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Expresiones Algebraicas
Teoría, operaciones y ejercicios
Alumnos:
Genesis Sira
Osniel Tobo
Tabla de contenidos
Expresiones
algebraicas
Teoría
Suma, resta y valor
numérico.
Multiplicación y
división
Operaciones
Producto notable y
factorización
Operaciones
Operaciones de
monomios y
polinomios
Ejercicios
01 02 03 04
Teoría
01
Expresiones algebraicas.
Las expresiones algebraicas son aquellas
expresiones que contienen números y
letras
Aquella espresión compuesta
por dos o más monomios
donde el grado de este es el
exponente mayor de la
variable.
Polinomio
Aquella expresión compuesta
por un número real llamado
coeficiente y una variable
llamada parte literal.
Monomio
7𝒚𝟐
15𝒚3
+3𝒚𝟐
Operaciones
02
Suma, resta y valor numérico.
Multiplicación y división
Se suman los
coeficientes con igual
variable. Ejemplo:
P(y)=2y+5
Q(y)=6y-4
[2+6]y+[5-4]= 8y+1
Suma
Se coloca entre paréntesis
precedido por un negativo
unos de los polinomios.
Ejemplo:
2y+5-(6y-4)
2y+5-6y+4
-4y+9
Resta
Es el valor que se
obtiene al sustituir las
letras por números y
se desarrolla la
operación
Valor numérico
¿Cómo sumar y restar expresiones
algebraicas? ¿Qué es el valor numérico de
estas expresiones?
Dividimos el primer monomio de
cada polinomio y su resultado lo
multiplicamos con el denominador,
después lo restamos con el
numerador y repetimos el proceso.
División
¿Como Multiplicar y dividir expresiones
algebraicas?
Multiplicamos los coeficientes y
sumamos los exponentes de las
mismas variables
P(x)=3𝑥2
+7x–4 Q(x)=2x+3
3𝑥2
. (2x+3) +7x . (2x+3) -4 . (2x+3)
6𝑥3
+9𝑥2
+14𝑥2
+21x-8x-12
6𝑥3
+23𝑥2
+13x-12
Multiplicación
15𝑥3
+4𝑥2
-15x+4
-(15𝑥3
-5𝑥2
)+0x+0
0+9𝑥2
-15x+4
-(9𝑥2
-3x)+0
-12x+4
-(-12x-4)
0+0
3x-1
5𝑥2
+3x-4
15𝑥3
/3x=5𝑥2
.(3x-1)=15𝑥3
-5𝑥2
9𝑥2
/3x=3x.(3x-1)=9𝑥2
-3x
-12x/3x=-4.(3x-1)=-12x-4
Operaciones
03
Producto notable y factorización
Producto Notable
Indica que la expresión: (𝑎 + 𝑏)2
equivale a: 𝑎2
+2ab+𝑏2
(5 + 𝑦)2
=52
+2.5y+𝑦2
=25+10y+𝑦2
Otras expresiones con su equivalencia:
(𝑎 + 𝑏)3
=𝑎3
+3𝑎2
b+3a𝑏2
+𝑏3
(𝑎 + 𝑏)4
=𝑎4
+4𝑎3
b+6𝑎2
𝑏2
+4a𝑏3
+𝑏4
Factorización
Factor común: 15𝑚3
+5𝑚2
= 15𝑚3
/5𝑚2
+5𝑚2
/5𝑚2
= 5𝑚2
.(3m+1)
Diferencia de cuadrado perfecto: 4𝑎2
-9
4𝑎2 - 9 = (2a-3).(2a+3)
Factor común por agrupación: ax-2bx+2ay-4by
x(a-2b)+2y(a-2b) = (x+2y)+(a-2b)
Trinomio al cuadrado perfecto: 𝑎2
-10a+25
𝑎2-2.5a+ 25 = (𝑎 − 5)2
Trinomio cuadrado perfecto por suma y resta: 𝑎2
-4ab+9𝑏2
= 𝑎2 = a y 6𝑏2 = 3b
2.(a).(3b) = 6ab y 6ab-4ab = 2ab ( 𝑎2
-4ab+9𝑏2
-2ab)+2ab
(𝑎2
-6ab+9𝑏2
)+2b = (𝑎 − 3𝑏)2
+2ab
Trinomio: 𝑥2
+bx+c = 𝑥2
+7x+10 (bucar 2 números que multiplicados
den “c” y sumados o restados den “b”) 2.5=10 y 2+5=7
(x+2).(x+5)
Trinomio: a𝑥2
+bx+c = 6𝑥2
-7x-3 = 6.(6𝑥2
-7x-3) = 36𝑥2
-7x.(6)-18
36=6 , -9.2=-18 y -9+2=-7 (6x-9).(6x+2) = (2x-3).(3x+1)
Cubo perfecto de binomios: 8𝑥3
+12𝑥2
+6x+1 =
3
8𝑥3=2x y
3
1=1
8𝑥3
+3.(2𝑥)2
.(1)+3(2x).(1)2
= (2𝑥 + 1)3
Suma o diferencia de cubos perfectos: 𝑎3
+𝑏3
=
3
𝑎3=a y
3
𝑏3=b
(a+b).(𝑎2
-2ab+𝑏2
)
Suma o diferencia de 2 potencia iguales:
𝑚5+𝑛5
𝑚+𝑛
= 𝑚4
+𝑚3
n+𝑚2
𝑛2
+m𝑛3
+𝑛4
(m+n).(𝑚4
+𝑚3
n+𝑚2
𝑛2
+m𝑛3
+𝑛4
)
Ejercicios
04
Operaciones de monomios y
polinomios
Suma, Resta, Multiplicación y división
P(x)= 𝑥4
-2𝑥2
+6x-1 ; Q(x)= 𝑥3
-6𝑥2
-5 ; R(x)= 2𝒙𝟐
+5 ; T(x)= x-1 ; U(x)= 11𝑥3
+7
Calcular: a)P+Q-U; b)R+Q-T; c)U.R; d)Q:T
a). (𝑥4
-2𝑥2
+6x-1) + (𝑥3
-6𝑥2
-5) – (11𝑥3
+7)
𝑥4
+𝑥3
-8𝑥2
+6x-6 – 11𝑥3
-7
𝑥4
+12𝑥3
-8𝑥2
+6x-13
b). (2𝑥2
+5 ) + (𝑥3
-6𝑥2
-5) – (x-1)
𝑥3
-4𝑥2
+0-x+1
𝑥3
-4𝑥2
-x+1
c). (x-1) . (11𝑥3
+7)
11𝑥4
-7x-11𝑥3
-7
11𝑥4
-11𝑥3
-7x-7
d). (𝑥3
-6𝑥2
-5) : (x-1)
𝑥3
/x= 𝑥2
.(x-1)=-(𝑥3
-𝑥2
)
-5𝑥2
/x=-5x.(x-1)=-(-5𝑥2
-5x)
5x/x=5.(x-1)=-(5x-5)
𝑥3
-6𝑥2
+0x-5
-(𝑥3
-𝑥2
)+0x+0
0-5𝑥2
+0x-5
-(-5𝑥2
-5x)+0
0+5x-5
-(5x-5)
0+0
X-1
𝑥2
-5x+5
Producto Notable
(𝑦 + 7)3
= (y+7). (𝑦 + 7)2
= 𝑦3
+3.𝑦2
.7+3.y. 72
+73
= 𝑦3
+21𝑦2
+147y+343
Factorización
a. 54ℎ3
-75ℎ2
+6h= 3h . (18ℎ2
-25h+2)
b. 10ky+34yx-51xq+15kq = 2y . (5k+17x) – 3q . (17x+5k) = (2y-3q) . (17x+5k)
c. 𝑐2
+14c+49 = 𝑐2+2.7c+ 49 = (𝑐 + 7)2
d. 25𝑚2
-81 = 25𝑚2- 81 = (5m-9) . (5m+9)
e. 𝑐2
+71c-49 = 71c-14c=57 = 𝑐2
+71c+49-57+57 = 𝑐2
+14c+49+57 = (𝑐 + 7)2
+57
f. 𝑦2
+12x+32 = 4.8=32 y 8+4=12 = (y+4) . (y+8) = (y+1) . (y+2)
g. 3𝑛2
+2n+5 = 3 . (𝑛2
+
2
3
n)+5 = 3 . (𝑛2
+
2
3
n+
1
9
-
1
9
)+5 = 3 . [(n+
1
3
)2
-
1
9
]+5 = 3 . (n+
1
3
)2
-
14
3
h. 𝑥3
+9𝑥2
+27x+27 =
3
𝑥3+3. (𝑥)2
.(3)+3. (3)2
+ 33 = (𝑥 + 3)3
i. 625+𝑔3
=
3
625+
3
𝑔3 = (5+g) . (5 + 𝑔)2
j.
𝑞3+𝑏3
𝑞+𝑏
= 𝑞2
+qb+𝑏2
https://youtu.be/FboTr4foiJE
https://youtu.be/athYuPXPkeY
https://www.lifeder.com/ejercicios-de-factorizacion/
https://www.superprof.es/apuntes/escolar/matematicas/a
lgebra/polinomios/ejercicios-de-factorizacion-y-raices-
de-polinomios.html
https://youtu.be/qFjYTAcDs_E
https://www.ejerciciosweb.com/radicales/ejercicios-
racionalizar.html
Bibliografía
Para ver la presentación en slideshare ingresar en
el siguiente link:
https://es.slideshare.net/GenesisSiraCastellan/expresion
es-algebraicas-genesis-sira-y-osniel-tobo

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Expresiones algebraicas genesis sira y osniel tobo

  • 1. Expresiones Algebraicas Teoría, operaciones y ejercicios Alumnos: Genesis Sira Osniel Tobo
  • 2. Tabla de contenidos Expresiones algebraicas Teoría Suma, resta y valor numérico. Multiplicación y división Operaciones Producto notable y factorización Operaciones Operaciones de monomios y polinomios Ejercicios 01 02 03 04
  • 4. Las expresiones algebraicas son aquellas expresiones que contienen números y letras Aquella espresión compuesta por dos o más monomios donde el grado de este es el exponente mayor de la variable. Polinomio Aquella expresión compuesta por un número real llamado coeficiente y una variable llamada parte literal. Monomio 7𝒚𝟐 15𝒚3 +3𝒚𝟐
  • 5. Operaciones 02 Suma, resta y valor numérico. Multiplicación y división
  • 6. Se suman los coeficientes con igual variable. Ejemplo: P(y)=2y+5 Q(y)=6y-4 [2+6]y+[5-4]= 8y+1 Suma Se coloca entre paréntesis precedido por un negativo unos de los polinomios. Ejemplo: 2y+5-(6y-4) 2y+5-6y+4 -4y+9 Resta Es el valor que se obtiene al sustituir las letras por números y se desarrolla la operación Valor numérico ¿Cómo sumar y restar expresiones algebraicas? ¿Qué es el valor numérico de estas expresiones?
  • 7. Dividimos el primer monomio de cada polinomio y su resultado lo multiplicamos con el denominador, después lo restamos con el numerador y repetimos el proceso. División ¿Como Multiplicar y dividir expresiones algebraicas? Multiplicamos los coeficientes y sumamos los exponentes de las mismas variables P(x)=3𝑥2 +7x–4 Q(x)=2x+3 3𝑥2 . (2x+3) +7x . (2x+3) -4 . (2x+3) 6𝑥3 +9𝑥2 +14𝑥2 +21x-8x-12 6𝑥3 +23𝑥2 +13x-12 Multiplicación 15𝑥3 +4𝑥2 -15x+4 -(15𝑥3 -5𝑥2 )+0x+0 0+9𝑥2 -15x+4 -(9𝑥2 -3x)+0 -12x+4 -(-12x-4) 0+0 3x-1 5𝑥2 +3x-4 15𝑥3 /3x=5𝑥2 .(3x-1)=15𝑥3 -5𝑥2 9𝑥2 /3x=3x.(3x-1)=9𝑥2 -3x -12x/3x=-4.(3x-1)=-12x-4
  • 9. Producto Notable Indica que la expresión: (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 equivale a: 𝑎2 +2ab+𝑏2 (5 + 𝑦)2 =52 +2.5y+𝑦2 =25+10y+𝑦2 Otras expresiones con su equivalencia: (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 =𝑎3 +3𝑎2 b+3a𝑏2 +𝑏3 (𝑎 + 𝑏)4 =𝑎4 +4𝑎3 b+6𝑎2 𝑏2 +4a𝑏3 +𝑏4
  • 10. Factorización Factor común: 15𝑚3 +5𝑚2 = 15𝑚3 /5𝑚2 +5𝑚2 /5𝑚2 = 5𝑚2 .(3m+1) Diferencia de cuadrado perfecto: 4𝑎2 -9 4𝑎2 - 9 = (2a-3).(2a+3) Factor común por agrupación: ax-2bx+2ay-4by x(a-2b)+2y(a-2b) = (x+2y)+(a-2b) Trinomio al cuadrado perfecto: 𝑎2 -10a+25 𝑎2-2.5a+ 25 = (𝑎 − 5)2 Trinomio cuadrado perfecto por suma y resta: 𝑎2 -4ab+9𝑏2 = 𝑎2 = a y 6𝑏2 = 3b 2.(a).(3b) = 6ab y 6ab-4ab = 2ab ( 𝑎2 -4ab+9𝑏2 -2ab)+2ab (𝑎2 -6ab+9𝑏2 )+2b = (𝑎 − 3𝑏)2 +2ab
  • 11. Trinomio: 𝑥2 +bx+c = 𝑥2 +7x+10 (bucar 2 números que multiplicados den “c” y sumados o restados den “b”) 2.5=10 y 2+5=7 (x+2).(x+5) Trinomio: a𝑥2 +bx+c = 6𝑥2 -7x-3 = 6.(6𝑥2 -7x-3) = 36𝑥2 -7x.(6)-18 36=6 , -9.2=-18 y -9+2=-7 (6x-9).(6x+2) = (2x-3).(3x+1) Cubo perfecto de binomios: 8𝑥3 +12𝑥2 +6x+1 = 3 8𝑥3=2x y 3 1=1 8𝑥3 +3.(2𝑥)2 .(1)+3(2x).(1)2 = (2𝑥 + 1)3 Suma o diferencia de cubos perfectos: 𝑎3 +𝑏3 = 3 𝑎3=a y 3 𝑏3=b (a+b).(𝑎2 -2ab+𝑏2 ) Suma o diferencia de 2 potencia iguales: 𝑚5+𝑛5 𝑚+𝑛 = 𝑚4 +𝑚3 n+𝑚2 𝑛2 +m𝑛3 +𝑛4 (m+n).(𝑚4 +𝑚3 n+𝑚2 𝑛2 +m𝑛3 +𝑛4 )
  • 13. Suma, Resta, Multiplicación y división P(x)= 𝑥4 -2𝑥2 +6x-1 ; Q(x)= 𝑥3 -6𝑥2 -5 ; R(x)= 2𝒙𝟐 +5 ; T(x)= x-1 ; U(x)= 11𝑥3 +7 Calcular: a)P+Q-U; b)R+Q-T; c)U.R; d)Q:T a). (𝑥4 -2𝑥2 +6x-1) + (𝑥3 -6𝑥2 -5) – (11𝑥3 +7) 𝑥4 +𝑥3 -8𝑥2 +6x-6 – 11𝑥3 -7 𝑥4 +12𝑥3 -8𝑥2 +6x-13 b). (2𝑥2 +5 ) + (𝑥3 -6𝑥2 -5) – (x-1) 𝑥3 -4𝑥2 +0-x+1 𝑥3 -4𝑥2 -x+1 c). (x-1) . (11𝑥3 +7) 11𝑥4 -7x-11𝑥3 -7 11𝑥4 -11𝑥3 -7x-7 d). (𝑥3 -6𝑥2 -5) : (x-1) 𝑥3 /x= 𝑥2 .(x-1)=-(𝑥3 -𝑥2 ) -5𝑥2 /x=-5x.(x-1)=-(-5𝑥2 -5x) 5x/x=5.(x-1)=-(5x-5) 𝑥3 -6𝑥2 +0x-5 -(𝑥3 -𝑥2 )+0x+0 0-5𝑥2 +0x-5 -(-5𝑥2 -5x)+0 0+5x-5 -(5x-5) 0+0 X-1 𝑥2 -5x+5
  • 14. Producto Notable (𝑦 + 7)3 = (y+7). (𝑦 + 7)2 = 𝑦3 +3.𝑦2 .7+3.y. 72 +73 = 𝑦3 +21𝑦2 +147y+343 Factorización a. 54ℎ3 -75ℎ2 +6h= 3h . (18ℎ2 -25h+2) b. 10ky+34yx-51xq+15kq = 2y . (5k+17x) – 3q . (17x+5k) = (2y-3q) . (17x+5k) c. 𝑐2 +14c+49 = 𝑐2+2.7c+ 49 = (𝑐 + 7)2 d. 25𝑚2 -81 = 25𝑚2- 81 = (5m-9) . (5m+9) e. 𝑐2 +71c-49 = 71c-14c=57 = 𝑐2 +71c+49-57+57 = 𝑐2 +14c+49+57 = (𝑐 + 7)2 +57 f. 𝑦2 +12x+32 = 4.8=32 y 8+4=12 = (y+4) . (y+8) = (y+1) . (y+2) g. 3𝑛2 +2n+5 = 3 . (𝑛2 + 2 3 n)+5 = 3 . (𝑛2 + 2 3 n+ 1 9 - 1 9 )+5 = 3 . [(n+ 1 3 )2 - 1 9 ]+5 = 3 . (n+ 1 3 )2 - 14 3 h. 𝑥3 +9𝑥2 +27x+27 = 3 𝑥3+3. (𝑥)2 .(3)+3. (3)2 + 33 = (𝑥 + 3)3 i. 625+𝑔3 = 3 625+ 3 𝑔3 = (5+g) . (5 + 𝑔)2 j. 𝑞3+𝑏3 𝑞+𝑏 = 𝑞2 +qb+𝑏2