Fantastic Voyage the Gutsy Version
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This document summarizes the evolution of capsule endoscopy technology for examining the small intestine. It describes how capsule endoscopy has advanced from rigid to flexible scopes to wireless capsule cameras that can provide 50,000 images from inside the small intestine over 8 hours. The document outlines the components and operation of current capsule endoscopy cameras and how they have helped diagnose conditions like bleeding, Crohn's disease, celiac disease, and small bowel tumors. It concludes by discussing future directions for capsule technologies that may one day examine the colon as well as drive themselves, take biopsies, and treat diseases.
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It includes regulation of combination products and medical devices. FDA and industry liaisons.
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Fantastic Voyage the Gutsy Version
- 1. FANTASTIC VOYAGE: The Gutsy Version (also known as Dr. Sanderson’s Summer Vacation 2010) MEN’S HEALTH September 21, 2010 North Gastroenterology
- 3. Collecting water from the Jordan River
- 4. Caves of Qumran---gateway to the Dead Sea Scrolls
- 5. Now, to a very different type of cave…
- 6. A quick anatomy lesson
- 8. Small Bowel Barium x-ray
- 14. Evolution of PillCam Capsule Endoscopy 1999 2010 2000 2003 Hardware Software Capsule
- 16. Capsule Endoscopy equipment Ambulatory DataRecorder ® on a belt Computer Workstation for image processing and viewing The capsule
- 17. Normal Small Intestine as seen by Capsule Endoscopy
- 18. How does a doctor examine the small intestine with the capsule? Single View Dual View (MultiView) QuadView Mosaic View
- 19. A secret----doctors like movies!
- 20. FICE: Flexible spectral Intelligent Color Enhancement
- 21. A teenager’s idea of capsule endoscopy
- 24. Crohn’s Disease
- 25. Celiac Disease (allergy to gluten) Celiac disease is a complicated disease that takes on average 11 years to diagnose
- 27. A Capsule finding a tumor
- 28. Showing soon at a theatre near you…
- 29. As Captain Kirk would say, “to boldly go where no one has gone before”…the Final Frontier….. (For those who don’t look forward to their colonoscopies)
- 30. Colonoscopy images The “Colon Capsule” PillCam COLON images PillCam™ COLON is not cleared for marketing or available for commercial distribution in the USA [510(k) pending]. This presentation is for educational purposes only .
- 31. The final frontiers????? The Colon Capsule--- coming very soon Capsules that we drive---soon Capsules that take biopsies---soon Capsules that treat diseases---soon … .and Capsules your grandchildren will discover (things we can hardly imagine possible!!!)
- 32. Thank you
Editor's Notes
- .
- Review of small bowel capsule specifications.
- Given Imaging is a great Diagnostic Platform. We can now offer you two capsules: PillCam SB and PillCam ESO . The workstation consists of a data recorder and charger, sensory arrays (8 leads for SB, and/or 3 leads for ESO), a flat screen monitor, and a computer workstation with the latest RAPID 4 application software.