Summary of latter papers Yamakita, T. and Miyashita, T. (2014). Landscape mosaicness in the ocean: its significance for biodiversity patterns in benthic organisms and fish. In Nakano, S.-I.et al., editors, Integrative Observations and Assessments (Ecological Research Monographs), pages 131-148. Springer Japan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54783-9_7 Yamakita T. 2016 Coastal biodiversity at the landscape level. Aquabiology Vol. 38, No. 6. 681-686 （海洋と生物227号2016年12月） http://aquabiology.blog93.fc2.com/blog-entry-196.html

1.  
Takehisa Yamakita
JAMSTEC
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54783-9_7
Yamakita T. 2016 Coastal biodiversity at the landscape level. Aquabiology Vol. 38, No. 6. 681-686
（海洋と生物227号2016年12月） http://aquabiology.blog93.fc2.com/blog-entry-196.html

2. Q：Whether mosaics of landscape indices
potentially useful for other ecosystems?
Additive effect on
o 1) benthic organisms
Syngeneic effect on
o 2)Tropical fishes
o 3)Temperate fishes
 importance in East Asia
needs of future researches
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54783-9_7

4. Marine area
 Seascape：
Seagrass Coral reefs etc.
 In water：
Fishes・Plankton (incl. larvae)
 In the bottom：
Benthos（shells, worms）
 Phylogenic diversity： High（35Phylm） low（11Phylm）
 Species diversity： low high （e.g.400,000 beetles）
o High in coastal area（Open ocean 1200 Coastal 13000 fish spec)
 Diet: More Omnivores More Specialists
Terrestrial area
 Landscape：
Forests, grass lands
 In air：
Birds, bugs, fungi
 In the bottom:
bugs worms and other small
Gray 1997

5.  Are distribution of marine species affected by mosaicness of
landscape?
o Additive effect
• Different spices coexist
in a close region
o synergistic effect
Overall species
γ＝4sp
2sp2sp

6.  Are distribution of marine species affected by mosaicness of
landscape?
o Additive effect
o synergistic effect
• Caused by habitats
• Caused by food web
Overall species
γ＝6sp
2sp2sp

7.  Are distribution of marine species affected by mosaicness of
landscape?
o Additive effect
• Observed at benthic organisms
o synergistic effect
• Observed at fishes
• In tropical
• In temperate
2sp2sp

8. % of silt clay
numberofindividualparm2
(干潟生産カ改善のためのガイドライン ;土屋・栗原, 1976より)
 Gradual environment
from mud to rock
…can be considered as mosaicness？
o Index of continuous value：
• Mean…
• Range…
o Discrete category：
(and its ratio or diversity)
If the categories are
ecologically informative
it shows better representation
of habitat diversity.
→ at least there are additive effect

9. Luo et al. 2009 MEPS
 Daily basis movement
 gray snapper Lutjanus
griseus (predator)
At night ：
seagrass bed
In day time：
Mangrove and Oyster reef

10.  Seasonal movement
dark banded rockfish
o Feb. Floating：Open ocean
o Mar. Juvenile ：Seagrass bed in a bay
o Jul. Adult：Sargasso bed out of the bay
o Dec. Mature：behind a rock
Floating stage
Seagrass stage
Algal bed stage
Size distribution
from Harada 1962
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep

11. Q：Whether mosaics of landscape indices
potentially useful for aquatic species？
Additive effect on
o 1) benthic organisms
Syngeneic effect on
o 2)Tropical fishes
o 3)Temperate fishes
 importance in East Asia
needs of future researches
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54783-9_7

12.  We compared number of habitat types
and species number
o Bottom types (=habitat):
mud, sand, stone, rock, vegetation
o Species:
Sampling of benthic animals
160 study site and over four
sampling points in each sites.
• Species distributed 50 sites
are used (non rare species
in public dataset)
Yamakita T. 2016 Coastal biodiversity at
the landscape level. Aquabiology Vol. 38,
No. 6. 681-686
（海洋と生物227号2016年12月）
http://aquabiology.blog93.fc2.com/blog-entry-196.html

13. Number of bottom
type increased
maximum number
of species
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 6
Sp_number
Number of landscape
NumberofSpecies
Yamakita T. 2016 Coastal biodiversity at
the landscape level. Aquabiology Vol. 38,
No. 6. 681-686
（海洋と生物227号2016年12月）
http://aquabiology.blog93.fc2.com/blog-entry-196.html

14.  Trend was weaker in the
case of shells
 Nation wide data is useful
to overview the basic low 0
5
10
15
0 2 4 6
Gastropoda
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 2 4 6
Bivalvia
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 2 4 6
Crustacea
Number of landscape
NumberofSpecies
Number of landscape
NumberofSpecies
Number of landscape
NumberofSpecies
Yamakita T. 2016 Coastal biodiversity at
the landscape level. Aquabiology Vol. 38,
No. 6. 681-686
（海洋と生物227号2016年12月）
http://aquabiology.blog93.fc2.com/blog-entry-196.html

15. Q：Whether mosaics of landscape indices
potentially useful for aquatic species？
Additive effect on
o 1) benthic organisms
Syngeneic effect on
o 2)Tropical fishes(Review)
o 3)Temperate fishes
 importance in East Asia
needs of future researches
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54783-9_7

16.  Fish sampling at 9location in Indonesia
→ Combination with mangrove was
effective for diversity
Unsworth et al . 2008
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
SG＋CL SG＋CL＋Ma SG＋Ma
SpeciesRichness
Night
Day

17.  Fish sampling on10location in 14reef
o Landscape analysis in 100m buffer
 地形の複雑性、
 アマモ場が影響した
 プランクトン食、無脊椎食は取り上げられず
Grober-Dunsmore et al. 2008

18.  Seagrass and Rugosity explained species richness better

19. Pittman 2004

20.  Tidal flat
Patch richness
and seagrass was
related
(indirectory affected)
Local data always
confounding but scale is
important. Experimental
tests are required to
ensure this pattern.
U=0.26 t=3.36*

21. Q：Whether mosaics of landscape indices
potentially useful for aquatic species？
Additive effect on
o 1) benthic organisms
Syngeneic effect on
o 2)Tropical fishes
o 3)Temperate fishes
 importance in East Asia
needs of future researches
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54783-9_7

22.  Cod
 Squid
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 0.5 1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 0.5 1
Distance from seagrass bed(degree)
DensityClass
Distance from seagrass bed(degree)
DensityClass
Yamakita unpublished

23. Marine area
 Landscape：
Seagrass Coral reefs etc.
 In the water：
Fishes・Plankton (incl. larvae)
 In the bottom：
Benthos（shells, worms）
 Phylogenic diversity： High（35Phylm） low（11Phylm）
 Species diversity： low high （e.g.400,000 beetles）
o High in coastal area（Open ocean 1200 Coastal 13000 fish spec)
 Diet: More Omnivores More Specialists
Terrestrial area

Forests, grass lands
 In the air：
Birds, bugs, fungi's
 In the bottom
Gray 1997
Comparison of not phylogeny
but function (e.g. moving
ability) will be considerable
It is important to define the
landscape category and
resolution based on their
habitat use.
Analogy of terrestrial landscape
can be used.
No forest except mangrove.

24.  Lack of species distribution data
o Correct presence data from various sources
• Accurate species name, specimen or pictures
• BON or other activities are expected to connect people
 Lack of integral understanding of driver and
process
o Field survey based on experimental design
• Proof local relationships which suspicious from GIS analysis
o physiological breeding have to think
response to realistic environment change

25.  Regional difference
o Tropical vs. Temperate : Seasonality, Migration,
 Spatial scale
o Nation wide vs. local region:
Time scale, Territory, Moving
 Difference in taxa
o Birds vs. Marine species :
Scale dependency, Environment, Evolution
Importance of database
o Networking (such as AP-BON)