This document summarizes the key points from the FCTC/COP1(15) meeting on establishing a mechanism to support developing country parties in implementing tobacco control measures.
1. It emphasizes strengthening cooperation between parties to support developing countries through technical and financial assistance in order to help them meet their obligations under the WHO FCTC.
2. It recommends establishing a dedicated funding mechanism to help developing countries implement effective tobacco control policies and measures.
3. It stresses the importance of providing support to developing countries in various areas of tobacco control such as public education campaigns, cessation programs, and developing legislation and regulations.
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The process of register multi-state cooperative society in India is governed by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002. This process requires the office bearers to undertake several crucial responsibilities to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. The key office bearers typically include the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, along with other elected members of the managing committee. Their responsibilities encompass administrative, legal, and financial duties essential for the successful registration and operation of the society.
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"Lifting the Corporate Veil" is a legal concept that refers to the judicial act of disregarding the separate legal personality of a corporation or limited liability company (LLC). Normally, a corporation is considered a legal entity separate from its shareholders or members, meaning that the personal assets of shareholders or members are protected from the liabilities of the corporation. However, there are certain situations where courts may decide to "pierce" or "lift" the corporate veil, holding shareholders or members personally liable for the debts or actions of the corporation.
Here are some common scenarios in which courts might lift the corporate veil:
Fraud or Illegality: If shareholders or members use the corporate structure to perpetrate fraud, evade legal obligations, or engage in illegal activities, courts may disregard the corporate entity and hold those individuals personally liable.
Undercapitalization: If a corporation is formed with insufficient capital to conduct its intended business and meet its foreseeable liabilities, and this lack of capitalization results in harm to creditors or other parties, courts may lift the corporate veil to hold shareholders or members liable.
Failure to Observe Corporate Formalities: Corporations and LLCs are required to observe certain formalities, such as holding regular meetings, maintaining separate financial records, and avoiding commingling of personal and corporate assets. If these formalities are not observed and the corporate structure is used as a mere façade, courts may disregard the corporate entity.
Alter Ego: If there is such a unity of interest and ownership between the corporation and its shareholders or members that the separate personalities of the corporation and the individuals no longer exist, courts may treat the corporation as the alter ego of its owners and hold them personally liable.
Group Enterprises: In some cases, where multiple corporations are closely related or form part of a single economic unit, courts may pierce the corporate veil to achieve equity, particularly if one corporation's actions harm creditors or other stakeholders and the corporate structure is being used to shield culpable parties from liability.
A "File Trademark" is a legal term referring to the registration of a unique symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish products or services. This process provides legal protection, granting exclusive rights to the trademark owner, and helps prevent unauthorized use by competitors.
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14. 4. California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) environmental health hazard
assessment of environmental tobacco smoke (2005).
Available at:
http://repositories.cdlib.org/tc/surveys/CALEPA2005/ or
http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/ets2006/ets2006.htm
5. Joint briefing by the Framework Convention Alliance (FCA) and the UICC Global Smokefree
Partnership for the meeting to develop guidelines for the implementation of Article 8 of the WHO
Framework Convention.
Contact: WHO’s Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI) at tfi@who.int for a copy.
6. A resource on smoke-free success stories and challenges. This link includes perspectives on
smoke-free policies, links to evaluation reports, legislation and public information campaigns, as
well as implementation guidelines.
Available at: www.globalsmokefreepartnership.org
7. After the smoke has cleared: evaluation of the impact of a new smoke-free law. New Zealand,
December 2006.
Available at:
http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/by+unid/A9D3734516F6757ECC25723D00752D50?Op
en