FCSarch 05 Hindu Temples & Buddhist Stuppa
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This document contains information about various Hindu and Buddhist temples located across India, Indonesia, and Cambodia. It discusses temples such as the Brahmeswara Temple in Bhubaneswar, India from the 9th century, the Virupaksha Temple at Pattadakal from the 8th century, the stupas at Sanchi from central India, the massive Borobudur Buddhist temple complex on Java from the 9th century in the form of a mandala, and the famous Angkor Wat temple in Cambodia. Short descriptions and details are provided for many of the architectural elements, carvings, and historical periods represented at these various religious monument sites.
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Pattadakal is a group of Hindu and Jain temples from the 7th-8th centuries located in northern Karnataka. There are nine major Hindu temples and one Jain temple clustered together, demonstrating a harmonious blend of northern and southern Indian architectural styles. The temples are a UNESCO World Heritage site and illustrate the height of eclectic art during the rule of the Chalukya dynasty, with carvings depicting stories from Hindu texts. The temples are significant for expressing 8th century Hindu and Jain religion, society, and culture in the Deccan region through their architecture, art, and relative positioning.
A railing of Hindu temples
The document discusses various architectural elements of Hindu temples, including railings. It provides details on the railing around the ancient Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya, including that it dates back to the 2nd century BC and surrounds the Bodhi Tree where Buddha attained enlightenment. It also discusses railings in Swaminarayan temples serving to separate different areas, and provides an example of a private temple in Nagpur that had no need for railings.
A railing in hindu temples
The document discusses various architectural elements of Hindu temples, including railings. It provides details on the railing around the ancient Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya, including that it dates back to the 2nd century BC and surrounds the Bodhi Tree where Buddha attained enlightenment. It also discusses railings in Swaminarayan temples serving to separate different areas, and provides an example of a private temple in Nagpur that had no need for railings.
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World french revolution & metric system & napoleon & architecture
The document provides information about several topics related to French history from the late 18th century through the early 19th century, including:
1) Key locations in and around Versailles like the Hall of Mirrors and gardens;
2) Events of the French Revolution such as the storming of the Bastille and the execution of King Louis XVI;
3) Napoleon Bonaparte's crowning as Emperor in 1804 and the extent of French territory under his rule by 1810.
Wood building (part 2)
Mantel Fielding was an architect from 1865 to 1941 who worked on several estates and buildings in Scotland and England. Some of his notable works included the Wistar Morris Estate built from 1862-1893, the Wood Building constructed from 1893-1896, and renovations to the Pollock Estate in Edinburgh, known as St. Leonard Hall, where he added the Lion and Lion architectural feature. Current students refer to Room 25 in one of Fielding's buildings as the "gargoyle room" while older alumni call it the "chapel room".
Wood building (part 1)
The document discusses the history of the Friends' Central School (FCS) buildings in Philadelphia. It describes how FCS moved from its first building at 5th & Cherry to a second building at 15th and Race before announcing a new campus in 1925 in Overbrook, where the Thomas Wood Building, originally the Wistar Morris Estate designed by architect Mantel Fielding in 1893-96, would be transferred to FCS for $1.00.
Africa Images
Africa in the early 20th century was divided among European colonial powers. By 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent of European control. Idi Amin later became the military dictator of Uganda from 1971 to 1979, a period known for human rights abuses and economic mismanagement.
Dharavi, mumbai
Dharavi is a densely populated slum in Mumbai, India that is home to over 14 million people and half the size of Center City. Families of up to 12 people live in extremely cramped quarters of just 90 square feet without proper sanitation infrastructure, though the slum also contains over 15,000 small factories that export goods worldwide.
India's Indepencence
The document summarizes key events in the history of India and Pakistan's independence from Britain, their relationship, and ongoing issues. It discusses the founding of the Indian National Congress, key independence leaders like Gandhi and Nehru, the partition and resulting border disputes, and challenges faced by later leaders like Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, and Benazir Bhutto. It also outlines ongoing issues both countries continue to face like economic development, political instability, religious tensions, nuclear weapons, and the Kashmir dispute.
Berlin wall & hydrogen bomb
After World War 2, Germany was divided between the Western allies and the Soviet Union, marking the beginning of the Cold War in Europe. Over time tensions increased, culminating in the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 to prevent East Berliners from escaping to West Berlin. The Cold War continued for decades with an arms race and ideological battles, until the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the eventual dissolution of the Soviet Union, ending the Cold War.
Tiananmen square 1989
Maoism was the ruling ideology of China from 1949 to 1975 under Mao Zedong. A 1950 propaganda poster depicted a happy family enjoying life under Mao's image with the caption "Chairman Mao gives us happy lives." In 1989, students from the Central Academy of Fine Arts erected a statue called "The Goddess of Democracy" in Tiananmen Square during protests. Estimates of the deaths that resulted from the Chinese government's response to the protests range from hundreds to thousands.
US Prisons
The document discusses the history and development of the US prison industry from the 1820s to present day. It traces the origins of the modern prison system to the Eastern State Penitentiary in the 1820s, which introduced solitary confinement cells and influenced international prison design. Prisons then spread from the US to other countries over the next centuries, with reforms occurring internationally through the 20th century.
Ottoman Empire & Palestine maps
The document traces the rise and fall of the Ottoman Empire from 1350 to 1918 through maps and images. It shows the Empire's expansion over time, its alliance with the Central Powers in WWI, and the large territorial losses it suffered following WWI. Further images depict the establishment of modern Turkey under Ataturk's leadership after the fall of the Empire, as well as maps illustrating the division and ongoing conflict in the Middle East region throughout the 20th century.
WWII maps with animation
Hitler was named Time's Man of the Year in 1938 for his influence over Germany and threat to democratic nations in Europe. Most Germans enthusiastically supported Hitler at the time as he expanded German territory and power, posing the greatest threat to freedom that the world faced. This led to World War 2 in Europe and divisions in Germany and Eastern Europe that continued after the war during the Cold War era.
East Asia: China & Japanese Imperialism
In the late 1890s, several European powers including the UK, Germany, Russia, and France were dividing up China for their own colonial ambitions. Japan had a victory over China in 1894, establishing itself as an emerging power in East Asia. A 1933 British political cartoon depicted China as a doormat, reflecting its weakened international status at that time due to the colonial activities of other nations in the early 20th century.
Fascism & Cult of Personality
The document discusses symbols of power and authority in Italy, including the Fasces, which was adopted by Mussolini. It mentions Victor Emanuel II, the first king of a unified Italy, and a monument constructed in his honor in Rome between 1885-1925. The document also refers to Franco's tomb in Spain, which was constructed using 20,000 opposition prisoners through forced labor under the guise of allowing them to "redeem themselves" through work.
Fascism, Cult of Personality & Nazi Architecture
The document discusses several large architectural and monument projects in Italy and Germany between 1885-1937. It describes monuments built in Rome to Victor Emanuel II after Italian unification and Franco's tomb in Spain, which was constructed using forced labor of prisoners intended to "redeem themselves". It also shows unrealized plans for the massive Volkshalle in Germany as well as the Zeppelinfeld and Olympic Stadium built in Nuremberg and Berlin in the 1930s under Nazi rule, designed by Albert Speer.
World War I
Russian troops have amassed along the border of Ukraine in recent weeks, numbering over 100,000 according to some estimates. Western leaders have expressed concern this buildup could be preparation for a Russian invasion of Ukraine. There are fears Russia may be pursuing a further incursion and attempt to seize additional Ukrainian territory beyond the Donbas region and Crimea, which Russia annexed in 2014.
The Russian Revolutions
The document discusses Russia during different periods of history including under the Romanovs, in 1866, and in modern times. It provides maps and images from these eras with translations. Several images depict the hardships of World War I for Russian soldiers and civilians, including overcrowded field hospitals and refugees displaced from their homes. Additional images show propaganda posters with messages about choosing sides in the war and portraying Trotsky and the tsar in a positive light.
Depression & hyperinflation
The document discusses economic concepts like the Great Depression, GDP, unemployment, inflation, hyperinflation, and provides examples of countries that experienced hyperinflation in the 20th century. Hyperinflation occurs when prices rapidly increase as a currency loses value, such as in Germany in the 1920s and Zimbabwe in the 2000s. The document includes images related to the economic hardships of the Great Depression and hyperinflation.
Bauhaus
The document discusses the history and influence of the Bauhaus school of architecture and design founded in Germany in 1919. It provides background on founder Walter Gropius and highlights some of the school's key principles of integrating architecture, technology, and functionality. Examples are given of innovative furniture and building designs that emerged from the Bauhaus, including the Dessau building completed in 1926 that came to symbolize the school's ideals.
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The forces involved in this witchcraft spell will re-establish the loving bond between you and help to build a strong, loving relationship from which to start anew. Despite any previous hardships or problems, the spell work will re-establish the strong bonds of friendship and love upon which the marriage and relationship originated. Have faith, these stop divorce and stop separation spells are extremely powerful and will reconnect you and your partner in a strong and harmonious relationship.
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Save your marriage from divorce & make your relationship stronger using anti divorce spells to make him or her fall back in love with you. End your marriage if you are no longer in love with your husband or wife. Permanently end your marriage using divorce spells that work fast. Protect your marriage from divorce using love spells to boost commitment, love & bind your hearts together for a stronger marriage that will last. Get your ex lover who has remarried using divorce spells to break up a couple & make your ex lost lover come back to you permanently.
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It seems that current missionary work requires spending a lot of money, preparing a lot of materials, and traveling to far away places, so that it feels like missionary work. But what was the result they brought back? It's just a lot of photos of activities, fun eating, drinking and some playing games. And then we have to do the same thing next year, never ending. The church once mentioned that a certain missionary would go to the field where she used to work before the end of his life. It seemed that if she had not gone, no one would be willing to go. The reason why these missionary work is so difficult is that no one obeys God’s words, and the Bible is not the main content during missionary work, because in the eyes of those who do not obey God’s words, the Bible is just words and cannot be connected with life, so Reading out God's words is boring because it doesn't have any life experience, so it cannot be connected with human life. I will give a few examples in the hope that this situation can be changed. A375
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Effective Techniques for Removing Negative Entities
Discover various methods for clearing negative entities from your space and spirit, including energy clearing techniques, spiritual rituals, and professional assistance. Gain practical knowledge on how to implement these techniques to restore peace and harmony. For more information visit here: https://www.reikihealingdistance.com/negative-entity-removal/
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https://youtu.be/nV4kGHFsEHw
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FCSarch 05 Hindu Temples & Buddhist Stuppa
- 1. Murti. (statue of Shiva in Bangalore )
- 2. Lingam or Linga
- 3. Linga
- 4. Linga
- 5. Linga adored
- 6. Shore Temple at Mahabalipura
- 7. The Sringeri Vidyaranya Temple
- 8. Components of a typical Hindu Temple
- 9. Brahmeswara Temple, 9 th c. India (at Bhubaneswar)
- 11. Brahmeswara Temple, 9 th century (in Norwich)
- 14. 24 radials of a circle
- 16. Misc. 12 th century
- 18. PATADAKEL
- 19. Patadakel, map
- 20. Pattadakal. Virupaksha Temple is the biggest, c.745
- 21. Pattadakal. Temples of both "Northern style" and "Southern style"
- 22. Patadakel. Wall decoration of Galaganatha Temple, 8th century
- 23. SANCHI, map (central India)
- 24. Stupa at Sanchi (see notes)
- 25. Stupa at Sanchi
- 26. Stupa at Sanchi, another in the group
- 27. Stupa at Sanchi, gate detail wood carving techniques transferred to stone
- 28. BOROBUDUR Buddhist Stupa Borobudur c.800CE Indonesia
- 30. Borobudur -- one of the most magnificent Buddhist shrines in the world -- was built at the end of the 9th century by the Hindu kings of the Sailendra dynasty. Borobudur is located 42 kms west of Yogyakarta, on the island of Java in Indonesia. The plan for this stupa is a schematized representation of the cosmos, a mandala (Any of various radial geometric designs symbolic of the universe, traditionally used in Hinduism and Buddhism as an aid to meditation)
- 31. Borobudur (see notes)
- 32. Borobudur
- 33. Borobudur (see notes)
- 34. Borobudur
- 35. Borobudur
- 38. Angkor Wat
- 39. Angkor Wat
- 40. Angkor Wat