This study investigated how the overgrowth of the hydrocoral Millepora complanata by the crustose alga Ramicrusta sp. impacted reef fish assemblages in Lac Bay, Bonaire. The author observed 170 M. complanata heads and found 88% were covered by Ramicrusta to varying degrees. Fish abundance was significantly higher on M. complanata with low (0-25%) Ramicrusta coverage compared to high (26-100%) coverage. However, fish diversity did not significantly differ along the Ramicrusta gradient. Additionally, larger M. complanata heads tended to have higher Ramicrusta coverage but similar structural complexity, suggesting fishes could
Barnes june 2010 cws beaver presentation compcposton
ODFW recognizes the ecological benefits beavers provide and their importance to fish recovery efforts. Their mission is to protect wildlife like beavers and their habitats. While some beaver activity causes damage, ODFW encourages coexistence through voluntary conservation and addressing problems in ways that allow beavers to remain. ODFW manages beavers as furbearers and considers trapping an acceptable harvest method, but also recognizes lethal control may be needed on private lands where beavers cause hardship.
This document discusses the threats to global freshwater fish biodiversity and how the biogeography of freshwater fishes has changed due to human activities. It notes that over a third of freshwater fish species are threatened with extinction due to habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, invasive species, and climate change. Historically, river basins formed isolated areas for fish populations but humans have increased connectivity through activities like shipping, bait bucket releases, and transport of fish for sport fishing and aquaculture. This has challenged conservation efforts by changing the historical biogeography of native fishes through invasions. Ecologists now need to reconcile native fish distributions with expanding invasive species to effectively conserve freshwater fish diversity.
2011 nutrient enrichment caused by marine cageearambulm3
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the influence of marine cage aquaculture on coral reef communities in turbid waters near Penghu Islands, Taiwan. The study found that levels of ammonium, nitrite, and chlorophyll a released from fish cages distinguished the area closest to the cages (Impact Zone 1) from areas further away (Impact Zone 2 and the reference zone). Coral communities closest to the cages were dominated by stress-tolerant coral species while areas further away supported more diverse coral morphologies. The results suggest that nutrient enrichment from the fish cages is deteriorating suitable habitat for coral reef organisms at the study site.
The document summarizes a study on the abundance of commercial bivalves collected in Zone 6, Brgy. Bula, General Santos City, Philippines in 2009. The study aimed to determine the abundance index and identify species of bivalves present, measure physico-chemical water properties, and assess seagrass abundance. Gleaners collected bivalves daily which were monitored for 20 days. Water samples were taken during full and new moons to measure temperature, salinity, and total suspended solids. Seagrass cover was assessed using transects and quadrats. Statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA was conducted to determine differences in bivalve numbers collected over time and between species.
Freshwater protected areas and defining a conservation blueprint for desert f...University of Washington
This document summarizes a study that aimed to identify priority areas for conserving freshwater fish diversity in the Lower Colorado River Basin. The study developed species distribution models for 40 native and non-native fish species. Using these models and metrics of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity, a conservation prioritization algorithm identified the top conservation priorities. The study found opportunities for conservation but also trade-offs between different diversity targets and challenges from contemporary and future threats.
The Riverhead Foundation is a marine conservation organization that performs necropsies on sea turtles and marine mammals to further their understanding of threats to these species and educate the public. The document describes the objectives and findings of an internship where the author observed necropsies on 36 sea turtles and recorded data on cause of death and biological characteristics. Major threats identified were boat strikes and plastic ingestion. The necropsy data collected will help the Foundation in their conservation efforts of at-risk sea turtle species in the New York area.
This document analyzes sea turtle strandings in Louisiana over an eight year period from 2002 to 2009. A total of 163 sea turtles from 5 different species were recorded as strandings, with concentrations primarily in the Lake Charles area and along Grande Isle and Grand Terre. Strandings peaked in late April through early June and again in early October through mid-November, overlapping with periods of recreational boating and open fisheries seasons for menhaden and shrimp. About 23% of turtles showed obvious strike marks. A chi-squared test found a statistically significant association between strandings and open fisheries seasons, though this does not imply fishing caused the observed morbidity and mortality.
Barnes june 2010 cws beaver presentation compcposton
ODFW recognizes the ecological benefits beavers provide and their importance to fish recovery efforts. Their mission is to protect wildlife like beavers and their habitats. While some beaver activity causes damage, ODFW encourages coexistence through voluntary conservation and addressing problems in ways that allow beavers to remain. ODFW manages beavers as furbearers and considers trapping an acceptable harvest method, but also recognizes lethal control may be needed on private lands where beavers cause hardship.
This document discusses the threats to global freshwater fish biodiversity and how the biogeography of freshwater fishes has changed due to human activities. It notes that over a third of freshwater fish species are threatened with extinction due to habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, invasive species, and climate change. Historically, river basins formed isolated areas for fish populations but humans have increased connectivity through activities like shipping, bait bucket releases, and transport of fish for sport fishing and aquaculture. This has challenged conservation efforts by changing the historical biogeography of native fishes through invasions. Ecologists now need to reconcile native fish distributions with expanding invasive species to effectively conserve freshwater fish diversity.
2011 nutrient enrichment caused by marine cageearambulm3
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the influence of marine cage aquaculture on coral reef communities in turbid waters near Penghu Islands, Taiwan. The study found that levels of ammonium, nitrite, and chlorophyll a released from fish cages distinguished the area closest to the cages (Impact Zone 1) from areas further away (Impact Zone 2 and the reference zone). Coral communities closest to the cages were dominated by stress-tolerant coral species while areas further away supported more diverse coral morphologies. The results suggest that nutrient enrichment from the fish cages is deteriorating suitable habitat for coral reef organisms at the study site.
The document summarizes a study on the abundance of commercial bivalves collected in Zone 6, Brgy. Bula, General Santos City, Philippines in 2009. The study aimed to determine the abundance index and identify species of bivalves present, measure physico-chemical water properties, and assess seagrass abundance. Gleaners collected bivalves daily which were monitored for 20 days. Water samples were taken during full and new moons to measure temperature, salinity, and total suspended solids. Seagrass cover was assessed using transects and quadrats. Statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA was conducted to determine differences in bivalve numbers collected over time and between species.
Freshwater protected areas and defining a conservation blueprint for desert f...University of Washington
This document summarizes a study that aimed to identify priority areas for conserving freshwater fish diversity in the Lower Colorado River Basin. The study developed species distribution models for 40 native and non-native fish species. Using these models and metrics of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity, a conservation prioritization algorithm identified the top conservation priorities. The study found opportunities for conservation but also trade-offs between different diversity targets and challenges from contemporary and future threats.
The Riverhead Foundation is a marine conservation organization that performs necropsies on sea turtles and marine mammals to further their understanding of threats to these species and educate the public. The document describes the objectives and findings of an internship where the author observed necropsies on 36 sea turtles and recorded data on cause of death and biological characteristics. Major threats identified were boat strikes and plastic ingestion. The necropsy data collected will help the Foundation in their conservation efforts of at-risk sea turtle species in the New York area.
This document analyzes sea turtle strandings in Louisiana over an eight year period from 2002 to 2009. A total of 163 sea turtles from 5 different species were recorded as strandings, with concentrations primarily in the Lake Charles area and along Grande Isle and Grand Terre. Strandings peaked in late April through early June and again in early October through mid-November, overlapping with periods of recreational boating and open fisheries seasons for menhaden and shrimp. About 23% of turtles showed obvious strike marks. A chi-squared test found a statistically significant association between strandings and open fisheries seasons, though this does not imply fishing caused the observed morbidity and mortality.
The document discusses several research projects related to biology and environmental science. It provides brief descriptions of each project's objectives, including examining genetic structure of dolphin populations impacted by fisheries, quantifying growth and survival of corals on high-latitude reefs, understanding symbiotic relationships between legume plants and rhizobia bacteria, using RNAi to silence genes in green peach aphids, assessing abundance and connectivity of dolphin populations in Western Australia, investigating bat and vegetation succession in restored mine sites, analyzing microbial communities associated with corals, and more.
The document discusses the concept of "trophic downgrading", which refers to the ecological consequences of removing large apex consumers from ecosystems. It outlines three main ecological theories that provide context: trophic cascades propagated through food webs by consumers, alternative stable states in ecosystems, and connectivity between species through interaction webs. Examples are given of how the absence of apex predators can indirectly impact disease prevalence, carbon sequestration, invasive species, and other ecosystem functions and services. The conclusion is that disruptions to trophic cascades from declining predation threaten biodiversity, and restoration of predation regimes may help address these issues.
1. The document analyzes the impact of large woody debris (LWD) on populations of Chironomidae larvae, an important food source for juvenile salmonids, at Spencer Island in Everett, WA.
2. The author hypothesizes that sampling near LWD structures will yield greater numbers of Chironomidae larvae than samples taken farther from LWD, since LWD provides prime habitat.
3. Spencer Island plays an important ecological role as estuarine habitat for juvenile salmonids and waterfowl, making it a useful study site for analyzing the relationship between LWD and invertebrate communities that support fish.
Bacterial associations with the hydromedusa Nemopsis bachei and scyphomedusa ...Meaghan Daley
This document describes a study comparing the bacterial communities associated with two jellyfish species, Nemopsis bachei and Aurelia aurita, collected from coastal waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bacterial communities associated with each jellyfish species were distinct from surrounding seawater communities and from each other. N. bachei hosted Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Alphaproteobacteria, including potential symbionts like Tenacibaculum sp. A. aurita hosted potential symbionts from the order Mycoplasmatales and more unclassified bacteria and Cyanobacteria. The results suggest different jellyfish species in the North Atlantic promote growth of distinct microbial communities and could differentially impact bioge
This document summarizes efforts to evaluate biodiversity in the Salish Sea at the population level. It describes studying the genetic structure of populations to better understand how different populations may respond differently to environmental changes. Examples discussed include studying eelgrass and Olympia oyster populations to inform conservation efforts, and chum salmon populations to inform management. The document also describes a project using Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures to study cryptic and understudied species diversity at different sites, finding varying numbers of species and individuals across sites. Studying population diversity is important for conservation, management and education.
The CARCACE project deepwater platforms - modular designs for in situ experim...Ædel Aerospace GmbH
This document describes the CARCACE project which aims to study ecosystems created by large organic falls in the deep Atlantic Ocean. The project involves deploying cow carcasses at 1000m depth in the Setubal Canyon and Azores to study community succession over time. New platform designs were developed to deploy and monitor the carcasses, including a floating platform and reinforced concrete platform anchored to the seafloor. The concrete platform was deployed in March 2011 to begin the first experiment of the CARCACE project.
This document provides information about the 9th International Conference on Marine Bioinvasions held in Sydney, Australia in 2016. It includes the conference abstract book, which lists over 70 abstracts submitted for the conference. It also provides details on the conference organizing committees, sponsors, and hosts. The abstracts cover a wide range of topics related to marine bioinvasions, including invasive species distributions, impacts, management strategies, and risk assessment tools.
The document proposes transforming the unused ocean tank at Biosphere 2 into "The Desert Sea" - a living model of the Gulf of California highlighting the rich ecology and connection between the desert and sea. The Desert Sea would house diverse Gulf species and serve as a site for cutting-edge marine research while educating visitors. It describes plans to construct habitats like tidepools and a mangrove forest to build biological complexity. The project aims to understand how diversity develops and resilience to environmental change.
Z & edwards (2011) extinction of a shark population in the archipelago of sai...Projeto Golfinho Rotador
This document discusses the extinction of reef sharks (Carcharhinus spp.) from the remote Archipelago of Saint Paul's Rocks in the equatorial Atlantic. The authors review historical records from visits to the archipelago dating back to the mid-20th century, which consistently noted the presence of many sharks. However, more recent expeditions in the last decade have found no reef sharks despite extensive underwater surveys. All analyses conclude that one species, Carcharhinus galapagensis, is now locally extinct at the archipelago following a sharp decline after the start of commercial fishing in the 1950s. The related species Carcharhinus falciformis may still occasionally visit but no longer has a resident population due to
This document summarizes restrictions on sharing and distributing an article from a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy of the article is for the author's internal non-commercial use, including for instruction and sharing with colleagues. Other uses like reproduction, distribution, selling copies, or posting to websites are prohibited without permission. Authors are generally allowed to post their version of the article to their personal or institutional websites or repositories. The document provides a link for authors to get more information on Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies.
MW Langdon PhD Thesis_The Ecology of the grazing urchin Echinometra mathaei a...Mark Langdon
This PhD thesis investigated the ecology of the grazing sea urchin Echinometra mathaei at Ningaloo Marine Park in Western Australia. The author characterized coral reef habitats using field surveys and validation of habitat maps. Habitat type was found to have a major influence on urchin distribution, with higher densities in nearshore and lagoonal reefs compared to other habitats. Grazing and bioerosion studies showed that while urchin grazing plays an important ecological role, bioerosion may be more influential in structuring coral reef communities at Ningaloo. Urchin behavior experiments revealed that E. mathaei "gardens" algae within burrows at night and shelters during the day
This study examined abiotic and biotic factors in mangrove creeks on Eleuthera, Bahamas to determine ideal nursery habitats for inclusion in marine protected areas. Fish abundance and diversity were used to assess nursery quality. Larger creek mouth widths correlated with higher fish diversity but lower abundance, possibly due to increased predation. Contrary to hypotheses, prop root density did not affect nursery quality. All creeks provided similar nursery functions due to limited disturbances. Protecting these critical habitats is important for sustaining fish populations.
Sustainable Design Through Oyster Reef RestorationKayla Kernich
Oyster reefs are important for coastal ecosystems but have declined globally by 85% due to overharvesting. This document details a project that designed and tested biologically compatible structures made of crab trap wire to provide substrate for oyster spat attachment and reef restoration. The objectives were to design configurations of crab trap wire, implement prototypes, and study their ecological compatibility and stability. Prototypes included cylinders, mobius strips, sloped rectangles, and permeable pavement treatments. The structures aim to rebuild oyster reef populations and protect coastal shorelines in the ACE Basin region.
This study examined drought tolerance in four riparian tree species in the Western Cape Province of South Africa by measuring their vulnerability to cavitation across streams with different hydrologic regimes. As expected, decreasing streamflow resulted in lower predawn and mid-day xylem water potential for all species. Species identified in previous studies as having broad distributions, such as Metrosideros angustifolia and Brabejum stellatifolium, sustained greater decreases in mid-day xylem water potential and were less vulnerable to cavitation than Rapanea melanophloeos or Brachylaena neriifolia, species with more restricted distributions. These results provide preliminary evidence that considering drought tolerance may help refine
This dissertation examines reef fish communities associated with mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) between 40-70 meters deep off La Parguera, Puerto Rico. 103 fish species from 6 locations were identified through surveys. The MCE fish assemblage differed from shallow reefs with varying composition, abundance, and trophic guild proportions with depth. Most fishes were shallow species, but some were restricted to mesophotic depths. Abundance and species richness were high within MCEs. Zooplanktivores dominated MCEs while herbivores dominated shallow reefs. Connectivity between shallow and deep habitats was significant in both directions for some species. Topographic complexity was found to be an important factor
1) The document evaluates the management effectiveness of the National Natural Park Rosario and San Bernardo Corals marine protected area in Colombia using biological, socioeconomic, and governance indicators.
2) Biological surveys found low coral cover and fish diversity/abundance both inside and outside the MPA, suggesting limited effectiveness of current management. The reefs also showed signs of degradation.
3) Socioeconomic and governance analyses revealed low incomes for local communities, few opportunities, weak governance, and overexploitation of resources inside the MPA. This reflected low adaptive capacity to comply with conservation rules.
This report summarizes a 7-year study of the nearshore fish fauna in Bonne Bay, Newfoundland from 2002-2008. 31 fish species from 17 families were documented. Both juvenile and adult Atlantic cod were present, suggesting a local "bay cod" population. Acadian redfish and striped wolfish, a species protected under Canadian law, also inhabit the bay. Fish assemblages varied between different benthic habitats. The study provides a baseline for conservation efforts in the nationally protected bay, which supports diverse fish communities and species.
This project examined how beach sand composition and tide levels affect the size and age distribution of butter clams. Samples were taken from beaches with varying elevations and sieved to determine sand composition. Statistical analysis found significant differences in clam age and size based on tide level, but not sand composition. The oldest clams were found at higher tide levels, while the youngest were at extreme high and low levels. This data on clam habitat requirements can inform sustainable harvest and farming strategies.
Sharks are top predators, but little was known about bonnethead sharks' feeding ecology in Tampa Bay. The author studied the diets of 13 bonnethead sharks captured in Tampa Bay. The study found the main dietary components were blue crab, common spider crab, and seagrass, with seagrass having the highest index of relative importance. While seagrass made up most of the diets numerically, it is unclear if bonnetheads actively forage seagrass. More research with larger sample sizes is needed to better understand bonnethead feeding ecology in Tampa Bay and determine if environmental changes have impacted their diets.
This document outlines a proposed study examining the effects of increased temperature and changes to hydroperiod on California vernal pool communities. The study will use mesocosms to simulate vernal pools under different temperature and hydroperiod treatments. It is hypothesized that increased temperature and shorter/later hydroperiods will decrease macroinvertebrate and zooplankton diversity. The experimental design involves warming mesocosms and manipulating hydroperiod timing and duration. Communities will be sampled biweekly and analyzed to understand impacts of climate change on these temporary freshwater ecosystems.
ANALISIS Y DISCUSION DE CASOS DE PROSTITUCION TARAPOTO - SAN MARTINChristian Garcia
La prostitución se da en ambos sexos y los servicios pueden ser heterosexuales u homosexuales, aunque a lo largo de la historia esta actividad ha sido protagonizada preferentemente por mujeres (con clientes masculinos), lo que refleja la dependencia socioeconómica tradicional de la mujer y la tendencia a explotar la sexualidad femenina.
https://www.fanpicks.com/
Fanpicks is a game changing online daily fantasy sports betting site that brings on board an ingenious model that allows a fantasy sports team manager to bet on their favorite sports just like they would on conventional sports sites.
The document discusses several research projects related to biology and environmental science. It provides brief descriptions of each project's objectives, including examining genetic structure of dolphin populations impacted by fisheries, quantifying growth and survival of corals on high-latitude reefs, understanding symbiotic relationships between legume plants and rhizobia bacteria, using RNAi to silence genes in green peach aphids, assessing abundance and connectivity of dolphin populations in Western Australia, investigating bat and vegetation succession in restored mine sites, analyzing microbial communities associated with corals, and more.
The document discusses the concept of "trophic downgrading", which refers to the ecological consequences of removing large apex consumers from ecosystems. It outlines three main ecological theories that provide context: trophic cascades propagated through food webs by consumers, alternative stable states in ecosystems, and connectivity between species through interaction webs. Examples are given of how the absence of apex predators can indirectly impact disease prevalence, carbon sequestration, invasive species, and other ecosystem functions and services. The conclusion is that disruptions to trophic cascades from declining predation threaten biodiversity, and restoration of predation regimes may help address these issues.
1. The document analyzes the impact of large woody debris (LWD) on populations of Chironomidae larvae, an important food source for juvenile salmonids, at Spencer Island in Everett, WA.
2. The author hypothesizes that sampling near LWD structures will yield greater numbers of Chironomidae larvae than samples taken farther from LWD, since LWD provides prime habitat.
3. Spencer Island plays an important ecological role as estuarine habitat for juvenile salmonids and waterfowl, making it a useful study site for analyzing the relationship between LWD and invertebrate communities that support fish.
Bacterial associations with the hydromedusa Nemopsis bachei and scyphomedusa ...Meaghan Daley
This document describes a study comparing the bacterial communities associated with two jellyfish species, Nemopsis bachei and Aurelia aurita, collected from coastal waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bacterial communities associated with each jellyfish species were distinct from surrounding seawater communities and from each other. N. bachei hosted Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Alphaproteobacteria, including potential symbionts like Tenacibaculum sp. A. aurita hosted potential symbionts from the order Mycoplasmatales and more unclassified bacteria and Cyanobacteria. The results suggest different jellyfish species in the North Atlantic promote growth of distinct microbial communities and could differentially impact bioge
This document summarizes efforts to evaluate biodiversity in the Salish Sea at the population level. It describes studying the genetic structure of populations to better understand how different populations may respond differently to environmental changes. Examples discussed include studying eelgrass and Olympia oyster populations to inform conservation efforts, and chum salmon populations to inform management. The document also describes a project using Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures to study cryptic and understudied species diversity at different sites, finding varying numbers of species and individuals across sites. Studying population diversity is important for conservation, management and education.
The CARCACE project deepwater platforms - modular designs for in situ experim...Ædel Aerospace GmbH
This document describes the CARCACE project which aims to study ecosystems created by large organic falls in the deep Atlantic Ocean. The project involves deploying cow carcasses at 1000m depth in the Setubal Canyon and Azores to study community succession over time. New platform designs were developed to deploy and monitor the carcasses, including a floating platform and reinforced concrete platform anchored to the seafloor. The concrete platform was deployed in March 2011 to begin the first experiment of the CARCACE project.
This document provides information about the 9th International Conference on Marine Bioinvasions held in Sydney, Australia in 2016. It includes the conference abstract book, which lists over 70 abstracts submitted for the conference. It also provides details on the conference organizing committees, sponsors, and hosts. The abstracts cover a wide range of topics related to marine bioinvasions, including invasive species distributions, impacts, management strategies, and risk assessment tools.
The document proposes transforming the unused ocean tank at Biosphere 2 into "The Desert Sea" - a living model of the Gulf of California highlighting the rich ecology and connection between the desert and sea. The Desert Sea would house diverse Gulf species and serve as a site for cutting-edge marine research while educating visitors. It describes plans to construct habitats like tidepools and a mangrove forest to build biological complexity. The project aims to understand how diversity develops and resilience to environmental change.
Z & edwards (2011) extinction of a shark population in the archipelago of sai...Projeto Golfinho Rotador
This document discusses the extinction of reef sharks (Carcharhinus spp.) from the remote Archipelago of Saint Paul's Rocks in the equatorial Atlantic. The authors review historical records from visits to the archipelago dating back to the mid-20th century, which consistently noted the presence of many sharks. However, more recent expeditions in the last decade have found no reef sharks despite extensive underwater surveys. All analyses conclude that one species, Carcharhinus galapagensis, is now locally extinct at the archipelago following a sharp decline after the start of commercial fishing in the 1950s. The related species Carcharhinus falciformis may still occasionally visit but no longer has a resident population due to
This document summarizes restrictions on sharing and distributing an article from a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy of the article is for the author's internal non-commercial use, including for instruction and sharing with colleagues. Other uses like reproduction, distribution, selling copies, or posting to websites are prohibited without permission. Authors are generally allowed to post their version of the article to their personal or institutional websites or repositories. The document provides a link for authors to get more information on Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies.
MW Langdon PhD Thesis_The Ecology of the grazing urchin Echinometra mathaei a...Mark Langdon
This PhD thesis investigated the ecology of the grazing sea urchin Echinometra mathaei at Ningaloo Marine Park in Western Australia. The author characterized coral reef habitats using field surveys and validation of habitat maps. Habitat type was found to have a major influence on urchin distribution, with higher densities in nearshore and lagoonal reefs compared to other habitats. Grazing and bioerosion studies showed that while urchin grazing plays an important ecological role, bioerosion may be more influential in structuring coral reef communities at Ningaloo. Urchin behavior experiments revealed that E. mathaei "gardens" algae within burrows at night and shelters during the day
This study examined abiotic and biotic factors in mangrove creeks on Eleuthera, Bahamas to determine ideal nursery habitats for inclusion in marine protected areas. Fish abundance and diversity were used to assess nursery quality. Larger creek mouth widths correlated with higher fish diversity but lower abundance, possibly due to increased predation. Contrary to hypotheses, prop root density did not affect nursery quality. All creeks provided similar nursery functions due to limited disturbances. Protecting these critical habitats is important for sustaining fish populations.
Sustainable Design Through Oyster Reef RestorationKayla Kernich
Oyster reefs are important for coastal ecosystems but have declined globally by 85% due to overharvesting. This document details a project that designed and tested biologically compatible structures made of crab trap wire to provide substrate for oyster spat attachment and reef restoration. The objectives were to design configurations of crab trap wire, implement prototypes, and study their ecological compatibility and stability. Prototypes included cylinders, mobius strips, sloped rectangles, and permeable pavement treatments. The structures aim to rebuild oyster reef populations and protect coastal shorelines in the ACE Basin region.
This study examined drought tolerance in four riparian tree species in the Western Cape Province of South Africa by measuring their vulnerability to cavitation across streams with different hydrologic regimes. As expected, decreasing streamflow resulted in lower predawn and mid-day xylem water potential for all species. Species identified in previous studies as having broad distributions, such as Metrosideros angustifolia and Brabejum stellatifolium, sustained greater decreases in mid-day xylem water potential and were less vulnerable to cavitation than Rapanea melanophloeos or Brachylaena neriifolia, species with more restricted distributions. These results provide preliminary evidence that considering drought tolerance may help refine
This dissertation examines reef fish communities associated with mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) between 40-70 meters deep off La Parguera, Puerto Rico. 103 fish species from 6 locations were identified through surveys. The MCE fish assemblage differed from shallow reefs with varying composition, abundance, and trophic guild proportions with depth. Most fishes were shallow species, but some were restricted to mesophotic depths. Abundance and species richness were high within MCEs. Zooplanktivores dominated MCEs while herbivores dominated shallow reefs. Connectivity between shallow and deep habitats was significant in both directions for some species. Topographic complexity was found to be an important factor
1) The document evaluates the management effectiveness of the National Natural Park Rosario and San Bernardo Corals marine protected area in Colombia using biological, socioeconomic, and governance indicators.
2) Biological surveys found low coral cover and fish diversity/abundance both inside and outside the MPA, suggesting limited effectiveness of current management. The reefs also showed signs of degradation.
3) Socioeconomic and governance analyses revealed low incomes for local communities, few opportunities, weak governance, and overexploitation of resources inside the MPA. This reflected low adaptive capacity to comply with conservation rules.
This report summarizes a 7-year study of the nearshore fish fauna in Bonne Bay, Newfoundland from 2002-2008. 31 fish species from 17 families were documented. Both juvenile and adult Atlantic cod were present, suggesting a local "bay cod" population. Acadian redfish and striped wolfish, a species protected under Canadian law, also inhabit the bay. Fish assemblages varied between different benthic habitats. The study provides a baseline for conservation efforts in the nationally protected bay, which supports diverse fish communities and species.
This project examined how beach sand composition and tide levels affect the size and age distribution of butter clams. Samples were taken from beaches with varying elevations and sieved to determine sand composition. Statistical analysis found significant differences in clam age and size based on tide level, but not sand composition. The oldest clams were found at higher tide levels, while the youngest were at extreme high and low levels. This data on clam habitat requirements can inform sustainable harvest and farming strategies.
Sharks are top predators, but little was known about bonnethead sharks' feeding ecology in Tampa Bay. The author studied the diets of 13 bonnethead sharks captured in Tampa Bay. The study found the main dietary components were blue crab, common spider crab, and seagrass, with seagrass having the highest index of relative importance. While seagrass made up most of the diets numerically, it is unclear if bonnetheads actively forage seagrass. More research with larger sample sizes is needed to better understand bonnethead feeding ecology in Tampa Bay and determine if environmental changes have impacted their diets.
This document outlines a proposed study examining the effects of increased temperature and changes to hydroperiod on California vernal pool communities. The study will use mesocosms to simulate vernal pools under different temperature and hydroperiod treatments. It is hypothesized that increased temperature and shorter/later hydroperiods will decrease macroinvertebrate and zooplankton diversity. The experimental design involves warming mesocosms and manipulating hydroperiod timing and duration. Communities will be sampled biweekly and analyzed to understand impacts of climate change on these temporary freshwater ecosystems.
ANALISIS Y DISCUSION DE CASOS DE PROSTITUCION TARAPOTO - SAN MARTINChristian Garcia
La prostitución se da en ambos sexos y los servicios pueden ser heterosexuales u homosexuales, aunque a lo largo de la historia esta actividad ha sido protagonizada preferentemente por mujeres (con clientes masculinos), lo que refleja la dependencia socioeconómica tradicional de la mujer y la tendencia a explotar la sexualidad femenina.
https://www.fanpicks.com/
Fanpicks is a game changing online daily fantasy sports betting site that brings on board an ingenious model that allows a fantasy sports team manager to bet on their favorite sports just like they would on conventional sports sites.
The document discusses workers organizing to demand better conditions from factory owners. The workers wanted less and more controlled work hours as well as higher wages as the current conditions were unhealthy, uncontrolled, and very dangerous. The factory owners did not want government interference and initially made trade unions illegal, but a new law was passed allowing trade unions to form under strict government controls.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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God tests those who want to follow and serve Him genuinely to see if they will continue when no one is watching. God desires disciples who will rely on Him and endure challenges while focusing on Jesus. Many preach a prosperity gospel focused on material wealth, but God wants us to be satisfied looking to Him for provision. True servants of God will be content, lay up treasures in heaven through advancing God's kingdom, and endure temptation to receive eternal reward.
Este documento describe diferentes herramientas telemáticas como el chat, correo electrónico y videoconferencia. El chat permite la comunicación escrita en tiempo real entre dos o más personas a través de Internet. El correo electrónico permite el envío y recepción de mensajes electrónicos entre cuentas de correo con acceso a Internet. La videoconferencia permite reunir a personas distantes a través de cámaras web como si estuvieran en el mismo lugar.
La herramienta telemática es una ciencia que combina las telecomunicaciones y la informática para permitir la comunicación, investigación y socialización de contenido entre personas a través de dispositivos electrónicos. Algunos ejemplos son el chat, que permite la comunicación escrita en tiempo real a través de Internet; el correo electrónico, que permite el envío y recepción de mensajes electrónicos entre dos o más cuentas de correo; y la videoconferencia, que establece encuentros a distancia entre personas ubicadas en lugares diferentes como si estuv
La Navidad es una tradición que representa diferentes cosas para diferentes personas, como el nacimiento de Jesús, tiempo en familia, o vacaciones. Sin embargo, el verdadero significado es aprovechar este tiempo para reflexionar, mejorar como personas, acercarse a los seres queridos, y compartir la alegría con la comunidad. La Navidad también es una oportunidad para dar y recibir amor y esperanza.
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2.
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF
AnnaRose Adams for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in BioResource Research
presented on March 17, 2011. Title: Response of reef fish assemblages to overgrowth of the
hydrocoral Millepora complanata by the crustose alga Ramicrusta sp.
Abstract approved: ____________________________________________________________
Mark Hixon
Natural disturbances and human activities can alter the benthic composition of coral reefs and
other marine ecosystems. Reef fishes that associate with particular structures on the sea floor,
such as coral heads, may be vulnerable to perturbations of those habitats. The spread of a newly
discovered crustose alga (Ramicrusta sp.) on coral reefs in Lac Bay, Bonaire, has shifted the
dominant coral benthos to a crust-covered seascape, posing a potential threat to habitat
availability for the local reef-fish community. This study investigated the response of fish
assemblages to Ramicrusta overgrowth of the hydrozoan fire coral Millepora complanata. I
conducted visual surveys by snorkel throughout the back reef of the bay which assessed fish
abundance and family diversity with respect to a gradient of Ramicrusta overgrowth of M.
complanata. Of 170 observed heads of M. complanata, 88% were covered with varying degrees
of Ramicrusta. Fish abundance differed significantly between high (26-100%) and low (0-25%)
levels of overgrowth, yet this trend was likely influenced by larger heads of M. complanata
having higher levels of Ramicrusta coverage. Differences in fish family diversity along a
gradient of Ramicrusta coverage of M. complanata were not statistically significant. Field
observations suggest the presence of Ramicrusta does not have a substantial impact on the
structural complexity of M. complanata. Little change in habitat complexity suggests that fishes
are capable of using M. complanata as habitat regardless of the extent of Ramicrusta overgrowth.
Keywords: coral reefs, community ecology, diversity, Ramicrusta sp.
Corresponding e-mail address: adamsan@onid.orst.edu
4.
Response of reef fish assemblages to overgrowth of the hydrocoral
Millepora complanata by the crustose alga Ramicrusta sp.
by
AnnaRose Adams
A PROJECT
submitted to
Oregon State University
University Honors College
In partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
degree of
Honors Baccalaureate of Science in BioResource Research (Honors Associate),
Option Sustainable Ecosystems
Presented March 17, 2011
Commencement June 2011
5.
Honors Baccalaureate of Science in BioResource Research project of AnnaRose Adams
presented on March 17, 2011.
APPROVED:
______________________________________________________________________________
Mark Hixon, Mentor, representing Zoology
______________________________________________________________________________
Selina Heppell, Committee Member, representing Fisheries and Wildlife
______________________________________________________________________________
Scott Heppell, Committee Member, representing Fisheries and Wildlife
______________________________________________________________________________
Katharine Field, Director, Department of BioResource Research
______________________________________________________________________________
Daniel Arp, Dean, University Honors College
I understand my project will become part of the permanent collect of Oregon State University,
University Honors College, and will become part of the Scholars Archive collection for
BioResource Research. My signature below authorizes release of my project to any reader upon
request.
______________________________________________________________________________
AnnaRose Adams, Author
6.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude for the guidance of my
mentor, Dr. Mark Hixon. His continual support, belief in my endeavors, and constructive
feedback was crucial to my success in completing my thesis. Second, I want to recognize my
other committee members, Dr. Selina Heppell, Dr. Scott Heppell, and Dr. Katharine Field for
their assistance, advice, and encouragement. I feel incredibly fortunate that all of the members of
my committee were willing to dedicate a portion of their time to oversee my research. I am
indebted to their flexibility to adapt to the challenges I encountered.
While I was in Bonaire, my research would have not been possible without the help of
the staff of the Council on International Education Exchange Research Station Bonaire and my
fellow study abroad students. I am grateful for my resident research advisor, Dr. Rita Peachey,
for providing insight and critical feedback to my work. Mary Allen, Sarah Hogan, and Alex
Leman-Lawrie were invaluable for their logistical support. Thomas Stabler was immensely
helpful for his assistance with data collection and comic relief when things went wrong in the
field. Lastly, I would like to thank Paul Patitsas for his critique, encouragement, and friendship.
His support was critical to the completion of my research and enduring through the challenges
we encountered.
Finally, I am incredibly thankful for the loving support of my academic advisor, Wanda
Crannell. A superior woman with a caring heart, Wanda has been my cheerleader from the day I
transferred to Oregon State. Her never-waning support of my academic career has meant the
world to me. Every step of my journey, she was there to help me along. Through Wanda’s
encouragement, I have now completed two of my life goals: to study abroad and complete
original scientific research.
7.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………1
MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………………………………..5
Study Site……………………………………………………………………………..5
Observational Design…………………………………………………………………6
Data Analysis…………………………………………………………………………7
RESULTS…………………………………………………………………………………….8
Fish Abundance………………………………………………………………………9
Fish Diversity………………………………………………………………………...11
Influence of Millepora complanata Volume………………………………………...11
DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………………………..13
BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………………17
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………………….22
Appendix A…………………………………………………………………………..23
Appendix B…………………………………………………………………………..24
8.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Image of 13 transect sites (represented as thumbtacks) within Lac Bay, Bonaire
(Google Earth 2010). The reef crest is designated by the white line east of the
transect sites ………………………………………………………………………………..5
2. Frequency distribution of algal overgrowth categories for 170 heads of
M. complanata………………………………………………………………………………9
3. A) Abundance, B) richness, C) evenness, D) composite diversity (mean+ SEM) of fish
associated with M. complanata in Lac Bay, Bonaire, across a gradient of Ramicrusta
overgrowth. Difference in abundance between 0-25% and 26-100% overgrowth was
significant at p = 0.01 (**)…………………………………………………...…………….10
4. Comparison of Ramicrusta overgrowth categories and estimated Millepora
complanata volume (mean + SEM). Mean M. complanata volume was significantly
different between 0-25% Ramicrusta overgrowth and 26-100% overgrowth at
p<0.0001 (***)……………………………………………………………………………..12
5. Fish density (number of fish/L) with respect to Ramicrusta overgrowth categories………12
9.
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page
A. Table 1. Total number of fish counted in each observed fish family…………………….23
B. University Honors College Copyright Release Form…………………………………….24
10.
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to my family, Chris, Rosemary, and AmandaMarie Adams.
I would not be where I am today without your love and faith in who I am.
“For whatever we lose (like a you or a me)
it’s always ourselves we find in the sea”
- e.e. cummings
11. Response of reef fish assemblages to overgrowth of the hydrocoral Millepora complanata by
the crustose alga Ramicrusta sp.
Introduction
Habitat selection and the degree to which organisms associate with specific surroundings
strongly influences community structure (McPeek 1996; Morin 1999). The degree of habitat
association may affect competition (Schroder and Rosenzweig 1975; Grosberg 1981; Rodriguez
1995; Munday 2001), predation (Sih 1982; Beukers and Jones 1997; Heithaus and Dill 2002),
and access to prey (Sebens 1981; McIvor and Odum 1988; Halaj et al. 1998; Ward et al. 1998).
Organisms that closely associate with particular habitats are important to consider in
conservation management because such specialization may increase vulnerability to
environmental change (Munday 2004; Safi and Kerth 2004; Wilson et al. 2008). Dependence
upon a specific locale for survival can decrease the likelihood that an organism will adapt by
finding another suitable habitat if the original habitat deteriorates. In response to large
disturbances, substantial declines in habitat specialists have been documented in coral reef fishes
(Kokita and Nakazono 2001; Munday 2004; Prachett et al. 2004; Wilson et al. 2008), bats (Safi
and Kerth 2004), insects (Korkeamäki and Suhonen 2002) and mammals (Harcourt et al. 2002),
among others. Protecting the associated habitat of specialists is therefore crucial in conserving
the community structure of a given ecosystem.
In coral-reef ecosystems, fish assemblages are reliant upon seafloor organisms and
structures for their survival (Beukers and Jones 1997; Almany 2004). Benthic structural
complexity substantially affects the community structure of obligate coral-dwelling fishes
(Luckhurst and Luckhurst 1978; Munday et al. 1997; Friedlander and Parrish 1998; Bergman et
12.
2
al. 2000; Bozec et al. 2005; Gratwicke and Speight 2005; Wilson et al. 2010). Structurally
complex habitats, such as corals, provide a greater number of shelter sites for prey species
(Luckhurst and Luckhurst 1978; Hixon and Beets 1993; Friedlander and Parrish 1998) which can
decrease predation rates and increase the survivorship of fishes (Hixon 1991; Beukers and Jones
1997; Almany 2004). In addition to shelter, fishes may also depend upon reef-building
organisms for food. For example, abundance and species richness of corallivorous (coral-eating)
butterflyfish (Family Chaetodontidae) have been positively correlated with the abundance of live
coral (Bozec et al. 2005).
A prominent threat to the availability of habitat for reef fishes is overgrowth of corals by
macroalgae (seaweeds). In areas such as the Caribbean and Western Pacific, natural
disturbances, pollution, and overfishing have altered oceanic conditions to create a favorable
environment for algae to outcompete coral (Banner 1973; Maragos 1985; Hughes et al. 1987,
Hughes 1994; Stimson et al. 2001; Mosley and Aalsbersberg 2003; Paddack et al. 2009a). Over
time, algal overgrowth has lead to large declines in live coral cover, habitat complexity, and
benthic diversity throughout affected regions (Maragos 1985; Sebens 1994; McCook 1999;
Stimson et al. 2001; Alvarez-Filip et al. 2009). Most studies have focused on the response of fish
communities to coral bleaching (Kokita and Nakazono 2001; Jones et al. 2004; Munday 2004;
Wilson et al. 2008) or crown of thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) outbreaks (Munday et al.
1997; Wilson et al. 2008). Few studies have examined the response of fish-habitat associations to
algal overgrowth of corals (Feary et al. 2007). Better understanding of this response would help
managers and conservationists better determine the resilience of fish assemblages on algal-
dominated reefs.
13.
3
Within selected areas of the Caribbean, a new alga has been discovered to be
outcompeting coral for space. In Jamaica, a recently described crustose red alga, Ramicrusta
textilius, has been documented overgrowing coral (Pueschel and Saunders 2009). In Lac Bay,
Bonaire, an unidentified species of Ramicrusta (Ramicrusta sp.) has been found overgrowing 14
species of coral (Eckrich et al. in press). It is currently unknown whether this genus of algae is
native or invasive to the Caribbean. Ramicrusta nanhaiensis, a relative of R. textillius, originates
from the Pacific Ocean, opening the possibility that the Ramicrusta observed throughout the
Caribbean could be an invasive species (Pueschel and Saunders 2009). At the present time, no
data are available on the extent, causes, and effects of this algal genus overgrowing Caribbean
corals.
The ability of crustose algae to compete with coral for living space is currently poorly
understood. Naturalist descriptions by Finckh (1904) and van de Hoek (1969) provide evidence
that crustose algae can overgrow corals, inducing coral mortality. The presence of Ramicrusta
overgrowth in Jamaica and Bonaire demonstrates a need to understand competition between
crustose algae and corals, as well as the effects of this interaction on other species that rely upon
live coral. Overgrowth of coral reefs by Ramicrusta could potentially have harmful
consequences for reef communities, as previously documented in the Caribbean and Western
Pacific (Banner 1973; Maragos 1985; Hughes et al. 1987, Hughes 1994; Sebens 1994; McCook
1999; Stimson et al. 2001; Mosley and Aalsbersberg 2003; Paddack et al. 2009a).
The goal of this study was to examine the effects of Ramicrusta sp. overgrowth of coral
on associated fish assemblages. Reef fishes associated with the hydrozoan fire coral (Millepora
complanata) were observed over a gradient of Ramicrusta overgrowth of M. complanata in Lac
14.
4
Bay, Bonaire. Millepora complanata is a source of habitat structure for multiple Caribbean reef
fish species, most notably blennies (Family Blenniidae) (Nursall 1976) and damselfishes (Family
Pomacentridae) (Clarke 1977; Waldner and Robertson 1980). Millepora complanata is also a
structurally diverse coral (Clarke 1977), making it capable of supporting high abundance and
diversity of fishes (Friedlander and Parrish 1998).
I predicted that increases in Ramicrusta overgrowth of M. complanata would have
negative consequences on the abundance and diversity of associated reef-fish assemblages in Lac
Bay, Bonaire. Abundance and diversity were examined over a gradient of Ramicrusta
overgrowth, and all three components of diversity (richness, evenness, and composite diversity)
were measured at the family level (because identification to species was often unavailable). The
following specific hypotheses were tested:
H1: The abundance of nearby fish will decrease as the percent Ramicrusta overgrowth of
M. complanata increases.
H2: The family richness, evenness, and composite diversity of nearby fishes will decrease
as the percent Ramicrusta overgrowth of M. complanata increases.
15.
5
Materials and methods
Fig. 1 Image of 13 transect sites (represented as thumbtacks) within Lac Bay, Bonaire (Google
Earth 2010). The reef crest is designated by the white line to the east of the transect sites.
Study site
Lac Bay (12° 6' 4.18"N, 68°13' 33.01"W) is located on the windward (eastern) side of
Bonaire, a southern Caribbean island which lies 80 km off the coast of Venezuela (Fig. 1). The
back reef of the bay contains an abundance of the fire coral, Millepora complanata, near the reef
crest. Recently, Ramicrusta has been observed overgrowing M. complanata throughout the bay
(Eckrich et al. in press), making it the second area in the Caribbean where the presence of this
crustose alga has been documented.
16.
6
Observational design
A total of 13 transects were surveyed along the back reef of Lac Bay (Fig. 1). Transects
sites were chosen using Google Earth to locate 20 equidistant points (approximately 62 m apart)
125 m northwest of and parallel to the contour of the reef crest. Seven points located in sand
patches were subsequently disregarded, resulting in GPS starting coordinates for 13 transects.
During October 2010, surveys were conducted at the 13 transect sites. Data were
collected between the depths of 0.5 and 1.5 m during midday (0900 – 1400). At each site, a
single 2 m-wide visual belt transect (Brock 1954) was run by following a compass heading
toward and perpendicular to the reef crest (approximately 135o
). Each transect ended when wave
action was too rough to continue data collection (approximately 25-30 m from reef crest),
making each transect roughly 100 m in length.
Millepora complanata is abundant in the shallow waters of Lac Bay and is often found in
areas of intense wave action near the reef crest (Lewis 2006). Colonies are often densely packed
due to the high rate of survival for M. complanata fragments (Lewis 2006). A total of 170 coral
heads of M. complanata were randomly censused along the 13 transects. Random numbers
between 2 and 10 (k) were used to determine which heads were surveyed (every kth
head).
When an observer came within 1 m of a selected M. complanata, a 1-min period would
begin to allow fish to recover from any observer disturbances. During this time period,
volumetric dimensions of the coral (cm) and percent Ramicrusta overgrowth were estimated
visually. Percent algal overgrowth was scored as follows:
17.
7
0 = No Overgrowth (0%)
1 = Minimal Overgrowth (1-25%)
2 = Partial Overgrowth (26-50%)
3 = Moderate Overgrowth (51-75%)
4 = Maximum Overgrowth (76-100%)
After the 1-min recovery period, the number of fish in association with M. complanata
was recorded at the family level. This study assumed that fish associated with M. complanata
would live within close proximity of the coral. Therefore, fish association was consequently
defined as individuals within 0 to 40 cm of M. complananta. The number and family of fishes
were recorded from all sides and on top of each coral head.
Data analysis
Total fish abundance was tallied for each censused M. complanata and averaged within
algal overgrowth categories. Family richness was measured as the total number of families
identified at each M. complananta head. Composite diversity was calculated using the Shannon-
Wiener Diversity Index (Pielou 1966):
H’
= ∑ pi ln(pi)
where pi is the proportion of individuals observed within each family. Evenness was calculated
using the Shannon-Wiener Evenness Index (Pielou 1966):
E = H’/ ln(S)
18.
8
where S is family richness (number of families present).
Normality was tested for all four variables (abundance, richness, composite diversity, and
evenness) using Anderson-Darling tests. Because all data were not normally distributed, each
variable was tested for differences across algal overgrowth categories by one-way nonparametric
Kruskal-Wallis tests (α = 0.05). Differences among categories detected by Kruskal-Wallis tests
were followed by pairwise Mann-Whitney U-tests (α = 0.05).
The potential influence of M. complanata volume (estimated in L) on associated fish
assemblages was estimated through correlation analysis. Coral volume was correlated to fish
abundance and diversity (richness, evenness, and composite diversity). Differences in estimated
coral volume with respect to Ramicrusta overgrowth category were also examined through
Kruskal-Wallis tests (α = 0.05) followed by pairwise Mann-Whitney U-tests (α = 0.05). To
account for coral volume variability, fish density (fish/L) was calculated and compared among
overgrowth categories by Kruskal-Wallis tests (α = 0.05). All data analysis was completed using
Minitab®
Statistical Software (V.16).
Results
A total of 170 coral heads of Millepora complanata and 11 fish families were observed
across a spectrum of algal overgrowth categories ranging from 0 to 100% Ramicrusta cover.
Damselfish (Family Pomacentridae) and gobies (Family Gobiidae) were the most abundant fish
surveyed (n=199 and 129) (Appendix A). The majority (88%) of M. complanata observed
exhibited some degree of Ramicrusta overgrowth. The highest proportion (32%) of
19.
9
M. complanata was found to be maximally overgrown (76 – 100%) by Ramicrusta, and the
lowest proportion (15%) was observed within the no overgrowth category (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2 Frequency distribution of algal overgrowth categories for 170 heads of M. complanata.
Fish Abundance
Across the gradient of algal overgrowth, the abundance of fish increased from 0 to 75 %
Ramicrusta coverage (Fig. 3). At maximal overgrowth (76-100%), fish abundance declined to
values similar to those with no overgrowth (Fig. 3). Significant differences in abundance were
detectable among algal overgrowth categories (Kruskall-Wallis: χ
2
[4, n = 170] = 13.28, p=0.01).
Differences in the median abundance of fish were detected between 0 – 25% and 26% - 100%
Ramicrusta coverage (Mann-Whitney U-test: W=3007.5, two-sided p = 0.001). Coral heads 26 –
100% overgrown by Ramicrusta had 1 ± 1 (mean ± 95% CI) more fish present than coral heads 0
– 25% overgrown.
20.
10
Fig. 3 A) Abundance, B) richness, C) composite diversity, D) evenness (mean+ SEM) of fish
associated with M. complanata in Lac Bay, Bonaire, across a gradient of Ramicrusta
overgrowth. Difference in abundance between 0-25% and 26-100% overgrowth was significant
at p = 0.01 (**).
21.
11
Fish Diversity
Fish family richness, evenness, and composite diversity showed trends similar to fish
abundance. Mean values of all three measures generally increased from 0 to 75 % Ramicrusta
overgrowth, followed by a decline at maximal overgrowth (76-100%) (Fig. 3). Significant
differences in all three components of diversity were not detected among overgrowth categories
(Kruskall-Wallis: richness: χ
2
[4, n = 134] = 6.9, p=0.14; composite diversity: χ
2
[4, n = 134] =
5.9, p=0.21; evenness: χ
2
[4, n = 134] = 4.3, p=0.37).
Influence of Millepora complanata volume
Visual estimates of coral volume were positively correlated with fish abundance, but not
with fish diversity (Fig. 4). Abundance was moderately associated with the volume of M.
complanata (r=0.19, n=131, p <0.0001). While Pearson’s correlation coefficients detected a
positive relationship between fish diversity and volume, the correlations were not statistically
significant (richness: r=0.17, n=100, p= 0.094; composite diversity: r=0.15, n=100, p=0.14;
evenness: r=0.12, n=100, p=0.22).
Larger heads of M. complanata were observed more frequently at higher levels of
Ramicrusta overgrowth (Fig. 5). Mean coral volume was significantly different between
moderate to high levels of overgrowth (26-100 % Ramicrusta cover) and low levels of
overgrowth (0-25 % Ramicrusta cover) (Mann-Whitney U-test: W=962, two-sided p-value
<0.0001). M. complanata volume was estimated to be 58 ± 23 L (mean ± 95% CI) larger at 26-
100 % Ramicrusta overgrowth, than 0-25 % overgrowth. Increasing M. complanata volume was
also positively correlated with increasing Ramicrusta coverage (r=0.25, n=130, p=0.004).
22.
12
Fig. 4 Comparison of Ramicrusta overgrowth categories and estimated Millepora complanata
volume (mean + SEM). Mean M. complanata volume was significantly different between 0-25%
Ramicrusta overgrowth and 26-100% overgrowth at p<0.0001 (***).
Fish density was inversely associated with Ramicrusta overgrowth (Fig. 6). At coral
heads where Ramicrusta was not present, the greatest density of fish was observed (0.49 fish/L).
However, differences in fish density among algal overgrowth categories were not statistically
significant (Kruskall-Wallis: χ
2
[4, n = 130] = 1.67, p=0.80).
Fig. 5 Fish density (number of fish/L) with respect to Ramicrusta overgrowth categories.
23.
13
Discussion
The predicted decreases in fish abundance and diversity (family richness, evenness, and
composite diversity) with increasing Ramicrusta overgrowth were not evident in this study. High
variance was apparent among algal cover groups, indicating that larger sample sizes would be
required to detect whether statistically significant differences exist. Nonetheless, it was common
for all response variables to peak at moderate levels (51-75%) of overgrowth. If this trend
proved to be correct, then one interpretation would be that habitats which contain an even mix of
corals and crustose algae provide higher complexity than habitats dominated by either one.
Given that fish abundance and diversity tends to increase with habitat complexity (Friedlander
and Parrish 1998; Holbrook et al. 2002), this interpretation would explain the unimodal
relationship between Ramicrusta and measures of fish abundance and diversity. Alternatively,
additional factors not assessed in this study may be involved in structuring fish assemblages
associated with Millepora complanata. One such factor is the role of coral volume and structural
complexity on the number of fish and fish families.
The observational design of this study sampled M. complanata regardless of coral head
size or structural complexity. This constraint is problematic because it confounded my ability to
compare fish assemblages among coral heads of different physical characteristics. Corals that are
larger in volume tend to be significantly more structurally complex (Holbrook et al. 2002).
Increased structural complexity has been correlated with higher fish abundance and richness
(Friedlander and Parrish 1998; Holbrook et al. 2002), which is likely due to the increased
number of holes available for shelter (Hixon 1991; Hixon and Beets 1993; Friedlander and
Parrish 1998). Visual estimates of M. complanata volume completed throughout this study
24.
14
demonstrated a positive correlation with fish abundance (Fig. 4), which indicates that the size of
M. complanata may have influenced the composition of fish assemblages. An additional
confounding factor was that M. complanata heads that were minimally overgrown with
Ramicrusta were significantly smaller in volume, which could potentially account for the low
abundance and diversity of fishes observed in the 0% and 1-25% overgrowth categories.
Calculating fish density per unit volume of M. complanata accounted for the naturally
confounding pattern of Ramicrusta overgrowth increasing with coral head size. However, such
density comparisons among Ramicrusta overgrowth categories were statistically insignificant
(Fig. 5). If the observed trend of fish density varying inversely with Ramicrusta overgrowth was
nonetheless biologically real, then the implication would be that the presence of Ramicrusta on
M. complanata has a negative effect on reef-fish assemblages.
Nonetheless, structural complexity did not appear to differ between colonies of similar
size at different levels of overgrowth. In response to changes in seascape, substantial declines in
fish assemblages have been largely correlated with reduction of live coral cover and structural
complexity (Sano et al. 1984; Kokita and Nakazono 2001; Munday 2004; Pratchett et al. 2004;
Graham et al. 2006; Pratchett et al 2008; Wilson et al. 2008; Paddack et al. 2009a). However,
Wellington and Victor (1985) found that, in response to the 1982-1983 coral bleaching event
associated with El Niño, damselfish abundance was unaffected by declines in live coral cover.
This phenomenon was attributed to insignificant differences between the topographic complexity
of dead and live coral, implying that these fish use coral as habitat regardless whether it is living
or not (Wellington and Victor 1985). Given that damselfish were the most abundant family
observed in the present study (199 fish observed), it is likely that differences detected in fish
25.
15
assemblage characteristics were insignificant because structural complexity was similar between
M. complanata with high and low Ramicrusta overgrowth.
An additional factor in coral structural complexity is how long Ramicrusta has been
established on M. complanata. While this study did not examine the growth rates of Ramicrusta,
there is evidence that indicates the majority of M. complanata observed were recently
overgrown. Only one observed M. complanata was fully overgrown by Ramicrusta. Complete
overgrowth by algae induces coral mortality (McCook et al. 2001). Following their death, corals
become eroded by biological and physical processes, reducing their overall structural complexity
(Sano et al. 1984; Sheppard et al. 2002). Due to this phenomenon, it is difficult to identify M.
complanata that is completely overgrown in the field. Lac Bay contains large rubble fields which
are predominantly covered with Ramicrusta (personal observation). It is possible that these fields
could contain heads of M. complanata that have been eroded to a point where they are no longer
identifiable. Since this study focused on M. complanata that could be indentified visually, there
is potential for results to be skewed towards recent algal overgrowth. It is therefore possible that
prolonged and complete coverage of M. complanata by Ramicrusta could have a more
substantial effect on fishes associated with M. complanata.
The lack of statistical significance between fish assemblages and Ramicrusta overgrowth
of M. complanata does not necessarily negate the potential ecological importance of overgrowth.
Initial evidence for the minimal impact of recent Ramicrusta on structural complexity
corroborates the idea that changes in habitat complexity affect the structure fish assemblages
associated with M. complanata. While the impact of Ramicrusta on fish assemblages remains
unclear, this study confirms that the alga has a dominant presence overgrowing M. complanata
26.
16
communities. Much is still unknown about Ramicrusta and its ultimate direct and indirect effects
on coral-reef ecosystems.
27.
17
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APPENDIX A
Table 1. Total number of fish counted in each observed fish family.
Fish Family (common name) Number of Fish Observed
Pomacentridae (damselfishes) 199
Gobiidae (gobies) 129
Labridae (wrasses) 41
Blenniidae (blennies) 15
Scaridae (parrotfishes) 9
Acanthuridae (surgeonfishes) 4
Grammatidae (basslets) 2
Holocentridae (squirrelfishes) 1
Serranidae (groupers) 1
Lutjanidae (snappers) 1
Balistidae (triggerfishes) 1
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APPENDIX B
University Honors College Copyright Release Form
We are planning to release this Honors Thesis in one or more electronic forms. I grant the right
to publish my thesis entitled “Response of reef fish assemblages to overgrowth of the hydrocoral
Millepora complanata by the crustose alga Ramicrusta sp.,” in the Honors College OSU
Library’s Digital Repository (D-Space), and its employees the nonexclusive license to archive
and make accessible, under conditions specified below.
The right extends to any format in which this publication may appear, including but not limited
to print and electronic formats. Electronic formats include but are not limited to various
computer platforms, application data formats, and subsets of this publication.
I, as the Author, retain all other rights to my thesis, including the right to republish my thesis all
or part in other publications.
I certify that all aspects of my thesis which may be derivate have been properly cited, and I have
not plagiarized anyone else’s work. I further certify that I have proper permission to use any
cited work which is included in my thesis which exceeds the Fair Use Clause of the United
States Copyright Law, such as graphs or photographs borrow from other articles or persons.
Signature: __________________________________________
Printed Name: AnnaRose Adams
Date: March 17th
2010