This document contains a 15 question quiz on topics related to community ophthalmology and vision health programs. The questions cover topics such as the National Program for Control of Blindness (NPCB), Vitamin A deficiency, Vision 2020 goals, causes of blindness and low vision in India, and strategies adopted by organizations like WHO and the World Bank to address eye conditions.
This document discusses eye donation and its importance in India. It notes that India has 30% of global blindness, with 52 million visually impaired people and 1 in 1000 children being blind. Only 40,720 eyes are collected annually to help the 20-25,000 new cases of corneal blindness each year. The cornea can be donated within 6-8 hours of death to help restore sight to those suffering from corneal blindness. While myths exist, all religions support eye donation, only the cornea is removed in a short procedure, and anyone can pledge their eyes regardless of age, gender, medical conditions or religion. The document appeals for people to pledge and donate their eyes.
A 24-year-old male contact lens wearer presented with irritation and discomfort in his left eye that increased after lens removal. Examination found enlarged papillae and conjunctival hyperemia in zones 2 and 3 of the left eye, indicating contact lens-induced papillary conjunctivitis (CLPC). His right eye was unaffected. Treatment involved removing the left contact lens, topical mast cell stabilizers, antihistamines, and steroids. Follow up examinations showed improvement, and he was refitted with silicone hydrogel lenses and continued on medication, with resolution of symptoms. CLPC was caused by a fine edge defect on his left contact lens that caused trauma and initiated an inflammatory response.
This document provides information on penetrating keratoplasty (PKP), which involves replacing the full thickness of diseased corneal tissue with donor corneal tissue. It discusses the types of PKP including optical, therapeutic, and tectonic. The common indications for PKP include corneal scarring, infections, dystrophies, and thinning. Preoperative evaluation and obtaining a suitable donor corneal tissue is important. The surgical procedure involves trephination of the donor and host corneas followed by suturing the donor graft. Postoperative complications can include rejection, infections, glaucoma and astigmatism. Long term graft survival depends on the preoperative diagnosis and condition.
This document discusses laser eye surgery technology, specifically LASIK. It begins by explaining the anatomy of the eye and four common vision problems - nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, and presbyopia. It then discusses non-surgical and surgical correction options, with LASIK being the focus of the surgical section. The document outlines the five steps of the LASIK procedure and potential risks. It concludes by describing who may not be eligible for LASIK.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) for Masters of Optometry Entrance Examinatio...RabindraAdhikary
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) for Masters of Optometry Entrance Examination, Pokhara University NEPAL
MCQs Optometry Nepal
Here we have included syllabus of entrance examinations for Master of Optometry in Pokhara University, entry requirements of candidate for the master of optometry course and multiple choice questions that appeared in the entrance examinations of 2019.
Prepared by: Rabindra Adhikary
for more MCQs:
http://ravinems.blogspot.com/2019/05/multiple-choice-questions-mcqs-for.html
The document discusses various eye emergencies including anatomy of the eye, eye assessment techniques, ocular infections, inflammation, trauma, hemorrhages, ruptured globe, chemical injuries, and acute angle-closure glaucoma. It provides details on evaluating, diagnosing, and treating these different eye conditions and emergencies. The document is intended as a guide for medical professionals on managing a wide range of eye-related issues that may present in the emergency department.
This document contains a 15 question quiz on topics related to community ophthalmology and vision health programs. The questions cover topics such as the National Program for Control of Blindness (NPCB), Vitamin A deficiency, Vision 2020 goals, causes of blindness and low vision in India, and strategies adopted by organizations like WHO and the World Bank to address eye conditions.
This document discusses eye donation and its importance in India. It notes that India has 30% of global blindness, with 52 million visually impaired people and 1 in 1000 children being blind. Only 40,720 eyes are collected annually to help the 20-25,000 new cases of corneal blindness each year. The cornea can be donated within 6-8 hours of death to help restore sight to those suffering from corneal blindness. While myths exist, all religions support eye donation, only the cornea is removed in a short procedure, and anyone can pledge their eyes regardless of age, gender, medical conditions or religion. The document appeals for people to pledge and donate their eyes.
A 24-year-old male contact lens wearer presented with irritation and discomfort in his left eye that increased after lens removal. Examination found enlarged papillae and conjunctival hyperemia in zones 2 and 3 of the left eye, indicating contact lens-induced papillary conjunctivitis (CLPC). His right eye was unaffected. Treatment involved removing the left contact lens, topical mast cell stabilizers, antihistamines, and steroids. Follow up examinations showed improvement, and he was refitted with silicone hydrogel lenses and continued on medication, with resolution of symptoms. CLPC was caused by a fine edge defect on his left contact lens that caused trauma and initiated an inflammatory response.
This document provides information on penetrating keratoplasty (PKP), which involves replacing the full thickness of diseased corneal tissue with donor corneal tissue. It discusses the types of PKP including optical, therapeutic, and tectonic. The common indications for PKP include corneal scarring, infections, dystrophies, and thinning. Preoperative evaluation and obtaining a suitable donor corneal tissue is important. The surgical procedure involves trephination of the donor and host corneas followed by suturing the donor graft. Postoperative complications can include rejection, infections, glaucoma and astigmatism. Long term graft survival depends on the preoperative diagnosis and condition.
This document discusses laser eye surgery technology, specifically LASIK. It begins by explaining the anatomy of the eye and four common vision problems - nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, and presbyopia. It then discusses non-surgical and surgical correction options, with LASIK being the focus of the surgical section. The document outlines the five steps of the LASIK procedure and potential risks. It concludes by describing who may not be eligible for LASIK.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) for Masters of Optometry Entrance Examinatio...RabindraAdhikary
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) for Masters of Optometry Entrance Examination, Pokhara University NEPAL
MCQs Optometry Nepal
Here we have included syllabus of entrance examinations for Master of Optometry in Pokhara University, entry requirements of candidate for the master of optometry course and multiple choice questions that appeared in the entrance examinations of 2019.
Prepared by: Rabindra Adhikary
for more MCQs:
http://ravinems.blogspot.com/2019/05/multiple-choice-questions-mcqs-for.html
The document discusses various eye emergencies including anatomy of the eye, eye assessment techniques, ocular infections, inflammation, trauma, hemorrhages, ruptured globe, chemical injuries, and acute angle-closure glaucoma. It provides details on evaluating, diagnosing, and treating these different eye conditions and emergencies. The document is intended as a guide for medical professionals on managing a wide range of eye-related issues that may present in the emergency department.
ORIENTATION PROGRAMON EYE DONATION
1)Do you know...
There are approximately 1.2 crore blind people in India.
Of these around 20 lakh corneally blind are in need of corneal transplantation.
As against an annual requirement of 75,000 to 1,00,000 corneas, only 22,000 corneas are donated in India at present.
2)Facts about eye donation:
Eyes can be donated only after death.
Eyes must be removed within 4 - 6 hours after death.
Eyes can be removed by Registered Medical Practitioner only.
The eye bank team will remove the eyes from the home of the deceased or from a hospital.
A small quantity of blood will be drawn to rule out communicable diseases.
The identities of both the donor and the recipient are kept confidential.
3) What is an eye bank?
An eye bank is the link between the donor and recipient/eye surgeon. It is an organization recognized by government to collect and distribute human eyes to those who require cornea transplants.
5. Who can donate eyes?
Eye donors could be of any age group or sex. People who use spectacles, diabetics, patients with high blood pressure, asthma patients and those without communicable diseases can donate eyes.
Persons with AIDS, Hepatitis B and C, Rabies, Septicaemia, Acute leukemia (Blood cancer), Tetanus, Cholera, and infectious diseases like Meningitis and Encephalitis cannot donate eyes.
6.What is an Eye Donation?
Donating eyes after death.
7.How can I become a donor?
A donor card can serve as an indication to your family, your legal representative and hospitals of your intention to be an eye donor.
Prospective donors should indicate their intention on donor cards and driver's licenses. Perhaps the most important single thing you can do is make your next-of-kin aware of your wishes to make sure they are carried out.
8. How quickly should eyes be removed after death?
As soon as possible, but eyes can be removed up to 6 hours after death. However, in places where the climate is hot, such as India, a shorter duration, preferably 2-4 hours is advisable.
9. Is it necessary to transport the donor to the hospital after death?
No. Eyebanks have personnel who will come to the donor’s home and remove the eyes. The procedure takes about 30-40 minutes.
10. How to donate eyes?
For donors:
Discuss your intention of eye donation with your family doctor and relatives.
The eye bank has registration cards.Fill your details in the registration cards.
Keep one part of the card in your wallet/purse.Place the second part of the card at home and inform all members of your family about your precious gift to society.
For the donor’s relative:
You have the authority and moral responsibility to donate the eyes of the deceased
Get the vital death certificate quickly.Contact your nearest eye bank as soon as possible. Close the eye lids. Cover the closed lids with moist cotton wool.Switch off the fan (Switch on the air conditioner if possible.)Raise the donor’s head by
Special contact lenses include:
Daily-wear lenses are removed nightly and replaced on an individualized schedule. Extended-wear lenses are worn overnight but removed at least weekly for cleaning. Disposable lenses are removed nightly and replaced daily, weekly, biweekly, or monthly.
Colored lenses change eye color appearance and circle lenses make the iris appear bigger, but over-the-counter colored contacts pose health risks. Toric lenses correct astigmatism but sometimes not as well as rigid gas permeable lenses. Bifocal or multifocal lenses correct nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, and presbyopia but visual quality is often not as good as
This document provides an overview of orthokeratology (orthokeratology), which aims to temporarily reshape the cornea through the overnight use of specialized contact lenses to reduce or eliminate the need for refractive correction. It discusses the history of orthokeratology from its origins in the 1960s using conventional geometry lenses to more modern techniques employing reverse geometry lenses made of high Dk materials. The mechanisms by which orthokeratology reshapes the cornea, patient selection criteria, potential indications and contraindications are described. Advantages include reversibility and potentially slowing myopia progression in children, while disadvantages include its non-permanence and risk of non-compliance.
This document discusses various refractive errors including astigmatism, aniseikonia, and anisometropia. It defines astigmatism as a refractive error where light fails to come to a single focus on the retina due to unequal refraction in different meridians. It describes the different types of regular and irregular astigmatism. Aniseikonia is defined as an anomaly of binocular vision where the ocular images are unequal in size or shape. Anisometropia is when the total refraction of the two eyes is unequal. The document discusses the symptoms, investigations, and treatment options for these refractive errors including spectacles, contact lenses, and refractive surgery.
IOL power calculation is challenging in eyes with prior refractive surgery or other special situations. In eyes with prior radial keratotomy, standard keratometry overestimates corneal power due to flattening outside the central optical zone. Multiple methods of IOL power calculation should be used, including topography to measure the flattest central corneal power. A study comparing methods in eyes with prior RK found IOL power calculation using topographic keratometry was least accurate compared to formulas from the ESCRS calculator. No single method provided reliable results, highlighting the difficulty in IOL power calculation for eyes with prior refractive surgery.
Dr. Karan Bhatia provides an overview of keratoplasty (corneal transplantation). There are different types including penetrating keratoplasty (replacing the full thickness of the diseased cornea), partial thickness lamellar keratoplasty, and rotational keratoplasty. Penetrating keratoplasty has been the standard procedure but carries risks. The history and techniques of penetrating keratoplasty are described in detail including pre-operative evaluation, donor cornea excision, recipient cornea trephination, suturing, and post-operative management. Potential complications are also reviewed. Lamellar keratoplasty is introduced as an alternative to penetrating keratoplasty to reduce risks
Eye donation can restore vision to the people who are suffering from the corneal blindness. It is totally a voluntary service. Go through this presentation to know about the myths and facts about eye donation.
For more information regarding eye, donation click on this link: http://www.dishaeye.org/donate-your-eyes
Primary level eye care services include screening programs, community awareness activities, and basic treatment. Services focus on refractive error correction, presbyopia management, and referring patients for further care. Key aspects are integrating eye care into primary health systems, training community health workers, and ensuring affordable access to eye examinations and corrective devices through community-based screening.
This document provides information on contact lenses, including their indications, contraindications, types, fitting procedures, parameters, complications, and special considerations. It discusses rigid gas permeable, soft, therapeutic, extended wear, disposable, and cosmetic contact lenses. Key details include the materials used to manufacture different contact lens types, advantages and disadvantages, fitting considerations like base curve and power, and potential post-fitting complications.
1. The document discusses presbyopia, which is the age-related loss of accommodation that begins around the age of 40 and leads to difficulty with near vision.
2. It defines presbyopia and explains the physiological changes that cause it, including lenticular and extra-lenticular changes.
3. Various types of multifocal lenses are described that can help with presbyopia, including bifocal, trifocal, and progressive addition lenses, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Precise fitting of these lenses is important to reduce issues like prismatic effects and distortions.
This document summarizes information about community ophthalmology and the National Programme for Control of Blindness (NPCB) in India. It discusses the basic principles of community ophthalmology, types of blindness, goals of the NPCB program, and strategies to reduce blindness prevalence such as cataract surgery programs and health education. The global Vision 2020 initiative to eliminate avoidable blindness is also summarized.
This document is an eye donation quiz that aims to spread awareness about eye donation. It contains multiple choice questions about various aspects of eye donation, such as who can donate eyes, what parts of the eye are donated, the process of eye donation after death, and the role of eye banks. The key points are that eyes can only be donated after death, the cornea is the part that is donated to help restore sight to the blind, and eye banks coordinate between donors and eye hospitals to facilitate transplants within 6 hours of death.
Indication, contraindication, advantage, disadvantage, types of keratoplasty, complication of keratoplasty and management, corneal graft rejection and failure
M.S ophthalmology, sarojini devi eye hospital, regional institute of ophthalmology, osmania medical college, hyderabad, telangana
Lamellar keratoplasty involves replacing only a partial thickness of the diseased cornea, sparing the healthy posterior layers. It is less invasive than penetrating keratoplasty. Anterior lamellar keratoplasty techniques aim to replace the anterior corneal layers above Descemet's membrane for conditions like scars, dystrophies, or infections. The big bubble technique using injected air is effective at separating the layers, while viscoelastic dissection and hydrodelamination are alternatives. Outcomes depend on the dissection method and surgeon experience.
This document summarizes corneal anatomy and transplantation techniques. It provides an in-depth review of Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK), including indications, surgical technique, outcomes, complications, and future directions. DSAEK involves stripping the recipient's Descemet's membrane and inserting a donor posterior corneal graft to treat endothelial dysfunction. It has advantages over penetrating keratoplasty like faster visual recovery and less astigmatism. Complications include graft dislocation and failure. Newer techniques like DMEK may provide better outcomes.
The document discusses the Jackson Cross Cylinder (JCC) test, which is used during refraction to detect and refine astigmatism. The JCC is a combination of two cylinders of equal strength but opposite signs, placed at right angles to each other. During the test, the JCC is held in different positions before the eye to see if there is a change in visual acuity. If a position is clearer, it indicates the axis of astigmatism. The test is then used to refine the axis and power of any astigmatic correction.
The Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) is a soft, flexible, posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens made of collagen-copolymer material called Collamer. Studies have shown ICL implantation is safe and effective for correcting myopia between -3 to -25 diopters and astigmatism up to -6 diopters. It provides stable refractive results with few complications over 4 years. Toric ICL models were found to be superior to LASIK in safety, efficacy, predictability and stability for high myopic astigmatism. The procedure is reversible and preserves corneal tissue, reducing risks compared to LASIK.
This document discusses biometry, which involves measuring the eye to determine the ideal intraocular lens power for cataract surgery. It notes that biometry errors are the second most common cause of claims in cataract malpractice cases. It describes various techniques for measuring the corneal curvature and axial length of the eye, including manual and automated keratometry, ultrasound A-scan, and optical biometers. It also discusses considerations for biometry in special cases and different intraocular lens calculation formulas.
FOR OPTOMETRY STUDENTS, ACUTE RED EYE AND SYMPTOMS AFTER WEARING A LONG TERM CONTACT LENS WITHOUT PROPER PROCEDURE
Contact lens-induced acute red eye (CLARE) occurs in the presence of corneal hypoxia combined with noninvasive gram-negative bacteria that elicit an inflammatory reaction secondary to bacterial endotoxin. No actual corneal infection exists in this case
ORIENTATION PROGRAMON EYE DONATION
1)Do you know...
There are approximately 1.2 crore blind people in India.
Of these around 20 lakh corneally blind are in need of corneal transplantation.
As against an annual requirement of 75,000 to 1,00,000 corneas, only 22,000 corneas are donated in India at present.
2)Facts about eye donation:
Eyes can be donated only after death.
Eyes must be removed within 4 - 6 hours after death.
Eyes can be removed by Registered Medical Practitioner only.
The eye bank team will remove the eyes from the home of the deceased or from a hospital.
A small quantity of blood will be drawn to rule out communicable diseases.
The identities of both the donor and the recipient are kept confidential.
3) What is an eye bank?
An eye bank is the link between the donor and recipient/eye surgeon. It is an organization recognized by government to collect and distribute human eyes to those who require cornea transplants.
5. Who can donate eyes?
Eye donors could be of any age group or sex. People who use spectacles, diabetics, patients with high blood pressure, asthma patients and those without communicable diseases can donate eyes.
Persons with AIDS, Hepatitis B and C, Rabies, Septicaemia, Acute leukemia (Blood cancer), Tetanus, Cholera, and infectious diseases like Meningitis and Encephalitis cannot donate eyes.
6.What is an Eye Donation?
Donating eyes after death.
7.How can I become a donor?
A donor card can serve as an indication to your family, your legal representative and hospitals of your intention to be an eye donor.
Prospective donors should indicate their intention on donor cards and driver's licenses. Perhaps the most important single thing you can do is make your next-of-kin aware of your wishes to make sure they are carried out.
8. How quickly should eyes be removed after death?
As soon as possible, but eyes can be removed up to 6 hours after death. However, in places where the climate is hot, such as India, a shorter duration, preferably 2-4 hours is advisable.
9. Is it necessary to transport the donor to the hospital after death?
No. Eyebanks have personnel who will come to the donor’s home and remove the eyes. The procedure takes about 30-40 minutes.
10. How to donate eyes?
For donors:
Discuss your intention of eye donation with your family doctor and relatives.
The eye bank has registration cards.Fill your details in the registration cards.
Keep one part of the card in your wallet/purse.Place the second part of the card at home and inform all members of your family about your precious gift to society.
For the donor’s relative:
You have the authority and moral responsibility to donate the eyes of the deceased
Get the vital death certificate quickly.Contact your nearest eye bank as soon as possible. Close the eye lids. Cover the closed lids with moist cotton wool.Switch off the fan (Switch on the air conditioner if possible.)Raise the donor’s head by
Special contact lenses include:
Daily-wear lenses are removed nightly and replaced on an individualized schedule. Extended-wear lenses are worn overnight but removed at least weekly for cleaning. Disposable lenses are removed nightly and replaced daily, weekly, biweekly, or monthly.
Colored lenses change eye color appearance and circle lenses make the iris appear bigger, but over-the-counter colored contacts pose health risks. Toric lenses correct astigmatism but sometimes not as well as rigid gas permeable lenses. Bifocal or multifocal lenses correct nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, and presbyopia but visual quality is often not as good as
This document provides an overview of orthokeratology (orthokeratology), which aims to temporarily reshape the cornea through the overnight use of specialized contact lenses to reduce or eliminate the need for refractive correction. It discusses the history of orthokeratology from its origins in the 1960s using conventional geometry lenses to more modern techniques employing reverse geometry lenses made of high Dk materials. The mechanisms by which orthokeratology reshapes the cornea, patient selection criteria, potential indications and contraindications are described. Advantages include reversibility and potentially slowing myopia progression in children, while disadvantages include its non-permanence and risk of non-compliance.
This document discusses various refractive errors including astigmatism, aniseikonia, and anisometropia. It defines astigmatism as a refractive error where light fails to come to a single focus on the retina due to unequal refraction in different meridians. It describes the different types of regular and irregular astigmatism. Aniseikonia is defined as an anomaly of binocular vision where the ocular images are unequal in size or shape. Anisometropia is when the total refraction of the two eyes is unequal. The document discusses the symptoms, investigations, and treatment options for these refractive errors including spectacles, contact lenses, and refractive surgery.
IOL power calculation is challenging in eyes with prior refractive surgery or other special situations. In eyes with prior radial keratotomy, standard keratometry overestimates corneal power due to flattening outside the central optical zone. Multiple methods of IOL power calculation should be used, including topography to measure the flattest central corneal power. A study comparing methods in eyes with prior RK found IOL power calculation using topographic keratometry was least accurate compared to formulas from the ESCRS calculator. No single method provided reliable results, highlighting the difficulty in IOL power calculation for eyes with prior refractive surgery.
Dr. Karan Bhatia provides an overview of keratoplasty (corneal transplantation). There are different types including penetrating keratoplasty (replacing the full thickness of the diseased cornea), partial thickness lamellar keratoplasty, and rotational keratoplasty. Penetrating keratoplasty has been the standard procedure but carries risks. The history and techniques of penetrating keratoplasty are described in detail including pre-operative evaluation, donor cornea excision, recipient cornea trephination, suturing, and post-operative management. Potential complications are also reviewed. Lamellar keratoplasty is introduced as an alternative to penetrating keratoplasty to reduce risks
Eye donation can restore vision to the people who are suffering from the corneal blindness. It is totally a voluntary service. Go through this presentation to know about the myths and facts about eye donation.
For more information regarding eye, donation click on this link: http://www.dishaeye.org/donate-your-eyes
Primary level eye care services include screening programs, community awareness activities, and basic treatment. Services focus on refractive error correction, presbyopia management, and referring patients for further care. Key aspects are integrating eye care into primary health systems, training community health workers, and ensuring affordable access to eye examinations and corrective devices through community-based screening.
This document provides information on contact lenses, including their indications, contraindications, types, fitting procedures, parameters, complications, and special considerations. It discusses rigid gas permeable, soft, therapeutic, extended wear, disposable, and cosmetic contact lenses. Key details include the materials used to manufacture different contact lens types, advantages and disadvantages, fitting considerations like base curve and power, and potential post-fitting complications.
1. The document discusses presbyopia, which is the age-related loss of accommodation that begins around the age of 40 and leads to difficulty with near vision.
2. It defines presbyopia and explains the physiological changes that cause it, including lenticular and extra-lenticular changes.
3. Various types of multifocal lenses are described that can help with presbyopia, including bifocal, trifocal, and progressive addition lenses, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Precise fitting of these lenses is important to reduce issues like prismatic effects and distortions.
This document summarizes information about community ophthalmology and the National Programme for Control of Blindness (NPCB) in India. It discusses the basic principles of community ophthalmology, types of blindness, goals of the NPCB program, and strategies to reduce blindness prevalence such as cataract surgery programs and health education. The global Vision 2020 initiative to eliminate avoidable blindness is also summarized.
This document is an eye donation quiz that aims to spread awareness about eye donation. It contains multiple choice questions about various aspects of eye donation, such as who can donate eyes, what parts of the eye are donated, the process of eye donation after death, and the role of eye banks. The key points are that eyes can only be donated after death, the cornea is the part that is donated to help restore sight to the blind, and eye banks coordinate between donors and eye hospitals to facilitate transplants within 6 hours of death.
Indication, contraindication, advantage, disadvantage, types of keratoplasty, complication of keratoplasty and management, corneal graft rejection and failure
M.S ophthalmology, sarojini devi eye hospital, regional institute of ophthalmology, osmania medical college, hyderabad, telangana
Lamellar keratoplasty involves replacing only a partial thickness of the diseased cornea, sparing the healthy posterior layers. It is less invasive than penetrating keratoplasty. Anterior lamellar keratoplasty techniques aim to replace the anterior corneal layers above Descemet's membrane for conditions like scars, dystrophies, or infections. The big bubble technique using injected air is effective at separating the layers, while viscoelastic dissection and hydrodelamination are alternatives. Outcomes depend on the dissection method and surgeon experience.
This document summarizes corneal anatomy and transplantation techniques. It provides an in-depth review of Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK), including indications, surgical technique, outcomes, complications, and future directions. DSAEK involves stripping the recipient's Descemet's membrane and inserting a donor posterior corneal graft to treat endothelial dysfunction. It has advantages over penetrating keratoplasty like faster visual recovery and less astigmatism. Complications include graft dislocation and failure. Newer techniques like DMEK may provide better outcomes.
The document discusses the Jackson Cross Cylinder (JCC) test, which is used during refraction to detect and refine astigmatism. The JCC is a combination of two cylinders of equal strength but opposite signs, placed at right angles to each other. During the test, the JCC is held in different positions before the eye to see if there is a change in visual acuity. If a position is clearer, it indicates the axis of astigmatism. The test is then used to refine the axis and power of any astigmatic correction.
The Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) is a soft, flexible, posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens made of collagen-copolymer material called Collamer. Studies have shown ICL implantation is safe and effective for correcting myopia between -3 to -25 diopters and astigmatism up to -6 diopters. It provides stable refractive results with few complications over 4 years. Toric ICL models were found to be superior to LASIK in safety, efficacy, predictability and stability for high myopic astigmatism. The procedure is reversible and preserves corneal tissue, reducing risks compared to LASIK.
This document discusses biometry, which involves measuring the eye to determine the ideal intraocular lens power for cataract surgery. It notes that biometry errors are the second most common cause of claims in cataract malpractice cases. It describes various techniques for measuring the corneal curvature and axial length of the eye, including manual and automated keratometry, ultrasound A-scan, and optical biometers. It also discusses considerations for biometry in special cases and different intraocular lens calculation formulas.
FOR OPTOMETRY STUDENTS, ACUTE RED EYE AND SYMPTOMS AFTER WEARING A LONG TERM CONTACT LENS WITHOUT PROPER PROCEDURE
Contact lens-induced acute red eye (CLARE) occurs in the presence of corneal hypoxia combined with noninvasive gram-negative bacteria that elicit an inflammatory reaction secondary to bacterial endotoxin. No actual corneal infection exists in this case
The document discusses eye banking and corneal transplantation. It provides a brief history and overview of eye banking milestones. An eye bank collects, stores, and distributes corneal tissue for transplantation. Corneas can be stored short term in a moist chamber or intermediate term in storage media like McCarey-Kaufman medium, K-Sol medium, or Dexol medium to extend the storage period. The eye bank process involves donor selection and screening, tissue retrieval through enucleation or corneo-scleral excision, examination and testing of the corneal tissue, transportation, and storage prior to distribution.
This document discusses eye donation and corneal blindness. It notes that the cornea can become damaged from disease, injury or infection, causing vision loss. Corneal blindness disproportionately affects children and young adults. While approximately 1.1 million people in India are waiting for corneal transplants, only 20,000-25,000 donated eyes are collected annually. Eye donation can provide sight to two people through transplantation of a single donated cornea. The document encourages pledging eyes after death and increasing awareness of eye donation.
About awareness of eye donation. Author is assistant professor in Ayurvedic Ophthalmology MES Ayurved Mahavidyalaya and consulting ayurvedic ophthalmologist at Shree Vyankatesh Netralay Chiplun.
This document summarizes an eye donation awareness program presented by Durgapur Blind Relief Society (DBRS). It discusses that DBRS has been working to eradicate and prevent blindness in West Bengal since 1986 through various awareness and screening programs. It encourages people to donate their eyes after death which can help restore sight to the blind through corneal transplantation. It provides key information on who can donate, the donation process, and addresses common questions about eye donation.
National programme for control of blindnessSachin Patne
This document outlines a plan to reduce avoidable blindness through expanding access to high-quality eye care, increasing public awareness of eye health, strengthening human resources and infrastructure, with an emphasis on addressing cataracts through screening programs and expanding services at primary health centers and district hospitals. Key aspects of the plan include establishing regional institutes of ophthalmology, creating an organizational structure for a national blindness control program, and working towards goals outlined in the Vision 2020 and Universal Eye Health initiatives.
National programme for control of blindness eye banklionsleaders
The document discusses guidelines for eye banks in India's National Programme for Control of Blindness. The objective is to promote eye banking through government and non-government organizations to obtain adequate corneal tissue for transplants. Eligibility criteria for eye banks include experience providing eye care or collecting a minimum number of eyeballs. Infrastructure requirements and assistance provided include funds for equipment, staffing, and a certain amount per collected eyeball pair. Data shows increasing eyeball collection from 2008-2015 but utilization rates vary from 30-70% with over 50% of collected eyeballs in one state not used for transplants. Suggestions to increase collection and utilization include expanded awareness campaigns and improved coordination between donation centers and eye banks.
This document summarizes the journey of a donated cornea from donor to recipient. It begins with an individual or family signing up to be a donor. If eligible after screening, the eye bank recovers the corneas within 24 hours of death. The corneas then undergo evaluation and are matched with recipients needing transplants. In 2013, Saving Sight recovered over 2,600 corneas and provided them for transplants, giving the gift of sight to many individuals. The document outlines each step of the donation and transplantation process.
Corneal blindness in a southern indian population [autosaved]meenank
This document summarizes a study on corneal blindness in southern India. The study assessed the prevalence and causes of corneal blindness by examining over 10,000 people across both rural and urban areas. The prevalence of corneal blindness was found to be 0.66% (1 in 150 people). The leading causes were childhood keratitis due to vitamin A deficiency, trauma from work or play, and corneal scarring. Most cases were preventable through improved nutrition, safety measures, and health promotion programs targeting at-risk groups. The document calls for strategies like keratoplasty and eye banking to help rehabilitate those already blinded and reduce the prevalence of preventable corneal blindness in India.
My last seminar in Pg.....Less amount of words to describe....Pictorially well represented....Videos may or may not be played in PPT versions below MS Office2013
The document discusses the National Programme for Control of Blindness Vision 2020 in India. It aims to reduce blindness prevalence to 0.3% by 2020 by performing over 21 million cataract surgeries. The programme is implemented through a three-tier structure at the central, state, and district levels. It focuses on reducing backlogs and increasing access to eye care in rural areas through activities like rural eye camps, infrastructure development, and human resource training. The document also provides strategies and protocols for conducting effective rural eye camps and cataract surgeries to reduce blindness in remote populations.
The document discusses corneal transplantation as a way to restore vision for corneal blindness in India. It notes that over 120 million people in India are blind in both eyes, comprising one quarter of the world's total blind population. However, there is a severe lack of donors for corneal transplantation in India due to issues like lack of awareness, social and religious beliefs, and improper infrastructure development. The document calls for awareness campaigns through healthcare teams, media, and educational institutions to increase donors and address the donor shortage.
1) Eye camps are organized by NGOs and provide eye care services to remote areas, with two main types being comprehensive camps and cataract-only camps.
2) Comprehensive camps identify and treat various eye conditions while cataract camps focus solely on cataract surgery.
3) Monitoring camp activities through indicators like number of patients examined and treated helps evaluate effectiveness and allows organizers to improve services.
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Eye donation in north India yaswanth.pptxdiya80050
This study examined trends, awareness, influences, and barriers related to eye donation in North India. The authors conducted research to understand public attitudes towards eye donation and identify challenges. They found that while efforts have been made to increase eye donations and reduce corneal blindness, donations still fall short of the estimated need. Barriers include lack of public awareness, as well as families' beliefs and consent rates varying widely between 20-80% depending on knowledge and counseling received. Understanding obstacles could help enhance donation rates and better address the growing problem of corneal blindness.
The Blindness Prevention Program by DCI aims to prevent blindness among underprivileged communities in India and Bangladesh through low-cost interventions like vitamin distribution, eye screenings, and free surgeries. It operates in remote areas with high poverty rates and little access to healthcare. The program conducts regular eye screening camps to identify vision issues, treats conditions, and arranges surgeries with partner hospitals. It also provides educational programs to promote eye health awareness. Over the years, the program has screened and treated thousands of underprivileged individuals, including children, restoring their vision.
National Programme for Control of BlindnessKEM Hospital
This document discusses community ophthalmology and the burden of blindness in India. It provides an overview of community ophthalmology, which aims to provide accessible eye care services. The main causes of blindness in India are cataract (62.6%), refractive error (19.7%), and corneal blindness (0.9%). National programs like the National Programme for Control of Blindness and Vision 2020 aim to reduce blindness. The NPCB focuses on increasing cataract surgeries and screening/treating refractive errors in schoolchildren.
Niramaya Charitable Trust is a grassroots NGO dedicated to providing free, high-quality eye care to underserved communities in India. It operates on a "hub and spoke" model, conducting primary, secondary, and tertiary care through outreach programs, vision centers, and a base hospital. Its goals are to eliminate preventable blindness by 2020 and restore vision to millions through initiatives like cataract surgery, eye banking, and mobile clinics. The organization has benefited over 300,000 people and aims to expand its network of services across Haryana.
This document discusses primary eye care and the role of ophthalmic officers. It defines primary eye care as the promotion of eye health, prevention and treatment of conditions leading to vision loss, and rehabilitation for the blind. The key activities of primary eye care are outlined as creating awareness, prevention through behaviors and environment, curative activities like treating common eye diseases, and rehabilitation for the incurably blind. Ophthalmic officers are defined as the primary eye care professionals dedicated to vision care. They specialize in eye exams, diagnosis, management of visual disorders, and have roles in hospitals and communities by providing services like refraction, vision therapy, and detection and referral of eye pathology.
Over the past 10 years, Optometry Giving Sight has disbursed over $11 million to fund 72 eye care projects in 37 countries, helping provide services to 4 million people and train over 10,000 eye care workers. A key priority is supporting the development of optometry programs and schools, which currently educate 350 students and have graduated 109, with the potential to provide care to over 5 million people in the next decade. Optometry Giving Sight also advocates for the recognition of optometry as a key part of eye health systems and raising awareness of preventable vision issues.
This document discusses a study on awareness and perception regarding eye donation among people in North India. It provides background on the need for eye donations in India to address corneal blindness. The review of literature indicates more information is needed to increase willingness to pledge eyes. The study aims to evaluate awareness and perceptions on eye donation through a questionnaire administered to 950 people in North India. It seeks to understand knowledge of eye donation, sources of information, reasons for not donating, and willingness to donate or receive donations.
This document discusses school eye health in Nigeria, outlining the current situation and future prospects. It begins by establishing children's rights to healthcare, nutrition, education, and guidance. Schools provide an opportunity to deliver comprehensive eye care services to students. The benefits of school eye health programs include correcting refractive errors, identifying other vision issues, and educating teachers. An ideal program incorporates screening, referral, treatment, health promotion, education, and follow-up. The goals of school eye health align with sustainable development goals like reducing poverty and improving health, education, gender equality, and reducing inequalities. Comprehensive programs are needed to address Nigeria's eye health challenges and maximize the impact of school eye health initiatives.
This document discusses outreach mega eye camps for providing eye health services to remote populations. It describes the types of eye camps and goals of mega camps, which include screening for various eye diseases, generating eye health awareness, developing provider skills, and establishing referrals. Logistics of organizing camps are covered, including selecting an accessible location, informing communities, necessary tools and equipment, workflow, and post-camp monitoring and evaluation. The role of the National Eye Care program in Bangladesh is also summarized.
Prevention and control of blindness is one of the important healthcare programmes in India. The National Health Policy document of the Government of India, 1983, stipulates that 'One of the basic human rights is the right to see.’ We have to ensure that no citizen goes blind needlessly, or being blind does not remain so, if by reasonable deployment of skill and resources, his eyesight can be prevented from deterioration or if already lost, can be restored.
The National Programme for Control of Blindness (NPCB) was launched in 1976 with the goal of reducing blindness prevalence to 0.3% by the year 2020. India was the first country in the world to launch National Level Blindness Control Programme.
In 1999, the WHO launched Vision 2020: The Right to Sight, a joint endeavour with IAPB, to eliminate avoidable blindness by 2020. In 2013, the World Health Assembly adopted Universal Eye Health: Global Action Plan 2014-19 to reduce the prevalence of avoidable visual impairment by 25% by 2019 compared to the baseline prevalence in 2010.
Foundation for Sight, Inc. (FFSI) is a non-profit foundation established in 2000 as the charity arm of the Associated Eye Specialists, the largest eye care group in the Philippines. FFSI provides free or low-cost eye care services to indigent patients using the facilities of American Eye Center. It conducts outreach programs, cataract surgeries, training for doctors and continues medical education on various eye diseases. FFSI partners with other organizations to expand its services and referral network across the country.
The document summarizes India's National Programme for Control of Blindness (NPCB). It outlines the program's objectives to reduce blindness prevalence through activities like free cataract surgeries, school eye screenings, and eye donation promotion. Key causes of blindness in India are discussed, including cataracts as the leading cause. The organizational structure and strategies of the NPCB are described, along with new initiatives to strengthen eye care services and increase access.
National programme for blindness control.pptxhemachandra59
The National Programme for Control of Blindness aims to reduce blindness prevalence in India from 1.4% to 0.3% by 2020. It defines blindness as the inability to count fingers from 6 meters away. The main causes of blindness in India are cataract (62%), refractive error (20%), and glaucoma (6%). Key strategies of the program include providing free cataract surgeries and spectacles, screening school children, and raising awareness about eye donation and care.
Vision screening and organising eye camps RimiSreeDas
Vision screenings and eye camps are important for detecting vision problems and eye diseases early. Vision screenings can identify vision issues but do not diagnose underlying causes, while comprehensive eye exams performed by professionals can detect serious conditions. Community health workers play a key role in primary eye care by conducting screenings and organizing eye camps. They help increase access to services, especially in remote areas, by referring patients for treatment. Different types of eye camps focus on various services like cataract surgery or comprehensive care. Proper organization, community participation, and monitoring are important for the success of eye camps.
Retina India is a non-profit organization consisting of retinal patients, family members, doctors, researchers, and mobility experts. The organization's mission is to increase awareness of retinal diseases and empower those affected. Current objectives include conducting medical research in India, providing social and medical support services to patients, and advocating for inclusive education opportunities for the visually impaired.
Blindness is defined as visual acuity less than 3/60 by Snellen's chart. Globally, it is estimated that 180 million people are visually impaired, of which 45 million are blind. In India, 68 lakh people are blind according to WHO statistics. The major causes of blindness globally are cataract (19 million), glaucoma (6.4 million), trachoma (5.7 million), and childhood blindness (more than 1.5 million). In India, the primary causes are cataract (62.6%), refractive errors (19.7%), and glaucoma (5.8%). The National Program for Control of Blindness aims to reduce blindness to 0.3%
Top HR & Workplace Benefits Trends to Improve Employee Satisfaction + Family ...Aggregage
In this webinar, you will learn and understand how to offer flexible oral and vision benefits and convenient access to this type of care for children and families.
Sightsavers is a non-profit organization founded by Sir John Wilson with a vision of eliminating preventable blindness globally by 2020. The document outlines key facts about blindness including that 37 million people are blind worldwide and 75% of cases are avoidable. It also summarizes Sightsavers' programs in cataract surgery, river blindness, trachoma, childhood blindness, low vision, inclusive education and community-based rehabilitation in 33 countries. Sightsavers works with ministries of health, local NGOs, and organizations for the blind to provide eye care services and build capacity.
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Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
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1. Promotion of Eye donation awareness & number of Keratoplastyoperations: Comparative Study. Dr. Baban C. Dolas M.S. (Ophthalm) Nityaseva Eye Hospital & Global Vision Foundation Eye Bank, Pune.
2. Introduction: It is a fact that eye donation movement is negligible in our country due to lack of awareness, religious belief & taboos. Increase in Eye donations is need of today but preparation of minds of patients to undergo keratoplasy & also finding such patients through special camps is of more importance.
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4. Materials and Methods Eye donation promotion activities adopted by eye banks in Pune and its impact on the rate and quality of tissue procurement was studied prospectively from Jan 2010 to Mar 2011. Teachers and school children were involved in spreading the message on eye donation by holding poster painting competition, slogans writing etc.
5. Corporate sectors involved to participate and sponsor activities like sponsoring grief counselor/ Medical Social Workers in major hospitals to motivate the family members of the deceased to donate his/her eyes. Cable operators involved to Flash messages and put Eye donation information through cable network. Religious institutions and leaders were asked to spread the message of eye donation.
6. Eye donation display board/ banners put on mortuaries, cremation grounds, hospitals and the public gathering place like railway stations, bus stops etc. Support taken from influential persons such as politicians, sports persons and celebrities etc. to promote eye donation. Awareness campaign on Eye donation done through NGO's, Senior Citizens Group, Youth Association and Resident Welfare Association etc.
7. Public awareness was made through print, audiovisual presentation, involvement of NGOs & social workers, observing eye donation fortnight, mobilization of eye donation pledges etc. Also side by side list of patients required to undergo keratoplasty was prepared by regular OPD & by conducting special camps for such patients.
8. Results : Jan 2010 to Mar 2011, 2056 eyeballs received by Donation…Total no. of keratoplastydone were 754
9. Total number of public awareness activities taken by Eye banks & District Blindness Control Society from Jan 2010 to Mar. 2011 were 210. Out of that almost 52 were taken during eye donation fortnight (25 August to 8 September) that almost 25% of the activities. As compared to eye donation awareness activities, there were no special efforts to find patients for keratoplasty. There were nil special camps to find out such beneficiaries for keratoplasty.
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11. List of such beneficiaries was made by routine OPD patients. At some places, special cornea OPDs were held to find out such patients but mostly routine OPD patients were referred to such OPDs. On an average at a given time list of such beneficiaries were not more than 400 including all eye banks & Government setups.
12. Among 2056 eyeballs collected, 38 eyeballs were Received from one eyebank to other due to unavailability or unwillingness of available patients to undergo keratoplasty. Though total number of collected eyes increased Steadily proving the benefit of eye donation Movement; Comparatively those patients who require keratoplasty were less & also among those almost 25 % were not willing to undergo procedure. 90 % among those 25 % were having unilateral problems with other eye having good vision (> 6/24).
13. DISCUSSION Nearly 10 lacs are corneal blind people in the country. Majority of them are young in the productive age group who have lost their vision either due to injuries, infection/ malnutrition or were congenital in nature etc. The sight can be restored only by corneal transplantation.
14. Corneal infection is the most common cause of bilateral corneal blindness. There is a high frequency of involvement of one eye with subsequent involvement of the other eye at a later date. This is more commonly seen in the rural population, particularly in those belonging to a lower socioeconomic stratum and those who are illiterate and tend to be ignorant about proper eye care. Pattern of bilateral blinding corneal disease in patients waiting for keratoplasty in a tertiary eye care centre in northern India. Cornea. 2010 Mar;29(3):269-71.Tandon R, Sinha R, Moulick P, Agarwal P, Titiyal JS, Vajpayee RB. Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
15. Though there has been progress in Eye Donation, only 42,000 (approx.) eyes were collected last year with the efforts of eye banks in Govt. & Non Government sectors in India put together, whereas our requirement is around 75000 to 100000 corneas per year. Collection of donor materials is low even in metros & big cities where facilities for treatment of corneal blindness are available.
16. India has largest blind population NEW DELHI: India is now home to the world's largest number of blind people. Of the 37 million people across the globe who are blind, over 15 million are from India. What's worse, 75% of these are cases of avoidable blindness, thanks to the country's acute shortage of donated eyes for the treatment of corneal blindness. Kounteya Sinha, TNN Oct 11, 2007, 02.32am IST
17. Promoting pledging for Eye Donation has definitely led to increase in public awareness about eye donation. But, since donation can happen only after death, there is no direct relationship between pledging for eye donation and actual collection of the donated eyes.
18. Conclusions & Recommendation: This study concludes that awareness campaigns promote public for Eye donation, so that such activities should be held more frequently. There is also need for preparation of minds of patients to undergo keratoplasy & also finding such patients through special camps is of more importance.
19. REFERENCES : 1. Pattern of bilateral blinding corneal disease in patientswaiting for keratoplasty in a tertiary eye care centre in northern India. Cornea. 2010 Mar;29(3):269- 71. 2. Tandon R, Sinha R, Moulick P, Agarwal P, Titiyal JS, Vajpayee RB. Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. 3. KounteyaSinha, TNN Oct 11, 2007, 02.32am IST
20. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: 1. District Blindness Control Society, Pune. 2. All eyebanks & Eye donation centers, Pune District 3. Health Department, statistical section, Maharashtra. 4. Dr. Harshal Pandve, M.D.(P.S.M.)