The document provides details about the 11th century Sun Temple located in Modhera, Gujarat, India. It was built in 1026 AD by King Bhimdev of the Solanki dynasty. The temple complex consists of three main sections - the Surya Kund tank at the entrance, the Sabha Mandap hall, and the Guda Mandap sanctuary. The Surya Kund is a large stepped water tank used for ritual bathing. The Sabha Mandap is a pillared hall housing intricate carvings depicting Hindu scriptures. The Guda Mandap sanctuary was designed so that sunlight would illuminate the deity idol within on the equinoxes. Though parts of the temple are now in
New microsoft office power point presentationHarshal Bhatia
The document provides an overview of the architecture of New Delhi, India. It discusses several prominent historical buildings and monuments in Delhi, including:
- Humayun's Tomb, built in the 16th century in Persian architectural style using red sandstone and white marble.
- The Red Fort, built in the 17th century, covers 254 acres within high walls and features Mughal architecture like marble and floral decorations.
- Jama Masjid mosque, the largest mosque in India built by Shah Jahan in the 17th century using red sandstone and white marble in a vast courtyard.
- Qutub Minar tower built in the 12th century that is 73 meters tall with 5
architectural case study, sun temple, kashmirStudent
The Martand Sun Temple was an 8th century Hindu temple in Kashmir dedicated to the sun god Surya. It was commissioned by King Lalitaditya of the Surya Dynasty and was designed in a unique Kashmiri architectural style that bore some Greek influences. Though once a spectacular structure over 200 feet long, it now lies in ruins after being destroyed by Sultan Sikander in the 15th century.
The document provides information on Hindu temple architecture and its evolution. It discusses key architectural features of temples like the vimana, shikhara, garbhagriha, and mandapas. Specific temples are also summarized, including the Lingaraj Temple in Bhubaneswar known for its towering vimana, the Sun Temple in Modhera with its unique alignment and architectural elements, and the Kandariya Mahadev Temple in Khajuraho with its tall, conical roof structures. The document then covers the Dravidian style of temple architecture prominent in South India, including the rock-cut and structural phases of early Pallava temples and features like rathas at Mamallapuram.
Hindu Temple Architecture | History of ArchitecturePranay Kumar Tode
The Gupta and Early Chalukyan periods saw developments in Hindu temple architecture in India. Under the Guptas, temples transitioned from rock-cut cave structures to free-standing structures, with early styles consisting of a sanctuary and porch. The Chalukyas established their rule in the 6th century and made Aihole, Badami, and Pattadakal centers of architectural experimentation, combining North and South Indian elements into their distinctive Vesara style with features like ornate doorframes and octagonal towers. Rock-cut structures from this period can still be seen at sites like Ajanta, Ellora, Junagarh, and the cave temples of Badami.
The document provides details about several famous temples, mosques, forts and other historical sites across India. It describes the key features and historical significance of the Konark Sun Temple in Orissa, known for its huge stone wheels and representation of the chariot of the sun god. It also mentions the Shore Temple in Mahabalipuram, the Khajuraho Temples known for their stone carvings, and Jama Masjid mosque in Delhi, among other prominent religious and architectural landmarks across the country.
One of the most excellent monuments of religious importance, a true form of workmanship, an architecture proudly stands in the form of Konark Sun Temple at Konark. A work of Oriya architecture, the temple is a beautiful place as the language of stone defeats the human language here. Built during the 13th century by King Narasimhadeva, the temple is designed in the shape of a rath (chariot) with 7 horses and 12 wheels, carrying the sun god, (Surya) across heavens.
easternprodigy.com
The document provides an overview of Māru-Gurjara temple architecture that originated in the 6th century in parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat. It discusses the two main styles, Maha-Maru and Maru-Gurjara, and how they evolved under the Solanki dynasty in Gujarat in the 10th century. Key characteristics of Maru-Gurjara temples are described, including having three divisions in their elevation and features like a kirti-torana and kunda. Famous examples like the Sun Temple at Modhera and Jain temples at Dilwara are summarized.
New microsoft office power point presentationHarshal Bhatia
The document provides an overview of the architecture of New Delhi, India. It discusses several prominent historical buildings and monuments in Delhi, including:
- Humayun's Tomb, built in the 16th century in Persian architectural style using red sandstone and white marble.
- The Red Fort, built in the 17th century, covers 254 acres within high walls and features Mughal architecture like marble and floral decorations.
- Jama Masjid mosque, the largest mosque in India built by Shah Jahan in the 17th century using red sandstone and white marble in a vast courtyard.
- Qutub Minar tower built in the 12th century that is 73 meters tall with 5
architectural case study, sun temple, kashmirStudent
The Martand Sun Temple was an 8th century Hindu temple in Kashmir dedicated to the sun god Surya. It was commissioned by King Lalitaditya of the Surya Dynasty and was designed in a unique Kashmiri architectural style that bore some Greek influences. Though once a spectacular structure over 200 feet long, it now lies in ruins after being destroyed by Sultan Sikander in the 15th century.
The document provides information on Hindu temple architecture and its evolution. It discusses key architectural features of temples like the vimana, shikhara, garbhagriha, and mandapas. Specific temples are also summarized, including the Lingaraj Temple in Bhubaneswar known for its towering vimana, the Sun Temple in Modhera with its unique alignment and architectural elements, and the Kandariya Mahadev Temple in Khajuraho with its tall, conical roof structures. The document then covers the Dravidian style of temple architecture prominent in South India, including the rock-cut and structural phases of early Pallava temples and features like rathas at Mamallapuram.
Hindu Temple Architecture | History of ArchitecturePranay Kumar Tode
The Gupta and Early Chalukyan periods saw developments in Hindu temple architecture in India. Under the Guptas, temples transitioned from rock-cut cave structures to free-standing structures, with early styles consisting of a sanctuary and porch. The Chalukyas established their rule in the 6th century and made Aihole, Badami, and Pattadakal centers of architectural experimentation, combining North and South Indian elements into their distinctive Vesara style with features like ornate doorframes and octagonal towers. Rock-cut structures from this period can still be seen at sites like Ajanta, Ellora, Junagarh, and the cave temples of Badami.
The document provides details about several famous temples, mosques, forts and other historical sites across India. It describes the key features and historical significance of the Konark Sun Temple in Orissa, known for its huge stone wheels and representation of the chariot of the sun god. It also mentions the Shore Temple in Mahabalipuram, the Khajuraho Temples known for their stone carvings, and Jama Masjid mosque in Delhi, among other prominent religious and architectural landmarks across the country.
One of the most excellent monuments of religious importance, a true form of workmanship, an architecture proudly stands in the form of Konark Sun Temple at Konark. A work of Oriya architecture, the temple is a beautiful place as the language of stone defeats the human language here. Built during the 13th century by King Narasimhadeva, the temple is designed in the shape of a rath (chariot) with 7 horses and 12 wheels, carrying the sun god, (Surya) across heavens.
easternprodigy.com
The document provides an overview of Māru-Gurjara temple architecture that originated in the 6th century in parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat. It discusses the two main styles, Maha-Maru and Maru-Gurjara, and how they evolved under the Solanki dynasty in Gujarat in the 10th century. Key characteristics of Maru-Gurjara temples are described, including having three divisions in their elevation and features like a kirti-torana and kunda. Famous examples like the Sun Temple at Modhera and Jain temples at Dilwara are summarized.
4a. Hindu Architecture final -- Khaujrao.pdfSagarGoyal39
The document provides information about Hindu temple architecture in Orissa and Khajuraho. It describes the 11th century Lingaraj Temple in Bhubaneswar dedicated to Lord Shiva, and the 13th century Sun Temple in Konark built as a giant chariot. It also summarizes the temples of Khajuraho from the 9th-12th centuries, known for perfect fusion of architecture and sculpture, with erotic art comprising a small portion. The temples follow the North Indian Nagara style and include shrines for Hindu gods like Vishnu and Shiva, as well as Jain Tirthankaras.
Somnath Temple has undergone a troubled history, being destroyed and rebuilt seven times over centuries. Located in Gujarat on the coast of the Arabian Sea, the first temple was built in an unknown ancient time. It fuses elements of many architectural styles due to being rebuilt under different kings and emperors. Today's temple stands as a living example of the evolution of Indian temple architecture over time, from primitive single rooms to structures with mandapas, kunds, and elements added for social and religious purposes.
The Gupta and Early Chalukyan periods saw developments in Hindu temple architecture in India. Under the Guptas, temples evolved from simple rock-cut structures to free-standing stone structures with shikhara towers. The Chalukyans further developed temple architecture, combining North and South Indian elements to create the Vesara style seen at Aihole, Badami, and Pattadakal, with structural temples and intricate carvings. Key features included curving shikhara towers, ornate doorframes, and the introduction of mandapas and garbhagrihas.
The Konark Sun Temple was built in the 13th century CE by King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. The temple complex is in the shape of a gigantic chariot dedicated to the Sun God Surya. It is constructed of ferruginous sandstone in the Kalinga architectural style, with intricate carvings on its 12 giant stone wheels and pillars. Though parts of the temple have been lost, the towering audience hall remains standing as a testament to the architectural brilliance of the Konark Sun Temple.
The Sun Temple in Konark, Odisha, dating back to 1250 AD, was built in the form of a giant chariot to symbolize the passage of the sun across the sky. It exhibits the traditional Odisha architectural style on a grand scale. The main temple structures included the Rekha Deul sanctuary, Bhadra Deul assembly hall, and shrines like the Mayadevi Temple and Vaishnava Temple containing sculptures of Hindu deities. Detailed carvings of figures, motifs, and designs cover the exterior walls, and the structure was built using chlorite, laterite, and khondalite rocks.
The document discusses the history and evolution of Buddhist architecture from its origins in India. Key elements of Buddhist architecture discussed include stupas, stambhas, viharas, and chaityas. Stupas evolved over time, changing shapes across different regions while maintaining symbolic meanings. Viharas began as simple wood or bamboo structures before standardized rock-cut designs emerged with cells and courts. Chaityas were cave temples carved from rock displaying influences from Roman architecture. While declining in India, Buddhist architectural styles continue to influence design in countries like China, Japan, and Sri Lanka through structures like the eco-friendly quarry hotel in China.
The document discusses the Northern Hindu architectural style that originated in Orissa, India. It began around 260 BC after the region was conquered by Emperor Ashoka. Major temples built in this style include the temples of Jaggannath at Puri and the Sun Temple at Konark. The Lingaraj Temple in Bhubaneswar and the Sun Temple at Konark are highlighted as prime examples of the ornate Orissan architectural style, with elaborate carvings and symbolic design elements.
The Sun Temple in Modhera, Gujarat was built in the 11th century during the reign of Bhima I to commemorate a successful defense against an invasion. The temple complex consists of a central shrine hall and surrounding assembly hall aligned on the banks of the Pushpavati River. It follows the Māru-Gurjara style with a rectangular shrine, hall, and sacred reservoir. Notable features include 52 intricately carved pillars in the ceiling torana representing the 52 weeks in a solar year.
The first phase of Pallavan architecture from 610-690 AD saw the development of rock-cut cave temples known as mandapas at Mahabalipuram. These included early experiments with pillared halls and structural prototypes like the Rathas that served as models for later temples. Key features included the beginnings of the Dravidian column with elements like the lion capital, and the use of reliefs to combine sculpture with architecture. This phase established foundations for the evolution of the temple architecture in the Dravidian style.
The document discusses various architectural elements of Hindu temples, including railings. It provides details on the railing around the ancient Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya, including that it dates back to the 2nd century BC and surrounds the Bodhi Tree where Buddha attained enlightenment. It also discusses railings in Swaminarayan temples serving to separate different areas, and provides an example of a private temple in Nagpur that had no need for railings.
The document discusses various architectural elements of Hindu temples, including railings. It provides details on the railing around the ancient Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya, including that it dates back to the 2nd century BC and surrounds the Bodhi Tree where Buddha attained enlightenment. It also discusses railings in Swaminarayan temples serving to separate different areas, and provides an example of a private temple in Nagpur that had no need for railings.
Architecture, Sculpture And Painting : Hindu Architecture , Buddha And Jai...PIYUSH SINGH
B.B.A(TOURISM)
SEMESTER : SECOND (2)
SUBJECT : Indian History Society And Culture
Paper code : 1940
Topic : Architecture , Sculpture And Painting : Hindu , Buddha And Jain Architecture
Monkey Temple Kathmandu is the most ancient and one of the crowning glories of Kathmandu Valley architecture which is allocated at the north-west of Kathmandu city on the top of the wooden hill. The Stupa has a huge size with the white color in its lower part and golden color in its top part like a crown.
Monkey Temple Kathmandu is the most ancient and one of the crowning glories of Kathmandu Valley architecture which is allocated at the north-west of Kathmandu city on the top of the wooden hill. The Stupa has a huge size with the white color in its lower part and golden color in its top part like a crown.
The document discusses the temples located in Osian, near Jodhpur, India that date between the 8th-11th century AD. It mentions four important temples - the Jain temple dedicated to Lord Mahavira built in 783 AD, the Sachiya Mata temple dedicated to Sachi Mata built initially in the 8th century, three Harihara temples dedicated to the union of Shiva and Vishnu built between the 8th-9th century, and the Surya temple dedicated to the sun god built in the 10th century with origins in the 8th century. The temples are adorned with intricate carvings and sculptures and showcase the regional architectural style.
The document provides details about various architectural styles and structures in Northern, Central, and Southern India. It describes temples such as the Sun Temple in Konark and Jagannath Temple in Puri, as well as the Martand Sun Temple in Kashmir. It also discusses the Kirti Stambha and Jaya Stambha in Chittor Fort, river ghats along the Ganges, and various palaces in Gwalior. Furthermore, it summarizes the early Chalukyan rock-cut cave temples at Badami as well as structural temples such as the Lad Khan Temple at Aihole and various structures at Pattadkal.
History of Architecture- Indo-Aryan Temples of OrissaVyshnaviMajety
A presentation on Indo-Aryan Temples of Orissa. The architectural features, elements, planning, and the history of the temples. Plans, Sections and Elevations of Puri Jagannath Temple, Lingaraj Temple, Sun Temple Konark, Raja Rani Temple, Mukteshwara Temple, Parasurameshwara Temple, Anantha Vasudeva Temple.
The document provides details about Buddhist architecture and key structures found in Buddhist temples. It describes the major architectural features developed during the time of Emperor Ashoka in India, including stupas, stambhas, chaitya halls, and viharas. It provides in-depth descriptions of the design and symbolic meaning of stupas, such as those found at Sanchi and Sarnath. Stupas served as burial mounds containing Buddhist relics and came to represent cosmic symbols in response to the human condition of death in Buddhism.
4a. Hindu Architecture final -- Khaujrao.pdfSagarGoyal39
The document provides information about Hindu temple architecture in Orissa and Khajuraho. It describes the 11th century Lingaraj Temple in Bhubaneswar dedicated to Lord Shiva, and the 13th century Sun Temple in Konark built as a giant chariot. It also summarizes the temples of Khajuraho from the 9th-12th centuries, known for perfect fusion of architecture and sculpture, with erotic art comprising a small portion. The temples follow the North Indian Nagara style and include shrines for Hindu gods like Vishnu and Shiva, as well as Jain Tirthankaras.
Somnath Temple has undergone a troubled history, being destroyed and rebuilt seven times over centuries. Located in Gujarat on the coast of the Arabian Sea, the first temple was built in an unknown ancient time. It fuses elements of many architectural styles due to being rebuilt under different kings and emperors. Today's temple stands as a living example of the evolution of Indian temple architecture over time, from primitive single rooms to structures with mandapas, kunds, and elements added for social and religious purposes.
The Gupta and Early Chalukyan periods saw developments in Hindu temple architecture in India. Under the Guptas, temples evolved from simple rock-cut structures to free-standing stone structures with shikhara towers. The Chalukyans further developed temple architecture, combining North and South Indian elements to create the Vesara style seen at Aihole, Badami, and Pattadakal, with structural temples and intricate carvings. Key features included curving shikhara towers, ornate doorframes, and the introduction of mandapas and garbhagrihas.
The Konark Sun Temple was built in the 13th century CE by King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. The temple complex is in the shape of a gigantic chariot dedicated to the Sun God Surya. It is constructed of ferruginous sandstone in the Kalinga architectural style, with intricate carvings on its 12 giant stone wheels and pillars. Though parts of the temple have been lost, the towering audience hall remains standing as a testament to the architectural brilliance of the Konark Sun Temple.
The Sun Temple in Konark, Odisha, dating back to 1250 AD, was built in the form of a giant chariot to symbolize the passage of the sun across the sky. It exhibits the traditional Odisha architectural style on a grand scale. The main temple structures included the Rekha Deul sanctuary, Bhadra Deul assembly hall, and shrines like the Mayadevi Temple and Vaishnava Temple containing sculptures of Hindu deities. Detailed carvings of figures, motifs, and designs cover the exterior walls, and the structure was built using chlorite, laterite, and khondalite rocks.
The document discusses the history and evolution of Buddhist architecture from its origins in India. Key elements of Buddhist architecture discussed include stupas, stambhas, viharas, and chaityas. Stupas evolved over time, changing shapes across different regions while maintaining symbolic meanings. Viharas began as simple wood or bamboo structures before standardized rock-cut designs emerged with cells and courts. Chaityas were cave temples carved from rock displaying influences from Roman architecture. While declining in India, Buddhist architectural styles continue to influence design in countries like China, Japan, and Sri Lanka through structures like the eco-friendly quarry hotel in China.
The document discusses the Northern Hindu architectural style that originated in Orissa, India. It began around 260 BC after the region was conquered by Emperor Ashoka. Major temples built in this style include the temples of Jaggannath at Puri and the Sun Temple at Konark. The Lingaraj Temple in Bhubaneswar and the Sun Temple at Konark are highlighted as prime examples of the ornate Orissan architectural style, with elaborate carvings and symbolic design elements.
The Sun Temple in Modhera, Gujarat was built in the 11th century during the reign of Bhima I to commemorate a successful defense against an invasion. The temple complex consists of a central shrine hall and surrounding assembly hall aligned on the banks of the Pushpavati River. It follows the Māru-Gurjara style with a rectangular shrine, hall, and sacred reservoir. Notable features include 52 intricately carved pillars in the ceiling torana representing the 52 weeks in a solar year.
The first phase of Pallavan architecture from 610-690 AD saw the development of rock-cut cave temples known as mandapas at Mahabalipuram. These included early experiments with pillared halls and structural prototypes like the Rathas that served as models for later temples. Key features included the beginnings of the Dravidian column with elements like the lion capital, and the use of reliefs to combine sculpture with architecture. This phase established foundations for the evolution of the temple architecture in the Dravidian style.
The document discusses various architectural elements of Hindu temples, including railings. It provides details on the railing around the ancient Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya, including that it dates back to the 2nd century BC and surrounds the Bodhi Tree where Buddha attained enlightenment. It also discusses railings in Swaminarayan temples serving to separate different areas, and provides an example of a private temple in Nagpur that had no need for railings.
The document discusses various architectural elements of Hindu temples, including railings. It provides details on the railing around the ancient Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya, including that it dates back to the 2nd century BC and surrounds the Bodhi Tree where Buddha attained enlightenment. It also discusses railings in Swaminarayan temples serving to separate different areas, and provides an example of a private temple in Nagpur that had no need for railings.
Architecture, Sculpture And Painting : Hindu Architecture , Buddha And Jai...PIYUSH SINGH
B.B.A(TOURISM)
SEMESTER : SECOND (2)
SUBJECT : Indian History Society And Culture
Paper code : 1940
Topic : Architecture , Sculpture And Painting : Hindu , Buddha And Jain Architecture
Monkey Temple Kathmandu is the most ancient and one of the crowning glories of Kathmandu Valley architecture which is allocated at the north-west of Kathmandu city on the top of the wooden hill. The Stupa has a huge size with the white color in its lower part and golden color in its top part like a crown.
Monkey Temple Kathmandu is the most ancient and one of the crowning glories of Kathmandu Valley architecture which is allocated at the north-west of Kathmandu city on the top of the wooden hill. The Stupa has a huge size with the white color in its lower part and golden color in its top part like a crown.
The document discusses the temples located in Osian, near Jodhpur, India that date between the 8th-11th century AD. It mentions four important temples - the Jain temple dedicated to Lord Mahavira built in 783 AD, the Sachiya Mata temple dedicated to Sachi Mata built initially in the 8th century, three Harihara temples dedicated to the union of Shiva and Vishnu built between the 8th-9th century, and the Surya temple dedicated to the sun god built in the 10th century with origins in the 8th century. The temples are adorned with intricate carvings and sculptures and showcase the regional architectural style.
The document provides details about various architectural styles and structures in Northern, Central, and Southern India. It describes temples such as the Sun Temple in Konark and Jagannath Temple in Puri, as well as the Martand Sun Temple in Kashmir. It also discusses the Kirti Stambha and Jaya Stambha in Chittor Fort, river ghats along the Ganges, and various palaces in Gwalior. Furthermore, it summarizes the early Chalukyan rock-cut cave temples at Badami as well as structural temples such as the Lad Khan Temple at Aihole and various structures at Pattadkal.
History of Architecture- Indo-Aryan Temples of OrissaVyshnaviMajety
A presentation on Indo-Aryan Temples of Orissa. The architectural features, elements, planning, and the history of the temples. Plans, Sections and Elevations of Puri Jagannath Temple, Lingaraj Temple, Sun Temple Konark, Raja Rani Temple, Mukteshwara Temple, Parasurameshwara Temple, Anantha Vasudeva Temple.
The document provides details about Buddhist architecture and key structures found in Buddhist temples. It describes the major architectural features developed during the time of Emperor Ashoka in India, including stupas, stambhas, chaitya halls, and viharas. It provides in-depth descriptions of the design and symbolic meaning of stupas, such as those found at Sanchi and Sarnath. Stupas served as burial mounds containing Buddhist relics and came to represent cosmic symbols in response to the human condition of death in Buddhism.
Similar to ARCHITECTURE_Time_Space_and_People.pdf (20)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
1. ARCHITECTURE - Time Space & People October 2009
34
HISTORY
Sun Temple at Modhera:
An Ode in Stone
Khurram Ashraf and Zeba Nisar
F
or centuries, Sun has been wor-
shipped as a major deity in India.
The Vedic scriptures of the Hin-
du religion refer sun, as the source of
energy, vitality and life which controls
the course of our life. Our concepts
of life, time and death, good and evil,
happiness and misery stem from this
primeval source of divine effulgence.
Many temples in India are exclusively
dedicated to Sun: Martand temple in
Kashmir, Katarmal in Almora, Osia in
Rajasthan, Konark in Orissa and Mod-
hera in Gujarat.
The Modhera sun temple is situated
on the banks of the river Pushpavati,
30 kms from Mehesana and 125 kms
from Ahmedabad in northern Gujarat.
According to the ‘Skanda Purana’ and
‘Brahma Purana’, Modhera is an ancient
township, known as Dharmaranya (lit-
erally meaning, the forest of righteous-
ness). It is believed that Lord Rama per-
formed here a yajna (sacrifice) himself
An exploration into the
planning of Sun temple,
Modhera — an epitome
of north Indian
architectural style
Model of Modhera Sun temple, Gujarat
2. October 2009 ARCHITECTURE - Time Space & People 35
of the sin of having killed a Brahmin
- Ravana, the king of Lanka. Rama built
“Modherak” which subsequently came
to be known as “Modhera”. It became a
pilgrimage centre for hordes of people
who thronged to the place to pay hom-
age to Sun.
The SunTemple, Modhera (Gujarat)
was built in 1026 AD by King Bhimdev
of the Solanki dynasty. Solankis were
considered to be Suryavanshis, or de-
scendants of ‘Sun god’. This temple
not only reflects the architectural
abilities of the Solanki dynasty, which
built it but also, speaks highly of the
devotional zeal of the ruling dynasty
at the time. As in the Sun Temple at
Konark, this temple was so designed
that the rays of the Sun would fall on
the image of Surya at the time of the
equinoxes. Whatever remains of this
temple is grand; the shikharas are no-
tably absent but the Toranas in the
frontal halls, and the intricate carvings
on the exterior speak of the splendor
of this shrine, which still is a home to
the Modhera dance festival.
SUN TEMPLE - NORTH
INDIAN STYLE OF TEMPLE
ARCHITECTURE
The basic structure of temples in India
is a room or the Garbhagriha (sanctum
sanctorum) where the idol of the main
deity is kept. The temple is approached
by a flight of steps and is often built on
a platform. A porch covers the entrance
to the temple and is supported by
carved pillars. A prominent roof called
the Shikhara surmounts the top of the
Garbhagriha and dominates the sur-
roundings. The temple at Modhera has
a hall within it known as the mandap, a
feature common to some large temples
of North India.
Temple architecture in India is
broadly divided into the northern and
southern styles. The form and shape of
the Shikhara and the distinctiveness of
its decoration have led to this classifi-
cation. The Shikhara of the temples in
south India tends to be made up of dis-
tinct horizontal levels that diminish to
form a pyramid. Each level is decorated
with miniature temple rooftops.
The shikhara of the temples in
north and central India, in contrast, re-
sembles an upturned cone that is deco-
rated with miniature conical shikharas.
Though the Sun Temple at Modhera
belongs to the north Indian style of
temple architecture, it has some dis-
tinct features of its own. The structure
of the main temple cannot be reached
directly because the main temple and
the Gateway or Torana are separated
by a pillared mandap. There is a large
water tank in front of the Torana, which
leads to the temple and is a distinct
feature of this temple.
SUN TEMPLE MODHERA
– its components
The imposing Sun Temple stands in
the middle of a large compound of the
small town of Modhera. This temple
was constructed at a time when the
cult of Sun worship held its sway in
many parts of India in the early me-
dieval period. Various Hindu rulers, in
their acts of obeisance, erected mag-
nificent structures.
Model of Modhera Sun Temple, Gujarat
3. ARCHITECTURE - Time Space & People October 2009
36
The Sun Temple at Modhera is
divided into three main sections.
1. Surya Kund, which is an intricately
carved, stepped tank named after
Sun God Surya
2. Sabha Mandap, which is a hall
used for religious gatherings and
conferences.
3. Guda Mandap, i.e. sanctum
sanctorum, which once housed the
idol of Sun God.
SURYA KUND
Most well designed sun temples have a
tank, for it reflects a belief as old as the
Rig Veda that the divine sun emerged
from the Cosmic Waters. The Surya-kun-
da also known as Rama-kunda is a fas-
cinating massive rectangular stepped
tank, located in front of the toran, which
leads one to the temple. It measures
176 feet north to south, by 120 feet east
to west. It was used to store pure water.
Devotees on their way to offer prayers
to the Sun God stopped here for cer-
emonial ablutions and would proceed
for worship towards the temple only
after cleansing themselves here. Small,
Site Plan of Sun Temple at Modhera, Gujarat
Surya Kund, Sun temple at Modhera in Gujarat
4. October 2009 ARCHITECTURE - Time Space & People 37
miniature shrines dot the steps around
this kund. The tank is profusely covered
with sculpture in relief in wide bands
that run all alongside the length and
breadth. There are 108 of them to coin-
cide with the number considered aus-
picious by the Hindus. Besides these,
there are four larger shrines dedicated
to Lord Vishnu (one of the principle
gods in the Hindu pantheon), Ganesh
(the God of knowledge and prosperity
and son of Lord Shiva), Natraja (Lord
Shiva as the cosmic dancer) and Sitala
Mata (the goddess of the dreaded dis-
ease-smallpox).
SABHA MANDAP
The Sabha mandap is a small inde-
pendent structure, which can be ap-
proached from all four sides. The en-
trance to the temple is through Torana
arches, which have a marvelous quality
of intricate and precision craftsman-
ship, crowning Kirti Stambas(towers of
fame), erected by Solanki Rajput kings
to commemorate their victories in bat-
tle field. This hall of religious gather-
ings is a magnificent pillared hall. The
Sabha Mandap is a forest of some 52
pillars, each one of them carved in in-
tricate detail and depicting whole vol-
Sectional Elevation of Surya Kund
umes of folk tales from the great Hindu
epics, Ramayana and the Mahabhara-
ta. The pillars and entrances have been
cleverly spaced out so as to allow vary-
ing shades of light and darkness to fall
on the carvings. At the centre of the
hall is the walnut shaped ceiling, with
its numerous folds of floral girdles, up-
held by two aisles of pillars arranged
on diagonals of the square plan. Even
at its dimly lit height, the astounding
splendor of stone craft shines brightly.
It is a visual delight to stand under the
23 feet high ceiling.
The architectural plan of this temple
follows the tradition of th e time, which
was having twin halls. So, while the
Plan of
Sabha Mandap
Sabha Mandap
5. ARCHITECTURE - Time Space & People October 2009
38
Sabha Mandap was meant for religious
congregations, the main temple or the
Guda Mandap was built to house the
sanctum sanctorum.
GUDA MANDAP
The Guda mandap forms the third sec-
tion of the Sun Temple at Modhera and
is not attached to the sabha mandap.
The guda mandap is placed on a lotus-
base plinth. It has friezes of the Sun
God, other gods and goddesses cover-
ing its walls. Besides the depiction of
various deities, one can also see on the
walls, various aspects of human life like
the cycle of birth and death and some
erotic scenes from the Kama Sutra or
the ancient Indian treatise on love.
It is rectangular in plan, measures
51 feet 9 inches in length and 25 feet
8 inches in breadth. Thus the total
area of about 1275 sq.ft is divided into
nearly two equal halves. The inner half
occupies the Garbhagrha (sanctum
sanctorum) and the front one the Man-
dapa (hall). Between the outer walls
of the sanctum sanctorum and that of
the temple is the pradakshina-marga
or bhrama (the circumambulatory pas-
sage). This passage was roofed with
flat slabs laid across and carved with
rosettes on the undersides and above
this, rose the sikhara.
The sanctum sanctorum, once
housed the magnificent idol of the Sun
God. The guda mandap has been so de-
signed that on solar equinoxes i.e. on
March 21 and September 23, the first
rays of the rising sun fall directly on
and light up the niche of the idol of the
Surya Bhagwan (Sun God) sits. It is said
that the Guda mandap had a tunnel,
which could be used by the members
of the royal family to flee, in case of an
Plan of Guda Mandap
Guda Mandap
6. October 2009 ARCHITECTURE - Time Space & People 39
Ar. Khurram Ashraf, M.Arch. and
Ar. Zeba Nisar, M.Arch. are Lecturers
in Faculty of Architecture, Integral
University, Lucknow.
Photograph: Courtesy the Author.
exhibition of performing arts. It also
has the added charm of being off the
tourist trail, even though every book
on Indian architecture makes a man-
datory reference to it. Even in its own
time it was recognized as something
special, as tradition immediately
began saying the temple was over-
laid in gold leaf, so brightly did the
soft orange sandstone, it is construct-
ed of, blaze in the light of the eye of
the World.
references
Brown Percy, Indian Architecture (Bud-
dhist and Hindu Periods), An article on
Sun-Temple at Modhera (Gujarat) by
Dr. Advaitavadini Kaul.
All illustrations are made by the
students of B.Arch Ist year (Batch:
2005-06), Integral University, Luc-
know. This exercise was done by
them as a part of their measure
drawing curriculum under the guid-
ance of Ar. Khurram Ashraf and Ar.
Zeba Nisar.
Ceiling Plan of Guda Mandap
Guda Mandap
attack. Though the roof over the Garb-
hagriha of this hall has collapsed, the
ruined shell gives an idea of the form
and details of the structure.
Modhera has now the place for
several dance and cultural festivals.
The sun temple and the ambience here
provide a majestic backdrop for the
Carving details of Sabhamandap
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