further subdivided into six main functionalities: Method of Tracker Mount, Drives, Sensors, Motors, Data Acquisition/Interface Card and Power Supply of the Solar Tracker is also explained and explored. The reader would then be brief with some analysis and perceptions of the information.
Seminar report on Flexible Photovoltaic TechnologyKumudGarg3
This report is relate to topic of Flexible Solar Cell. In this report you get content is introduction, introduction to flexible solar cell, types of solar cell, types of flexible solar cell, application n etc.
This document is a project report submitted by five students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It analyzes a solar photovoltaic system using buck and boost converters. The report includes an introduction that discusses renewable energy sources and trends. It also reviews literature on maximum power point tracking techniques. Components of standalone PV systems and modeling of PV cells are described. Finally, the operation and simulation of PV systems connected to buck and boost converters are explained.
Floating Solar Photovoltaic system An Emerging TechnologyPooja Agarwal
Floating solar photovoltaic systems are an emerging renewable energy technology that provides several benefits. Installing solar panels on water bodies conserves valuable land, uses otherwise unused space, and produces more electricity than land-based systems since the panels are cooled by the water. The aquatic environment also benefits from shading and reduced evaporation. The document discusses India's renewable energy goals and the concept and advantages of floating solar photovoltaic technology, including its economic and environmental benefits. It provides examples of floating solar installations in India and other countries.
“SIMULATION ON OPTIMISATION OF POWER QUALITY USING HYBRID POWER SYSTEM”IRJET Journal
This document presents a simulation study on optimizing power quality in a hybrid power system comprising hydro and solar photovoltaic energy sources. The study was conducted by students from the Department of Electrical Engineering at RIT Karnataka, India. The simulation aimed to ensure reliable power supply by combining renewable energy sources and address power quality issues like voltage sags caused by faults. MATLAB/Simulink was used to model a hybrid system with a hydro turbine and solar PV array supplying power to a three-phase load. Maximum power point tracking controllers were used to optimize output from each source. A dynamic voltage restorer scheme was also tested to compensate for voltage sags and improve power quality. The results demonstrated effective power generation from the hybrid system
This document presents a project report on a mobile charging system using hybrid solar energy. It was submitted by three students to partially fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
The system uses both solar panels and wind turbines to generate electricity. The solar panels convert sunlight to DC current, while the wind turbines use wind power to rotate a generator and produce DC current. Both sources charge a circuit board simultaneously that is used to charge connected mobile phones. A digital clock and temperature display are also included.
The report includes an abstract, table of contents, introduction on renewable energy and hybrid power systems, literature review on solar, wind and hybrid systems, methodology and implementation details, results from testing, and
Design a Highly Efficient Push-Pull converter for Photovoltaic ApplicationsEklavya Sharma
Design a schematic to extract maximum obtainable solar power from a PV module and use the energy for a DC application. This project investigates in detail the concept of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) which significantly increases the efficiency of the solar photovoltaic system.
This document discusses the estimation and cost analysis of installing a 300 kW roof-top photovoltaic system at the University B D T College of Engineering in Davangere, India. It analyzes the available roof space of 3,000 square meters that can accommodate 1,200 solar panels generating a total of 300 kW of power. The estimated total cost of the system is 24 million rupees with an estimated payback period of 6 years based on energy savings from self-consumption and revenue from excess power exported to the grid. The roof-top PV system would help meet the college's annual energy demand of 264,960 units and generate an estimated 492,750 units annually.
Modelling & Simulation of PV Module Connected with Three-Port DC ConverterDr. Amarjeet Singh
Of the world’s electricity is being generated through conventional sources of energy like coal and atomic energy. People have realized the dire effect of using these fuels, and the amount of CO2 being released into the environment. There has been a shift in emphasis towards cleaner ways of generating electricity in recent years. Solar energy is abundantly available and the cleanest renewable energy source available in the world and is ready to use for a variety of applications, such as the generation of electricity for residential, commercial, or industrial consumption and have become very competitive solutions. It can be seen that there is trend of solar photovoltaics (PV), which has seen rapid growth over the years. The increasing trend of adopting PV system allows consumers to be known as producers or “Prosumers”.
This report evaluates how solar PV can be used in combination with a battery bank along with three port converter to fulfill the requirement. Power production from PV cannot be consistent due to factors like the weather although The main benefits of solar power are that it can be easily installed cost of generation is low as there is no requirement for fuel and require very little maintenance Distributed maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and autonomous are achieved with the proposed configuration. The input-port of each TPC is connected to an independent PV energy source to achieve individual MPPT, and the output-ports of these TPCs are connected with load. Fully modular design is achieved by using Simulink/matlab.
Cindy is considering starting a business installing solar panels and is seeking advice. Solar panel installation could be a profitable business opportunity as consumers are increasingly concerned about the environment and want to reduce energy costs. However, there are also risks involved that Cindy needs to consider carefully. Studies show solar power will likely supply a larger portion of electricity demand in the future as costs decrease further. Government incentives can also impact the financial analysis of installing solar panels.
Comparative Study Of Mppt Algorithms For Photovoltaic...Stacey Cruz
This document provides a comparative analysis of different single diode models for photovoltaic power sources. It aims to explore how increasing the complexity of the single diode model affects the simulated behavior of a PV module compared to experimental manufacturer data under varying conditions. The analysis calculates errors between each model and experimental data at different points to determine the best single diode model for different applications and conditions. The comparison concludes by identifying the most suitable models at low, medium, and high temperatures and irradiances as well as standard test conditions.
Optimized parameter extraction techniques for enhanced performance evaluation...IJECEIAES
The global energy landscape is in the midst of a transformative shift, compelled by the urgent need to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and embrace eco-friendly alternatives. Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have emerged as a promising alternative, offering the distinct advantage of performing well in low-light conditions, including indoor environments. Extensive research and development efforts are dedicated to realizing the full potential of OPVs as adaptable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly solar energy solutions. This paper conducts a thorough examination of the intricate characterization of organic solar cells, with a specific emphasis on crucial parameters like power conversion efficiency, opencircuit voltage, and fill factor. The study utilizes a single diode model to simulate these cells' behavior, employing a meticulous process for parameter extraction. This method leverages Origin software and Python programming, incorporating open-source packages to ensure robust validation. This systematic and rigorous approach significantly enhances our comprehension of OPVs and plays a substantial role in optimizing their performance. In essence, this research represents a significant step forward in advancing sustainable energy technologies, laying a foundation for a greener and more environmentally conscious future.
Detection Methods That Use Signal Processing And Interfere...Claudia Brown
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Report on the IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER GENERATION...
A Summer Internship report
1. i
A Summer Internship report
on
Performance Analysis of 68 Watt Flexible Solar PV
Under the supervision of
Dr. K. SUDHAKAR
Assistant Professor,
Energy Centre,
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology
Bhobal, Madhya Pradesh
At
Energy Centre,
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462051, India
Submitted by:
DHARMVEER KUMAR
(CUJ/I/2012/IEE/009)
Integrated M.Tech. (Energy Engineering)
Centre for Energy Engineering
Central Universiy of Jharkhand
Brambe, Ranchi, 535205
Jharkhand, India
June 2015
2. ii
Energy Centre
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462051
Dr. K. SUDHAKAR June 30, 2015
Energy Centre
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Dharmveer Kumar, Integrated M.Tech. Student at Centre for
Energy Engineering (CUJ/I/2012/IEE/009), Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi has
completed his summer internship at Energy Centre Laboratory under my supervision during
18-May-2015 to 03-July-2015.
He had worked on the topic “Performance Analysis of 68 Watt Flexible Solar PV” and
submitted the report on the same.
Place: (Dr. K. SUDHAKAR)
Date: Supervisor
3. iii
Acknowledgement
It gives me immense pleasure to express my deepest sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to
my highly respected and esteemed guide Dr. K. SUDHAKAR, MANIT, Bhopal, for
providing me an opportunity to work under his guidance at Energy Centre, Maulana Azad
National Institute of Technology Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Akash Kumar Shukla Ph. D Research
Scholar (full time) at MANIT, Bhopal for their constant guidance, help and suggestion during
my summer internship.
I also wish to express my gratitude to Mr. Vipinraj Sugathan, Mr. Shruti Yadav, Elsa
Jhon, Lokesh Udhawani, Sibu Sam Jhon and Jay Prakash Bijarniya M. Tech. Scholars
(full time) at MANIT, Bhopal for their constant support and regular encouragement for
completing this project.
I wish to express my indebtedness to my parents as well as my family member whose
blessing and support always helped me to face the challenges ahead.
At the end I would like to express my sincere thanks to all my friends and others who helped
me directly or indirectly during my internship.
Dharmveer Kumar
4. iv
Abstract
There is need to overcome the energy crisis to provide a good standard of living for the
people. So the renewable energy sources are used extensively to harness energy from natural
source like solar and wind. Much attention is given to harnessing of solar energy as wind
energy is mostly available in coastal regions. The growth and development in solar PV
technologies increasing rapidly due to technological improvement, cost reductions in
materials and governments support for renewable energy based electricity production. Thin-
film flexible photovoltaics are paving the way to low-cost electricity. Organic, inorganic and
organic-inorganic solar cells are deposited over flexible substrates by high-throughput (often
roll-to-roll printing) technologies to afford lightweight, economic solar modules that can be
integrated into, not installed on, various surfaces. Current conversion efficiencies under
standard conditions are in the 3 – 15 %range, but in real applications the overall productivity
is high. These new photovoltaic technologies are ready to provide cheap, clean electricity to
the billions of people who lack access to the grid as well as to energy-eager companies and
families in the developed world facing the increasing costs of electricity generated using
fossil fuel resources. This paper includes the performance analysis of a Thin-film flexible 68
Watt solar PV on Roof-top and Facade condition in a hazy day.
5. v
List of Figures
Figure 1: Source of electricity generation in India by installed capacity.
Figure 2: Plastic solar cells.
Figure 3: New flexible solar modules.
Figure 4: Thin-film PV modules laminated together with polyolefin membranes.
Figure 5: Scheme of triple-junction structure containing amorphous silicon.
Figure 6: United Solar Ovonic flexible PV.
Figure 7: Open-circuit voltage.
Figure 8: Short-circuit current.
Figure 9: Fill factor.
Figure: 10 Flexible solar PV – Roof-top.
Figure: 11 Flexible solar PV – Facade.
Figure: 12 Solar power meter.
Figure: 13 Voltmeter.
Figure: 14 Ammeter.
Figure: 15 Rheostat.
Figure: 16 Environment Meter.
Figure: 17 Infrared Thermometer.
Figure: 18 Multimeter.
Figure: 19 Thermometer.
Figure: 20 Circuit arrangements.
6. vi
List of Tables
Table: 1 Parameters for calculating efficiency.
Table: 2 Specification of 68 W solar PV.
Table: 3 Measured Energy and exergy values.
Table: 4 Table for results.
7. vii
Table of Contents
Title Page..................................................................................................i
Certificate.................................................................................................ii
Acknowledgement....................................................................................iii
Abstract....................................................................................................iv
List of Figures...........................................................................................v
List of Tables............................................................................................vi
Chapter 1: Introduction.............................................................................1
Chapter 2: Why flexible module................................................................2
Chapter 3: Inorganic thin films: Flexible a-Si Module................................3
Chapter 4: Performance analysis................................................................5
4.1 Energy efficiency.............................................................................5
4.1.1 Open-circuit voltage................................................................6
4.1.2 Short-circuit current................................................................6
4.1.3 Solar cell efficiency..................................................................7
4.1.4 Fill factor.................................................................................7
4.2 Exergy efficiency..............................................................................8
Chapter 5: Instruments used.......................................................................8
5.1 Flexible solar PV..............................................................................8
5.2 Solar power meter............................................................................9
5.3 Voltmeter.........................................................................................9
5.4 Ammeter..........................................................................................10
5.5 Rheostat...........................................................................................10
5.6 Environment meter...........................................................................10
5.7 Infrared thermometer........................................................................10
5.8 Multimeter........................................................................................10
5.9 Thermometer....................................................................................10
Chapter 6: Methodology..............................................................................11
Chapter 7: Circuit arrangement....................................................................11
Chapter 8: Calculation.................................................................................12
Chapter 9: Results and Graph.....................................................................12
Chapter 10: Conclusion...............................................................................14
Chapter 11: References................................................................................14
8. 1
Chapter 1: Introduction
The electron, it has been said, is the ultimate currency of modern society. Electricity indeed,
being silent, clean, easily transported and converted into work, is the most widely used form
of energy. Yet, besides a 2% share from nuclear fission [13]
, we mainly produce electricity by
burning hydrocarbons and sadly enough, much cheaper coal. For example, more than half
(59%) of installed capacity use coal for electricity production in India [13]
(Figure 1). Over the
next decade, China alone will need to add some 25 GW of new capacity each year to meet
demand, equivalent to one large coal power station every week. Unfortunately, coal contains
mercury and along with the production of immense amounts of climate-altering CO2, its
combustion is causing pollution of the oceans and of the food chain. To abate emissions and
stop climate change, the biggest challenge of our epoch is to get electricity directly from sun
[3]
.
Figure 1: Source of electricity generation in India by installed capacity.
The growth and development in solar PV technology is increasing rapidly due to
technological improvement, cost reduction in materials and government support for
renewable energy based electricity production [1]
. The solar panels are installed to harness
energy from the sun. Generally the panels are installed on the roof-top of the buildings either
grid connected or standalone. Now a days with the advancement in technology, several new
types of solar panels are introduced in the market. They are flexible PV, transparent PV, dye-
sensitized solar cell etc. The flexible PV can be rolled and can be installed on any surface
either linear or curved. This has made installation easier as it require no extra area for
installation. It can be installed on the building top-roof or on the wall of the buildings. It also
helps in decorating the buildings. The modules are fabricated for high efficiency, multiple
junction a-Si alloy solar cell [2]
. There are several companies manufacturing flexible PV like
UNI-SOLAR, Microlink etc [4]
.
9. 2
Chapter 2: Why flexible solar module
Like the internet was not invented by taxing the telegraph [5]
, so cheap and abundant
electricity from the sun will not be obtained by adding taxation on carbon dioxide emissions,
but rather by inventing new, cheap solar modules capable of converting light into electrical
power with more than 50% efficiency instead of the current 20% or so. These modules,
furthermore, will increasingly be flexible and lightweight to reliably produce electricity with
little maintenance while being integrated into existing buildings, fabrics, tents, sails, glass,
and all sort of surfaces. By doing so, the price of solar energy will be lowered to the level of
coal-generated electricity so that people living in huge emerging countries will rapidly adopt
solar energy for their economic development.
Once price of good news is that the first such commercial modules are now ready and
commercially available. Their efficiency of 3-15% under standard conditions is still low, yet
the price of solar electricity generated through thin-film second-generation PV technologies
is considerably lower than that of traditional silicon-based panels. In perspective, much
higher conversion efficiencies may be achieved with the introduction of third-generation PV
technologies [6]
such as those that companies like QuantaSol [7]
are about to launch on the
market. In general, the technology trend is that of the so-called plastic electronics, namely to
print circuits and devices on flexible substrates at room temperature (low energy) and with
roll-to-roll processes (high throughput). For example, flexible displays that use organic light-
emitting diodes (OLEDs) applied in thin layers over plastic finally make electronic viewing
more convenient than reading on paper. The thinness, lightness and robustness enabled by the
flexibility of OLED-based displays creates digital reader products that are as comfortable and
natural to read as paper [8]
. In this turn, a flexible solar Module (Figure 2) of the type
described below might easily power the OLED device enabling unlimited access to thousands
of pages.
Figure 2: Plastic solar cells, such that on the left which is entirely organic or that on the right which
uses amorphous Si, are lightweight are ideally suited for customised integrated solutions.
Flexible solar PV devices offer a convenient alternative energy source for indoor and
outdoor applications. Besides being flexible and thus easily integrated with elements of
various shapes and sizes of the design of innovative energy-generating products, these
unbreakable flexible modules are lightweight and suitable for applications where weight is
important, while they offer a much faster payback then products based on conventional PVs
10. 3
[9]
. Typically, the photovoltaic material is printed on a roll of conductive substrate (which
may be conductive plastic) [10]
making highly efficient use of the photoactive material. As a
result, this simple, highest-yield technique in air is capital-efficient and eliminates the need
for costly vacuum-deposition techniques originally used to fabricate thin-film solar cells. The
photovoltaic functionality gets integrated at low cost in existing structures, printing rolls of
the PV material anywhere, from windows to roofs, through external and internal walls,
replacing the traditional installation approach with and integration strategy (figure 3).
Figure 3: New flexible solar modules are integrated, rather than installed, into existing or new
buildings (picture adapted from konarka).
Chapter 3: Inorganic thin films: Flexible a-Si Module
Following the introduction in 1997 of triple-junction modules, which provide relatively high
levels of efficiency and stability (stabilized aperture area cell efficiency of 8.0-8.5 %) [11]
, the
most successful flexible PV modules developed thus far use amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin-
film technology (figure 4). In a triple-junction cell, cells of different band gaps are stacked
together (Figure 5). The top cell, which captures the blue photons, uses an a-Si alloy with an
optical gap of about 1.8 eV for the intrinsic (i) layer. The i layer for the middle cell is an
amorphous silicon-germanium (a-SiGe) alloy that contains about 10-15 % Ge and has an
optical gap of about 1.6 eV, which is ideally suited for absorbing green photons. The bottom
cell captures the red and infrared photons and uses an i layer of a-SiGe alloy with an optical
gap of about 1.4 eV. Light that is not absorbed in the cells gets reflected from the
aluminium/zinc oxide (Al/ZnO) black reflector, which is textured to facilitate light trapping.
11. 4
Figure 4: Thin-film PV modules laminated together with polyolefin membranes, which act as a
waterproofing system. Roofing membranes are joined by means of hot air welding equipment
normally used for the construction of flat roofs.
The resulting thin-film photovoltaic product has the ability to capture a greater
percentage of the incident light energy, which is a key to a higher energy output at lower
irradiation levels and under diffused light. As an example, the overall annual energy yield of
the thermally insulated a-Si plant over the roof of a school in Switzerland (figure 4) was
almost comparable to that of a 200
tilted open-rack c-Si power plant, despite the lower
irradiance and higher reflection losses associated with the latter [12]
.
Figure 5: Scheme of triple-junction structure containing amorphous silicon (reported from
http://www.uni-solar.com, with permission).
Usually, the cell is deposited using a vapour-deposition process at low temperatures;
the energy payback time is therefore much shorter than that conventional technology. The
roll-to-roll process utilizes a flexible, stainless steel substrate (figure 6). Once the solar cell
material has been fitted with suitable electrodes, the cells are encapsulated in UV-stabilized,
weather-resistant polymers. In a high-volume manufacturing plant operated by United Solar
Ovonic (Michigan, USA), solar cells are deposited on rolls of stainless steel. Rolls of
stainless steel (2500 m long,36 cm wide, and 125 μm thick) move in a continuous manner in
four machines to complete the fabrication of the solar cell. A wash machine washes the web
one roll at a time; a back-reflector machine deposits the back reflector by sputtering Al and
ZnO on the washed rolls; an amorphous silicon alloy processor deposits the layer of a-Si and
a-SiGe alloy; and finally an anti-reflection coating machine deposits indium tin oxide (ITO)
on top of the rolls. The coated web is next processed to make a variety of lightweight,
flexible and robust products.
12. 5
Figure 6: United Solar Ovonic flexible PV laminated is made of a-Si triple-deposited over steel (left),
while thin films of Flexcell are deposited roll-to-roll over plastic substrates (right). (Reproduced from
http://www.uni-solar.com and http://www.flexcell.ch, with permission.)
Chapter 4: Performance analysis
The analysis usually includes the efficiency of the solar panel that it can reach during its
operation. The parameters for calculating efficiency are given below (Table 1):
Name Symbol
Ambient Temperature TA (0
C)
Wind Velocity VW (m/s)
Relative Humidity HR (%)
Solar Intensity IS (W/m2
)
Module Temperature TM (0
C)
Open Circuit Voltage VOC (V)
Maximum Voltage Vm (V)
Short Circuit Current ISC (A)
Maximum Current Im (A)
Maximum Power Pm (W)
Energy Efficiency ղ
Fill Factor FF
Exergy Efficiency Ψ
Module Area AM (m2
)
Exergy Efficiency Ψ
Exergy of system
Convective heat transfer coefficient hca
13. 6
4.1 Energy Efficiency
4.1.1 Open Circuit Voltage
The open-circuit voltage, VOC, is the maximum voltage available from a solar cell, and this
occurs at zero current. The open-circuit voltage corresponds to the amount of forward bias on
the solar cell due to the bias of the solar cell junction with the light-generated current. The
open-circuit voltage is shown on the IV curve below, figure-7.
Figure 7: Open-circuit voltage.
4.1.2 Short Circuit Current
The short-circuit current is the current through the solar cell when the voltage across
the solar cell is zero (i.e., when the solar cell is short circuited). Usually written as ISC, the
short-circuit current is shown on the IV curve below, figure-8. The short-circuit current is due
to the generation and collection of light-generated carriers. For an ideal solar cell at most
moderate resistive loss mechanisms, the short-circuit current and the light-generated current
are identical. Therefore, the short-circuit current is the largest current which may be drawn
from the solar cell.
Figure 8: Short-circuit current.
14. 7
4.1.3 Solar cell efficiency
Solar cell efficiency is the ratio of the electrical output of a solar cell to the incident
energy in the form of sunlight. The energy conversion efficiency (ղ) of a solar cell is the
percentage of the solar energy to which the cell is exposed that is converted into electrical
energy.
The energy efficiency of a solar panel can be calculated using the relation
ղ =
𝑉 𝑚 𝐼 𝑚
𝐼 𝑆 𝐴 𝑀
(1)
or ղ =
𝑃 𝑚
𝐼 𝑆 𝐴 𝑀
{𝑃𝑚 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼 𝑚} (2)
4.1.4 Fill Factor
At both of these operating points, the power from the solar cell is zero. The "fill
factor", is a parameter which, in conjunction with Voc and Isc, determines the maximum
power from a solar cell. The FF is defined as the ratio of the maximum power from the solar
cell to the product of Voc and Isc. Graphically, the FF is a measure of the "squareness" of the
solar cell and is also the area of the largest rectangle which will fit in the IV curve. The FF is
illustrated below, figure-9.
Figure 9: Fill factor. Graph of cell output current (red line) and power (blue line) as function
of voltage. Also shown are the short-circuit current (ISC) and open-circuit voltage (VOC)
points, as well as the maximum power point (Vmp¸Imp).
FF =
𝐼 𝑚 𝑉 𝑚
𝐼 𝑆𝐶 𝑉 𝑂𝐶
(3)
15. 8
4.2 Exergy efficiency
Exergy efficiency (also known as the second-law efficiency or rational efficiency) computes
the efficiency of a process taking the second law of thermodynamics into account.
The exergy efficiency of a solar panel can be calculated using the relations [14-17]
given
below:
Ψ = (4)
𝐸 𝑋
̇ = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼 𝑚 − [1 − (
𝑇 𝐴
𝑇 𝑀
)] × 𝑄̇ (5)
𝑄̇ = ℎ 𝑎𝑐 𝐴 𝑀(𝑇 𝑀 − 𝑇𝐴) (6)
ℎ 𝑐𝑎 = 5.7 + 3.8𝑉 𝑊 (7)
EX
̇ Solar = [1 − (
TA
TM
)] × ISAM (8)
Chapter 5: Instruments used
5.1 Flexible Solar PV (68 W)
It is a product of UNI-SOLAR Company, figure-10 and figure-11.
Table: 1. Specification of 68W flexible solar PV (Table 2).
(At STC, 1000 W/m2
, AM 1.5 and 250
C cell temperature)
Parameters Value
Maximum Power (Pmax) 68 W
Voltage at Pmax (Vmp) 16.5 V
Current at Pmax (Imp) 4.1 A
Short-circuit Current (ISC) 5.1 A
Open-circuit Voltage (VOC) 23.1 V
Maximum Series Fuse Rating 8 A
Dimensions 2849 × 394 × 4 mm
Weight 3.9 Kg
16. 9
Figure: 10 Flexible solar PV – Roof-top Figure: 11 Flexible solar PV - Facade
5.2 Solar Power meter
This instrument is used to measure the solar irradiance which is the amount of light falling on
the surface of the PV. This gives us the input power per unit are for the panel, which on
multiplying with area of the module gives the input power. Figure – 5 shows a solar power
meter.
Figure: 12 Solar power meter
5.3 Voltmeter
This instrument is used to measure the open circuit voltage (VOC). It is of range 0-100 V.
17. 10
5.4 Ammeter
This instrument is used to measure the short-circuit current. It is of range 0-2.5 A. Figure 14
shows an ammeter.
5.5 Rheostat
This instrument is used to produce variable resistance during the measurement of Vm and Im.
Figure-15 shows a Rheostat.
5.6 Environment Meter
This instrument has multipurpose use. It is used to measure relative humidity and wind-
speed. Figure-16 shows an Environment meter.
5.7 Infrared Thermometer
This instrument is used to measure the module temperature using infrared light. Figure-17
shows a infrared thermometer. It has a range of wavelength 630-670 nm.
Figure: 15 Figure: 16 Figure: 17
5.8 Multimeter
This instrument is used to measure voltage and current at the output of the module. It has a
range of 0-1000 V and 0-10 A. Figure-18 shows a multimeter.
5.9 Thermometer
This instrument is used to measure the ambient temperature. Figure-19 shows a thermometer.
18. 11
Chapter 6: Methodology
The panel is placed at two different positions one is at facade and other is at top-roof. The
flexible PV is kept at an angle 23.250
with reference to northern hemisphere for top-roof
placements so that the panel always faces the sun.
For facade placements, the panel can be placed on the window or door at a vertical
position. The panel is connected to a rheostat having variable resistance across which the
voltage reading is taken by a voltmeter and current reading is taken by an ammeter. This will
give an open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current as output, which in turn give the output
power. The input is taken as the amount of light falling on the panel surface. It is measured
by the solar power meter which gives the solar irradiance when multiplied with the surface
are of the panel gives the input power. The efficiency is given as the ratio of power output to
the input power of the panel. The efficiency is determined for both roof-top and facade
condition.
Chapter 7: Circuit arrangement
For calculating the maximum voltage (Vm) and maximum current (Im) we connect a voltmeter
in parallel, an ammeter in series with the flexible panel and then a variable rheostat in
parallel. To measure the Vm and Im we take several reading of voltage and current by varying
the rheostat. Now the voltage and current corresponding to the maximum power gives the
maximum voltage (Vm) and (Im).
Circuit arrangement for calculating Vm and Im is given below (figure-20).
Figure: 20 Circuit arrangements.
19. 12
Chapter 8: Calculation
The efficiency and other Parameters of flexible PV for roof-top and facade condition is
calculated below in the table 3.
Table: 3. Energy and Exergy parameters measured during the experiment.
Chapter 9: Results and Graph
Table for Result (Table 4):
Parameters Value
Overall Energy efficiency in roof-top condition 0.014696
Overall Energy efficiency in facade condition 0.038745
Overall Exergy efficiency in roof-top condition 1.2205
Overall Exergy efficiency in facade condition 4.8829
20. 13
Graph 1 – 4 represent the roof-top condition of the flexible panel.
Graph 6 – 8 represents the facade condition of the flexible panel.
21. 14
Chapter 10: Conclusion
This study presents the performance analysis of thin film flexible PV module in the month of
June in hazy day condition at Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India.
In the performance analysis I found that the energy and exergy efficiency is higher in facade
condition as compared to the roof-top condition.
Chapter 11: References
[1] [1] Tyagi VV, Rahim NAA, Rahim NA, Jeyraj A/Selvaraj L. Progress in solar PV
technology: research and development. Renew Sust Energ Rev 2013; 20: 443-61.
[2] Izu M, Ovshinsky HC, Whelan K, Fatalski L, Ovshinsky SR. Lightweight flexible rooftop
PV module. Photovoltaic energy conversion 1994; 1: 990-93.
[3] Lewis NS. Science 2007; 315: 798.
[4] Scheiman D, Jenkins P, Walters R, Trautz K, Hoheiselr R, Tatavarti R, Chan R,
Miyamoto H, Adams J, Elarde V, Stender C, Hains A, McPheeters C, Youtsey C, Pan N,
Osowskin M. Photovoltaic specialist conference 2014 IEEE 40th
: 1376-80.
[5] Nordhuas T, Shellenberger M. Break through: From the death of environmentalism to the
politics of possibility. Houghton Mifflin, New York 2007.
[6] Green MA. Third generation photovoltaics. Springer, New York 2003.
[7] QuantaSol is a spin-off from imperial college London: http://www.quantasol.com.
[8] The first manufacturing facility targeted at flexible active-matrix display modules was
built in 2008 by plastic logic (Dersden, Germany) with an initial capacity of more than
1000000 display modules per year: http://www.plasticlogic.com.
[9] See, for instance, Flexcell’s products: http://www.flexcell.ch.
[10] For an account of the discovery of conductive polymers, see:
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/heeger-lecture.html.
[11] Gregg A, Blieden R, Chang H, Ng. Performance analysis of large scale, amorphous
silicon photovoltaic power systems.31st
Institute of electrical and electronics engineers,
Photovoltaic speacialist conference and exhibition (Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA) January
2005: 3-7.
[12] Pola I, Chianese A. Bernasconi. Sol. Energy 2007; 81: 1144.
[13] Electricity sector in India: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India.
22. 15
[14] Sahin AD, Dincer I, Rosen MA. Thermodynamic analysis of solar photovoltaic cell
systems. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 2007; 91: 153-59.
[15] Joshi AS, Dincer I, Raddy BV. Thermodynamic assessment of photovoltaic systems. Sol
Energy 2009; 83: 1139-49.
[16] Pandey AK. Exergy analysis and exergoeconomic evaluation of renewable energy
conversion systems. Ph.D. Thesis, School of Energy Management, Shri Mata Vashno Devi
University, Katra, India 2013.
[17] Pandey AK, Tyagi VV, Tyagi SK. Exergic analysis and parametric study of multi-
crystalline solar photovoltaic system at a typical climate zone. Clean Tech Environ Pol 2013;
15: 333-43.