Metal forming processes include forging, rolling, extruding, and drawing. Forging involves shaping metals using compressive forces from hammering or pressing. Rolling shapes metal into thin layers by passing it between rotating rollers. Extruding forces hot or cold metal through a die to impart the die shape. Drawing stretches and forms metal using tensile force while maintaining accurate tolerances.

1. ● Forging
● Rolling
● Extruding
● Drawing
Forming Operation

2. ● Metal forging is the process in which
metals are formed and shaped using
compressive forces. The forces are
delivered using hammering, pressing,
or rolling. There are a number of
forging processes – cold forging, warm
forging, and hot forging – which are
classified by the temperature of the
metal being worked with.
Forging

3. ● Rolling is a process used to shape metal
into a thin long layer by passing it through
a gap of two rollers rotating in different
directions (clockwise and anti-clockwise)
[5]. The gap between the two rollers is
supposed to be smaller than the thickness
of the working piece of material to be
formed.
Rolling

4. ● Metal extrusion is a forming process in
which we force a metal (either hot or
cold) through a die. This imparts the
die shape to the extruded metal as it
passes through the cavity. The
material emerging from the die is
known as “extrudate”. The metal
endures compressive and shear stress
to achieve the die shape.
Extruding

5. ● Metal drawing is a metalworking
process by which metal is stretched
and formed using tensile force. The
process is typically performed cold,
which is done to ensure accurate
tolerances, better grain structure and
surface finish, as well as improved
material properties.
Drawing

6. Casting

7. ● Sand casting, also known as sand
molded casting, is a metal casting
process characterized by using sand
as the mold material. The term "sand
casting" can also refer to an object
produced via the sand casting
process. Sand castings are produced
in specialized factories called
foundries.
Sand Casting

8. ● Die casting is a metal casting process
that involves feeding molten
nonferrous alloys into dies under high
pressure and at high speed to rapidly
create molded products. The main
materials used in die casting are
alloys of aluminum, magnesium and
zinc.
Die Casting

9. ● Investment casting, also known as
precision casting or lost-wax casting,
is a manufacturing process in which a
wax pattern is used to shape a
disposable ceramic mold. A wax
pattern is made in the exact shape of
the item to be cast. This pattern is
coated with a refractory ceramic
material.
Investment Casting

10. ● Lost foam casting is a process used to
create complex metal pieces and parts
in which molten metal evaporates a
foam mold being held still with sand.
The process starts with a polystyrene
foam as the mold material which can
be carved, machined from a foam
block, or created using a process
similar to injection molding.
Lost-Foam Casting

11. ● Continuous casting, also called strand
casting, is the process whereby
molten metal is solidified into a
"semifinished" billet, bloom, or slab for
subsequent rolling in the finishing
mills. Prior to the introduction of
continuous casting in the 1950s, steel
was poured into stationary molds to
form ingots.
Continuous casting