Exploring options in the design of a water distribution network for fire-fighting is presented. The method used was that of the gradient method embedded in the EPANET software. Analysis were carried out for a typical residential estate in Ebocha village. Input data such as fire water demand, pipe lengths, pipe diameters and assumed pump sizes were fed into the EPANET software. Results showed that the existing water distribution network for firefighting was inefficient with a negative pressure of -116.89 metre head when water was released for the purpose of fire-fighting. A total of 5 cases and 25 options of simulations were carried out for the proposed network for the residential area.
CFD Analysis on Forced Convection Heat Transfer of KNO3–Ca NO3 2 TiO2 Molten ...YogeshIJTSRD
Nanotechnology has been a global movement in recent decades. The possibility of manipulating atomic and molecular materials has resulted in previously unimaginable properties and characteristics. The molten salt nanofluid created by integrating nanoparticles into molten salt has a much higher specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity than the base molten salt, resulting in a higher heat storage density and lower heat storage cost than the base molten salt. Since the discovery of molten salt nanofluids excellent thermal properties, the heat transfer of molten salt nanofluid has piqued engineers curiosity. In this analysis, the forced convection heat transfer of KNO3–Ca NO3 2 TiO2 molten salt nanofluid in circular tube was investigated using a 3 dimensional numerical 3 D simulation. The simulation programme ANSYS 17.0 was used for study of the heat transfer physiognomies of a KNO3–Ca NO3 2 TiO2 molten salt nanofluid in circular tube. The effect of nanofluid were measured and observed to influence the heat transfer and flow of fluids in a heat exchanger. The following conclusions can be drawn based on the provided results The KNO3–Ca NO3 2 TiO2 molten salt nanofluid performed slightly better in forced convection heat transfer than the KNO3–Ca NO3 2 SiO2 molten salt nanofluid under the same working conditions. KNO3–Ca NO3 2 TiO2 molten salt nanofluid had a 14.79 percent higher Nusselt number than KNO3–Ca NO3 2 SiO2 molten salt nanofluid. Prof. Om Prakash | Sourav Raj "CFD Analysis on Forced Convection Heat Transfer of KNO3–Ca (NO3)2 + TiO2 Molten Salt Nanofluid in Circular Tube" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39853.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/39853/cfd-analysis-on-forced-convection-heat-transfer-of-kno3–ca-no32--tio2-molten-salt-nanofluid-in-circular-tube/prof-om-prakash
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed heat transfer in an economizer using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It discussed how fins can be added to economizer tubes to increase the heat transfer surface area between flue gases and boiler feedwater. The document reviewed previous research on economizer design optimization and failures. It described the working of CFD analysis using equations of continuity, momentum, and energy to model fluid flow. The study used the k-ε turbulence model in CFD software to analyze heat transfer with and without fins on an economizer.
The document summarizes research on the suitability of heat exchangers for use as solar receivers in solar thermal power applications. It discusses two main solar collector technologies - point focusing and line focusing collectors - and the receiver design requirements for each. It then outlines the methodology used, which includes designing and fabricating a shell and helical tube heat exchanger, modeling a porous disc line receiver with CFD, simulating different configurations and working fluids, and determining parameters for maximum efficiency. Literature on existing receiver models is reviewed and key findings are summarized. Experimental work involving a shell and helical tube receiver with nanofluid is described and optimization of parameters is discussed. Results from CFD analysis of the porous disc receiver showing heat transfer and fluid
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Water Desalination System based on Humid...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of a water desalination system based on the humidification-dehumidification (HDH) method. Key findings include:
1) The system uses a heat pump's condenser and evaporator to humidify and dehumidify air and produce fresh water.
2) Experiments tested different air flow rates and water spray conditions.
3) The system achieved a maximum fresh water production rate of 8.64 liters/hour at an air to water mass ratio of 0.13 and inlet cooling water temperature of 15°C.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Study in Rectangle Type St...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates heat transfer in straight and obliquely finned microchannel heat sinks using water and nanofluids as coolants. Rectangle cross-section microchannels are studied at varying flow rates and heat inputs. Results show that a 0.1% concentration of Al2O3/water nanofluid provides the best heat transfer enhancement of 24.15% in the obliquely finned microchannel compared to water and SiO2/nanofluid. Overall, the obliquely finned microchannel provides 21.45% better heat transfer than the straight microchannel design. The study examines heat transfer and flow characteristics in microchannels to improve thermal management in electronics.
IRJET- Effect of GGBS and Fine Aggregate as Self Cementinous Material on Frac...IRJET Journal
1. This document discusses using magnesium oxide (MgO) nanofluid in a heat exchanger to enhance heat transfer rate. MgO nanoparticles were dispersed in propylene glycol at concentrations of 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% by volume. Experiments found that adding MgO nanoparticles increased the thermal conductivity of the fluid and improved the overall heat transfer coefficient, with the highest enhancement seen at 0.5% concentration.
2. The document reviews previous studies that examined using various metal oxide nanoparticles dispersed in heat transfer fluids in shell and tube heat exchangers. These studies found that adding nanoparticles increased the convective heat transfer coefficient, overall heat transfer coefficient, heat transfer rate, and effectiveness compared to
IRJET- Thermal Analysis of Corrugated Plate Heat Exchanger by using Ansys...IRJET Journal
This document discusses thermal analysis of a corrugated plate heat exchanger using ANSYS software through finite element analysis. It summarizes previous research on using nanofluids like Al2O3 in water to improve heat transfer in these types of heat exchangers. The document then outlines the methodology that will be used, which involves studying the corrugated plate heat exchanger with counterflow configuration and varying parameters like volume flow rate and corrugation angle to determine the optimal heat transfer results.
IRJET- Heat Exchanger based on Nano FluidIRJET Journal
The document discusses using nanofluids to improve heat transfer in a heat exchanger. It begins by introducing nanofluids and their potential to increase heat transfer rates compared to conventional fluids. It then describes the experimental setup to test a heat exchanger using water and metal-based nanofluids. Temperature sensors will measure the inlet and outlet temperatures of the two fluids while flow control valves regulate flow rates. The goal is to study the effect of mass flow rates on heat exchanger efficiency. CAD software was used to model the design. Experimental testing will obtain results and conclusions on the heat exchanger's performance using nanofluids versus just water.
CFD Analysis on Forced Convection Heat Transfer of KNO3–Ca NO3 2 TiO2 Molten ...YogeshIJTSRD
Nanotechnology has been a global movement in recent decades. The possibility of manipulating atomic and molecular materials has resulted in previously unimaginable properties and characteristics. The molten salt nanofluid created by integrating nanoparticles into molten salt has a much higher specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity than the base molten salt, resulting in a higher heat storage density and lower heat storage cost than the base molten salt. Since the discovery of molten salt nanofluids excellent thermal properties, the heat transfer of molten salt nanofluid has piqued engineers curiosity. In this analysis, the forced convection heat transfer of KNO3–Ca NO3 2 TiO2 molten salt nanofluid in circular tube was investigated using a 3 dimensional numerical 3 D simulation. The simulation programme ANSYS 17.0 was used for study of the heat transfer physiognomies of a KNO3–Ca NO3 2 TiO2 molten salt nanofluid in circular tube. The effect of nanofluid were measured and observed to influence the heat transfer and flow of fluids in a heat exchanger. The following conclusions can be drawn based on the provided results The KNO3–Ca NO3 2 TiO2 molten salt nanofluid performed slightly better in forced convection heat transfer than the KNO3–Ca NO3 2 SiO2 molten salt nanofluid under the same working conditions. KNO3–Ca NO3 2 TiO2 molten salt nanofluid had a 14.79 percent higher Nusselt number than KNO3–Ca NO3 2 SiO2 molten salt nanofluid. Prof. Om Prakash | Sourav Raj "CFD Analysis on Forced Convection Heat Transfer of KNO3–Ca (NO3)2 + TiO2 Molten Salt Nanofluid in Circular Tube" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39853.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/39853/cfd-analysis-on-forced-convection-heat-transfer-of-kno3–ca-no32--tio2-molten-salt-nanofluid-in-circular-tube/prof-om-prakash
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed heat transfer in an economizer using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It discussed how fins can be added to economizer tubes to increase the heat transfer surface area between flue gases and boiler feedwater. The document reviewed previous research on economizer design optimization and failures. It described the working of CFD analysis using equations of continuity, momentum, and energy to model fluid flow. The study used the k-ε turbulence model in CFD software to analyze heat transfer with and without fins on an economizer.
The document summarizes research on the suitability of heat exchangers for use as solar receivers in solar thermal power applications. It discusses two main solar collector technologies - point focusing and line focusing collectors - and the receiver design requirements for each. It then outlines the methodology used, which includes designing and fabricating a shell and helical tube heat exchanger, modeling a porous disc line receiver with CFD, simulating different configurations and working fluids, and determining parameters for maximum efficiency. Literature on existing receiver models is reviewed and key findings are summarized. Experimental work involving a shell and helical tube receiver with nanofluid is described and optimization of parameters is discussed. Results from CFD analysis of the porous disc receiver showing heat transfer and fluid
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Water Desalination System based on Humid...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of a water desalination system based on the humidification-dehumidification (HDH) method. Key findings include:
1) The system uses a heat pump's condenser and evaporator to humidify and dehumidify air and produce fresh water.
2) Experiments tested different air flow rates and water spray conditions.
3) The system achieved a maximum fresh water production rate of 8.64 liters/hour at an air to water mass ratio of 0.13 and inlet cooling water temperature of 15°C.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Study in Rectangle Type St...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates heat transfer in straight and obliquely finned microchannel heat sinks using water and nanofluids as coolants. Rectangle cross-section microchannels are studied at varying flow rates and heat inputs. Results show that a 0.1% concentration of Al2O3/water nanofluid provides the best heat transfer enhancement of 24.15% in the obliquely finned microchannel compared to water and SiO2/nanofluid. Overall, the obliquely finned microchannel provides 21.45% better heat transfer than the straight microchannel design. The study examines heat transfer and flow characteristics in microchannels to improve thermal management in electronics.
IRJET- Effect of GGBS and Fine Aggregate as Self Cementinous Material on Frac...IRJET Journal
1. This document discusses using magnesium oxide (MgO) nanofluid in a heat exchanger to enhance heat transfer rate. MgO nanoparticles were dispersed in propylene glycol at concentrations of 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% by volume. Experiments found that adding MgO nanoparticles increased the thermal conductivity of the fluid and improved the overall heat transfer coefficient, with the highest enhancement seen at 0.5% concentration.
2. The document reviews previous studies that examined using various metal oxide nanoparticles dispersed in heat transfer fluids in shell and tube heat exchangers. These studies found that adding nanoparticles increased the convective heat transfer coefficient, overall heat transfer coefficient, heat transfer rate, and effectiveness compared to
IRJET- Thermal Analysis of Corrugated Plate Heat Exchanger by using Ansys...IRJET Journal
This document discusses thermal analysis of a corrugated plate heat exchanger using ANSYS software through finite element analysis. It summarizes previous research on using nanofluids like Al2O3 in water to improve heat transfer in these types of heat exchangers. The document then outlines the methodology that will be used, which involves studying the corrugated plate heat exchanger with counterflow configuration and varying parameters like volume flow rate and corrugation angle to determine the optimal heat transfer results.
IRJET- Heat Exchanger based on Nano FluidIRJET Journal
The document discusses using nanofluids to improve heat transfer in a heat exchanger. It begins by introducing nanofluids and their potential to increase heat transfer rates compared to conventional fluids. It then describes the experimental setup to test a heat exchanger using water and metal-based nanofluids. Temperature sensors will measure the inlet and outlet temperatures of the two fluids while flow control valves regulate flow rates. The goal is to study the effect of mass flow rates on heat exchanger efficiency. CAD software was used to model the design. Experimental testing will obtain results and conclusions on the heat exchanger's performance using nanofluids versus just water.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF POROUS RADIANT BURNER AN...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
This paper presents the heat transfer characteristics of a
self-aspirating porous radiant burner (SAPRB) that operates
on the basis of an effective energy conversion method between
flowing gas enthalpy and thermal radiation. The temperature
field at various flame zones was measured experimentally by
the help of both FLUKE IR camera and K-type thermocouples.
The experimental setup consisted of a two layered domestic
cooking burner, a flexible test stand attached with six K-type
thermocouples at different positions, IR camera, LPG setup
and a hot wire anemometer. The two layered SAPRB consisted
of a combustion zone and a preheating zone. Combustion zone
was formed with high porosity, highly radiating porous
matrix, and the preheating zone consisted of low porosity
matrix. Time dependent temperature history from
thermocouples at various flame zones were acquired by using
a data acquisition system and the temperature profiles were
analyzed in the ZAILA application software environments. In
the other hand the IR graphs were captured by FLUKE IR
camera and the thermographs were analyzed in the
SMARTView software environments. The experimental results
revealed that the homogeneous porous media, in addition to
its convective heat exchange with the gas, might absorb, emit,
and scatter thermal radiation. The rate of heat transfer was
more at the center of the burner where a combined effect of
both convection & radiation might be realized. The maximum
thermal efficiency was found to be 64% which was having a
good agreement with the previous data in the open literature.
IRJET- Heat Transfer Enhancement Analysis of Solar Parabolic Trough Collector...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on enhancing heat transfer in the receiver tubes of parabolic trough solar collectors. The receiver tubes experience non-uniform heat flux around the periphery from the concentrated solar radiation, resulting in large temperature gradients. The study numerically simulates turbulent flow and heat transfer in receiver tubes with staggered pin fins on the inside surface. It is found that pin fins improve performance over a plain tube by increasing surface area and turbulence. Higher pin fins result in greater heat transfer but also higher pressure drop. The best performing design has pin fins 12mm in height, balancing increased heat transfer with pressure penalties.
IRJET- A Review on Improvement of Heat Transfer Rate by Passive MethodsIRJET Journal
This document reviews research on improving heat transfer rates through passive methods. It discusses how adding nanoparticles to fluids to create nanofluids can improve heat transfer efficiency in heat exchangers. Several studies are summarized that found adding metal oxide nanoparticles like CuO and Al2O3 to water and ethylene glycol increased heat transfer rates compared to the base fluids alone. Corrugated plate heat exchangers in particular saw higher effectiveness with nanofluid use. However, more research is still needed to determine optimum nanoparticle concentrations for different nanofluids and applications. The aim of this review is to analyze how lower concentrations of Al2O3/water nanofluid could impact performance in plate heat exchangers.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance Analysis of a Shell Tube Condenser for a Model Organic Rankine Cy...IJERA Editor
The global energy demand increases with the economic growth and population rise. Most electrical power is currently generated by conventional methods from fossil fuels. Despite the high energy demand, the conventional energy resources such as fossil fuels have been declining. In addition to this harmful combustion byproducts are resulting global warming. However, the increase of environmental concerns and energy crisis can be minimized by sustainable utilization of the low to medium temperature heat resources. The Organic Rankine Cycle power plant is a very effective option for utilization of low grade heat sources for power generation. Heat exchangers are the main components of the Organic Rankine Cycle power plant which receives heat energy from the heat source to evaporate and condense the low boiling temperature organic working fluid which in turn drives the turbine to generate power. This paper presents a simplified approach to the design, fabrication and performance assessment of a shell tube heat exchanger designed for condenser in a model Organic Rankine Cycle geothermal power plant. The design involved sizing of heat exchanger (condenser) using the LMTD method based on an expected heat transfer rate. The heat exchanger of the model power plant was tested in which hot water simulated geothermal brine. The results of the experiment indicated that the heat exchanger is thermally suitable for the condenser of the model power plant.
Comparative analysis of direct and four indirect methods for determination of...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This study focused on comparative analysis of five widely used methods for determining evapotranspiration, namely, Weighing lysimeter, Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods. Each of the five methods was used to estimate crop evapotranspiration of waterleaf (Talinum triangulare) in Umudike, Southeast Nigeria. The efficacy of these evapotranspiration methods is evaluated by comparing them with the Weighing lysimeter(direct method), which provides the most reasonable estimation of evapotranspiration and is one of the most reliable methods. The crop was irrigated daily and the daily data generated from the lysimeter were used to calculate the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) between the months of November/ December, 2013. Climatic data obtained for the same period were used to determine the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) using the Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods. The total crop evapotranspiration from the Lysimeter between November and December was 148.69 mm, while that of Pan Evapotranspiration (PE), Blaney – Morin Nigeria (BMN), Blaney – Criddle (BC) and Modified Hargreaves – Samani (MHS) were 152.42 mm, 151.22 mm, 147.76 mm and 135.58 mm, respectively. Test of hypothesis using z-Test indicates that there was no significant difference between the mean of the ET by lysimeter and that of each of the other four methods (Blaney - Criddle, Pan Evapotranspiration, Modified Hargreaves - Samani and Blaney - Morin Nigeria) as z-cal < z-critical at 5% level of significance for the crop growth period of 8th November to 12th December, 2013.
Keywords: Comparative analysis, Evapotranspiration methods, Crop evapotranspiration, Hydrologic cycle, Lysimeter
Automated models for rapid data insights
Environmental modeling is crucial for making decisions or understanding what’s happening in the field, but it can be an extremely complex and manual process. Not anymore. Forget endless spreadsheets, equations, and long hours of post processing. ZENTRA Cloud now includes environmental models—so the information you need to make sense of your data can be instantly visualized on a daily basis.
Environmental modeling made easy
Growing degree days, daily light integral, evapotranspiration, and more! We made the models. Now you can use them. Discover the magic behind the models, how ZENTRA Cloud simplifies and automates the process, and how researchers are using these models in their unique applications. Topics covered:
An introduction and some of the scientific methods behind popular ZENTRA Cloud models
Plant available water
Evapotranspiration (ET)
Daily light integral
Daily light photoperiod
Growing degree days
Modified chill hours
Case studies: How people are using these models in their research
IRJET- Double Pipe Heat Exchanger with Spiral FlowIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on heat exchangers with parallel and counter flow configurations. It discusses how performance varies based on fluid properties and operating conditions. The document also outlines the experimental setup and procedure used to study a double pipe heat exchanger with a spiral inner tube. Tests were conducted with both parallel and counter flow arrangements to compare performance under different flow rates and inlet temperatures. Key findings from previous research on factors affecting heat transfer coefficients and effectiveness are also summarized.
Effect of pitch on heat transfer characteristics of helical coils to be used ...eSAT Journals
This document discusses a study on the effect of pitch variation on heat transfer characteristics of helical coils used for biogas production. Three helical coil models with the same dimensions but different pitches (75mm, 50mm, 25mm) were modeled and analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The results showed that increasing pitch enhanced heat transfer but also increased pressure drop. Maintaining an optimal reactor temperature through efficient heat transfer from helical coils can improve biogas production.
This document provides an analysis of microchannel heat exchangers. It discusses the history of microchannels dating back to 1981 when they were first proposed for electronics cooling. It also outlines key developments in the field by researchers like Phillips, Colgan, and Kandlikar. Applications of microchannels include cooling electronics, heat exchangers, reactors, engines, and air conditioning. The document discusses the scope for further development in areas like geometric optimization, multiphase flow analysis, and flow boiling control. It provides an overview of the group's project to analyze single phase flow and flow boiling in different microchannel designs using CREO and ANSYS Fluent software.
The document summarizes an experiment that measured the advection and dispersion of dye in a simulated river system under room temperature and ice water conditions. Key findings include:
1) Dye dispersed faster and mixed homogenously in room temperature water, but stratified between temperature layers and dispersed more slowly in ice water.
2) Modeling of the data found best fit when the ice water flow rate was decreased to represent stratification, as the model assumed homogeneous mixing.
3) The experiment supported the hypothesis that residence time would be higher and dispersion lower in cold water, though dye stratified rather than mixing as initially predicted.
Performance enhancement of a Flat Plate Solar collector using Titanium dioxid...Sabiha Akter Monny
This document summarizes a study that investigated using titanium dioxide nanofluid and polyethylene glycol dispersant to enhance the performance of a flat plate solar collector. The researchers tested different volume fractions of TiO2 nanoparticles in water (0.1% and 0.3%) and mass flow rates (0.5-1.5 kg/min) in the collector. They found that energy efficiency increased by up to 76.6% and exergy efficiency up to 16.9% for certain parameters. Pressure drop and pumping power of the TiO2 nanofluid were similar to the base fluid for the studied volume fractions. The document provides relevant background information on solar collectors, nanofluids, and the equations used in the first and second law analyses
IRJET-Experimental Study on Helical Tube Heat Exchanger by Varying Cross Sect...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on a helical tube heat exchanger. The study varies the cross-section of the tubes by adding nano particles like TiO2 and SiO2 to the working fluid. The performance of a helical coil heat exchanger is analyzed and compared to a straight tube heat exchanger based on parameters like log mean temperature difference (LMTD), heat transfer coefficient, and Reynolds number. The results show that a helical coil heat exchanger with nano particles added to the working fluid is more efficient, with its overall heat transfer coefficient increasing with mass flow rate.
An Assessment of Phase Change Materials for Domestic ApplicatonsEditorIJAERD
Thermal Energy storage has been the significant area of research over the last many decades. Various methods
and materials are developed for storing heat energy. Yet a main obstacle to modern methods is its lack of thermal mass.
Phase change materials are one of the optimized alternate to various energy storing methods and materials. They have
high energy storage capacity. In any case, despite the fact that the data is quantitatively tremendous, it is moreover
spread generally in the writing, and hard to discover. This report contrasts on the properties of phase change materials
and also reveals their significant applications. Furthermore, the discussion includes main benefits and drawbacks of
phase change materials over the different renewable energy sources. It also carries various types of PCMs and
performance analysis of PCMs for selecting the best required PCM for the purpose of heating and cooling of building.
Commentary Refuting a Cornell Study on the Greenhouse Gas Footprint of Natura...Marcellus Drilling News
Cornell professors Lawrence Cathles, Larry Brown and Andrew Hunter, along with Milton Taam, respond with their own analysis of natural gas vs. coal and refute earlier claims by another group of Cornell professors (Howarth, Santoro and Ingraffea) that burning coal is actually better for the environment than burning natural gas.
This document summarizes a study that evaluates the potential for optimizing the time response of HVAC control systems in smart buildings. The study proposes an integrated fuzzy logic controller that combines a Mamdani-type fuzzy PI-PD controller with a Takagi-Sugeno-Kang type cluster adaptive training controller. The fuzzy membership functions of the PI-PD controller are tuned online using a simplex search algorithm to minimize time response, while the cluster adaptive training controller is tuned offline and online using gradient descent to enhance stability and disturbance rejection. Simulation results showed the proposed integrated controller improved output accuracy, significantly reduced response time, and increased robustness of indoor conditions control for MIMO HVAC systems.
Abstract: Passive liquid water recovery from fuel cell effluent can be achieved by designing effective desiccant. Recovered water from desiccant is used for humidification of proton exchange membrane (PEM) to maintain at hydrated state. Proper membrane humidity is crucial to ensure optimal operation of a PEM to generate electricity. In this study a desiccant called water separator is designed, it works without consuming any external energy. The main aim of designing a component is to recover liquid water from hundred percent humidified air (vapour) which is coming out from cathode compartment of fuel stack and it is further used for humidifying the oxidant before entering the stack inlet. The self-sufficient water in vapour is investigated theoretically and experimentally. When the water separator temperature reached the critical point especially in large power applications or long time operation, recovered water was not sufficient for air humidification. On the contrary, it is sufficient while the temperature of water separator was below critical line. The temperature of separator is controlled by providing adequate heat transfer. The recovered amount of water by condensing the outlet gas or vapour to a proper temperature, easily satisfy required amount for humidification of oxidant at inlet of stack.
Keywords:cell stack, Proton exchange membrane, Humidification, Vapour, Liquid water recovery.
Mathcad manual sizing of hvac equipment in tons and cfmJulio Banks
This document discusses manual sizing methods for HVAC equipment. It reports that contractors use a variety of methods to size AC systems, including Manual J calculations (33%), software (34%), and square footage estimates (24%). Square footage estimates ranged from 350-700 sq ft per ton. Over a third of contractors intentionally oversize systems to avoid complaints or accommodate future expansions.
Contractors also use various methods to determine air flow requirements, such as square footage estimates (30%), with responses ranging from 0.8-1.5 CFM per square foot. Some contractors (25%) report that certain sizing methods can be inaccurate, such as square footage estimates if window loads and insulation are not considered. Many contractors intentionally
This presentation illustrates a typical piping distribution system. In case the listener is interested in design service for a system of a similar or larger magnitude, he/she may contact at the following e-mail address.
This document provides information on piping design engineering modules including 3D and 2D design and drafting tools. It outlines the tools used for piping modeling, equipment modeling, structural modeling, and other tasks. It also describes the tools and processes for 2D design and drafting tasks like piping layout drawings. Additionally, it lists the tasks involved in piping engineering like piping and equipment layout, material take off, and piping instrumentation drawings. Finally, it provides details on the design tools and software the engineer has experience with along with examples of projects in different regions and industries.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF POROUS RADIANT BURNER AN...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
This paper presents the heat transfer characteristics of a
self-aspirating porous radiant burner (SAPRB) that operates
on the basis of an effective energy conversion method between
flowing gas enthalpy and thermal radiation. The temperature
field at various flame zones was measured experimentally by
the help of both FLUKE IR camera and K-type thermocouples.
The experimental setup consisted of a two layered domestic
cooking burner, a flexible test stand attached with six K-type
thermocouples at different positions, IR camera, LPG setup
and a hot wire anemometer. The two layered SAPRB consisted
of a combustion zone and a preheating zone. Combustion zone
was formed with high porosity, highly radiating porous
matrix, and the preheating zone consisted of low porosity
matrix. Time dependent temperature history from
thermocouples at various flame zones were acquired by using
a data acquisition system and the temperature profiles were
analyzed in the ZAILA application software environments. In
the other hand the IR graphs were captured by FLUKE IR
camera and the thermographs were analyzed in the
SMARTView software environments. The experimental results
revealed that the homogeneous porous media, in addition to
its convective heat exchange with the gas, might absorb, emit,
and scatter thermal radiation. The rate of heat transfer was
more at the center of the burner where a combined effect of
both convection & radiation might be realized. The maximum
thermal efficiency was found to be 64% which was having a
good agreement with the previous data in the open literature.
IRJET- Heat Transfer Enhancement Analysis of Solar Parabolic Trough Collector...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on enhancing heat transfer in the receiver tubes of parabolic trough solar collectors. The receiver tubes experience non-uniform heat flux around the periphery from the concentrated solar radiation, resulting in large temperature gradients. The study numerically simulates turbulent flow and heat transfer in receiver tubes with staggered pin fins on the inside surface. It is found that pin fins improve performance over a plain tube by increasing surface area and turbulence. Higher pin fins result in greater heat transfer but also higher pressure drop. The best performing design has pin fins 12mm in height, balancing increased heat transfer with pressure penalties.
IRJET- A Review on Improvement of Heat Transfer Rate by Passive MethodsIRJET Journal
This document reviews research on improving heat transfer rates through passive methods. It discusses how adding nanoparticles to fluids to create nanofluids can improve heat transfer efficiency in heat exchangers. Several studies are summarized that found adding metal oxide nanoparticles like CuO and Al2O3 to water and ethylene glycol increased heat transfer rates compared to the base fluids alone. Corrugated plate heat exchangers in particular saw higher effectiveness with nanofluid use. However, more research is still needed to determine optimum nanoparticle concentrations for different nanofluids and applications. The aim of this review is to analyze how lower concentrations of Al2O3/water nanofluid could impact performance in plate heat exchangers.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance Analysis of a Shell Tube Condenser for a Model Organic Rankine Cy...IJERA Editor
The global energy demand increases with the economic growth and population rise. Most electrical power is currently generated by conventional methods from fossil fuels. Despite the high energy demand, the conventional energy resources such as fossil fuels have been declining. In addition to this harmful combustion byproducts are resulting global warming. However, the increase of environmental concerns and energy crisis can be minimized by sustainable utilization of the low to medium temperature heat resources. The Organic Rankine Cycle power plant is a very effective option for utilization of low grade heat sources for power generation. Heat exchangers are the main components of the Organic Rankine Cycle power plant which receives heat energy from the heat source to evaporate and condense the low boiling temperature organic working fluid which in turn drives the turbine to generate power. This paper presents a simplified approach to the design, fabrication and performance assessment of a shell tube heat exchanger designed for condenser in a model Organic Rankine Cycle geothermal power plant. The design involved sizing of heat exchanger (condenser) using the LMTD method based on an expected heat transfer rate. The heat exchanger of the model power plant was tested in which hot water simulated geothermal brine. The results of the experiment indicated that the heat exchanger is thermally suitable for the condenser of the model power plant.
Comparative analysis of direct and four indirect methods for determination of...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This study focused on comparative analysis of five widely used methods for determining evapotranspiration, namely, Weighing lysimeter, Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods. Each of the five methods was used to estimate crop evapotranspiration of waterleaf (Talinum triangulare) in Umudike, Southeast Nigeria. The efficacy of these evapotranspiration methods is evaluated by comparing them with the Weighing lysimeter(direct method), which provides the most reasonable estimation of evapotranspiration and is one of the most reliable methods. The crop was irrigated daily and the daily data generated from the lysimeter were used to calculate the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) between the months of November/ December, 2013. Climatic data obtained for the same period were used to determine the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) using the Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods. The total crop evapotranspiration from the Lysimeter between November and December was 148.69 mm, while that of Pan Evapotranspiration (PE), Blaney – Morin Nigeria (BMN), Blaney – Criddle (BC) and Modified Hargreaves – Samani (MHS) were 152.42 mm, 151.22 mm, 147.76 mm and 135.58 mm, respectively. Test of hypothesis using z-Test indicates that there was no significant difference between the mean of the ET by lysimeter and that of each of the other four methods (Blaney - Criddle, Pan Evapotranspiration, Modified Hargreaves - Samani and Blaney - Morin Nigeria) as z-cal < z-critical at 5% level of significance for the crop growth period of 8th November to 12th December, 2013.
Keywords: Comparative analysis, Evapotranspiration methods, Crop evapotranspiration, Hydrologic cycle, Lysimeter
Automated models for rapid data insights
Environmental modeling is crucial for making decisions or understanding what’s happening in the field, but it can be an extremely complex and manual process. Not anymore. Forget endless spreadsheets, equations, and long hours of post processing. ZENTRA Cloud now includes environmental models—so the information you need to make sense of your data can be instantly visualized on a daily basis.
Environmental modeling made easy
Growing degree days, daily light integral, evapotranspiration, and more! We made the models. Now you can use them. Discover the magic behind the models, how ZENTRA Cloud simplifies and automates the process, and how researchers are using these models in their unique applications. Topics covered:
An introduction and some of the scientific methods behind popular ZENTRA Cloud models
Plant available water
Evapotranspiration (ET)
Daily light integral
Daily light photoperiod
Growing degree days
Modified chill hours
Case studies: How people are using these models in their research
IRJET- Double Pipe Heat Exchanger with Spiral FlowIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on heat exchangers with parallel and counter flow configurations. It discusses how performance varies based on fluid properties and operating conditions. The document also outlines the experimental setup and procedure used to study a double pipe heat exchanger with a spiral inner tube. Tests were conducted with both parallel and counter flow arrangements to compare performance under different flow rates and inlet temperatures. Key findings from previous research on factors affecting heat transfer coefficients and effectiveness are also summarized.
Effect of pitch on heat transfer characteristics of helical coils to be used ...eSAT Journals
This document discusses a study on the effect of pitch variation on heat transfer characteristics of helical coils used for biogas production. Three helical coil models with the same dimensions but different pitches (75mm, 50mm, 25mm) were modeled and analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The results showed that increasing pitch enhanced heat transfer but also increased pressure drop. Maintaining an optimal reactor temperature through efficient heat transfer from helical coils can improve biogas production.
This document provides an analysis of microchannel heat exchangers. It discusses the history of microchannels dating back to 1981 when they were first proposed for electronics cooling. It also outlines key developments in the field by researchers like Phillips, Colgan, and Kandlikar. Applications of microchannels include cooling electronics, heat exchangers, reactors, engines, and air conditioning. The document discusses the scope for further development in areas like geometric optimization, multiphase flow analysis, and flow boiling control. It provides an overview of the group's project to analyze single phase flow and flow boiling in different microchannel designs using CREO and ANSYS Fluent software.
The document summarizes an experiment that measured the advection and dispersion of dye in a simulated river system under room temperature and ice water conditions. Key findings include:
1) Dye dispersed faster and mixed homogenously in room temperature water, but stratified between temperature layers and dispersed more slowly in ice water.
2) Modeling of the data found best fit when the ice water flow rate was decreased to represent stratification, as the model assumed homogeneous mixing.
3) The experiment supported the hypothesis that residence time would be higher and dispersion lower in cold water, though dye stratified rather than mixing as initially predicted.
Performance enhancement of a Flat Plate Solar collector using Titanium dioxid...Sabiha Akter Monny
This document summarizes a study that investigated using titanium dioxide nanofluid and polyethylene glycol dispersant to enhance the performance of a flat plate solar collector. The researchers tested different volume fractions of TiO2 nanoparticles in water (0.1% and 0.3%) and mass flow rates (0.5-1.5 kg/min) in the collector. They found that energy efficiency increased by up to 76.6% and exergy efficiency up to 16.9% for certain parameters. Pressure drop and pumping power of the TiO2 nanofluid were similar to the base fluid for the studied volume fractions. The document provides relevant background information on solar collectors, nanofluids, and the equations used in the first and second law analyses
IRJET-Experimental Study on Helical Tube Heat Exchanger by Varying Cross Sect...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on a helical tube heat exchanger. The study varies the cross-section of the tubes by adding nano particles like TiO2 and SiO2 to the working fluid. The performance of a helical coil heat exchanger is analyzed and compared to a straight tube heat exchanger based on parameters like log mean temperature difference (LMTD), heat transfer coefficient, and Reynolds number. The results show that a helical coil heat exchanger with nano particles added to the working fluid is more efficient, with its overall heat transfer coefficient increasing with mass flow rate.
An Assessment of Phase Change Materials for Domestic ApplicatonsEditorIJAERD
Thermal Energy storage has been the significant area of research over the last many decades. Various methods
and materials are developed for storing heat energy. Yet a main obstacle to modern methods is its lack of thermal mass.
Phase change materials are one of the optimized alternate to various energy storing methods and materials. They have
high energy storage capacity. In any case, despite the fact that the data is quantitatively tremendous, it is moreover
spread generally in the writing, and hard to discover. This report contrasts on the properties of phase change materials
and also reveals their significant applications. Furthermore, the discussion includes main benefits and drawbacks of
phase change materials over the different renewable energy sources. It also carries various types of PCMs and
performance analysis of PCMs for selecting the best required PCM for the purpose of heating and cooling of building.
Commentary Refuting a Cornell Study on the Greenhouse Gas Footprint of Natura...Marcellus Drilling News
Cornell professors Lawrence Cathles, Larry Brown and Andrew Hunter, along with Milton Taam, respond with their own analysis of natural gas vs. coal and refute earlier claims by another group of Cornell professors (Howarth, Santoro and Ingraffea) that burning coal is actually better for the environment than burning natural gas.
This document summarizes a study that evaluates the potential for optimizing the time response of HVAC control systems in smart buildings. The study proposes an integrated fuzzy logic controller that combines a Mamdani-type fuzzy PI-PD controller with a Takagi-Sugeno-Kang type cluster adaptive training controller. The fuzzy membership functions of the PI-PD controller are tuned online using a simplex search algorithm to minimize time response, while the cluster adaptive training controller is tuned offline and online using gradient descent to enhance stability and disturbance rejection. Simulation results showed the proposed integrated controller improved output accuracy, significantly reduced response time, and increased robustness of indoor conditions control for MIMO HVAC systems.
Abstract: Passive liquid water recovery from fuel cell effluent can be achieved by designing effective desiccant. Recovered water from desiccant is used for humidification of proton exchange membrane (PEM) to maintain at hydrated state. Proper membrane humidity is crucial to ensure optimal operation of a PEM to generate electricity. In this study a desiccant called water separator is designed, it works without consuming any external energy. The main aim of designing a component is to recover liquid water from hundred percent humidified air (vapour) which is coming out from cathode compartment of fuel stack and it is further used for humidifying the oxidant before entering the stack inlet. The self-sufficient water in vapour is investigated theoretically and experimentally. When the water separator temperature reached the critical point especially in large power applications or long time operation, recovered water was not sufficient for air humidification. On the contrary, it is sufficient while the temperature of water separator was below critical line. The temperature of separator is controlled by providing adequate heat transfer. The recovered amount of water by condensing the outlet gas or vapour to a proper temperature, easily satisfy required amount for humidification of oxidant at inlet of stack.
Keywords:cell stack, Proton exchange membrane, Humidification, Vapour, Liquid water recovery.
Mathcad manual sizing of hvac equipment in tons and cfmJulio Banks
This document discusses manual sizing methods for HVAC equipment. It reports that contractors use a variety of methods to size AC systems, including Manual J calculations (33%), software (34%), and square footage estimates (24%). Square footage estimates ranged from 350-700 sq ft per ton. Over a third of contractors intentionally oversize systems to avoid complaints or accommodate future expansions.
Contractors also use various methods to determine air flow requirements, such as square footage estimates (30%), with responses ranging from 0.8-1.5 CFM per square foot. Some contractors (25%) report that certain sizing methods can be inaccurate, such as square footage estimates if window loads and insulation are not considered. Many contractors intentionally
This presentation illustrates a typical piping distribution system. In case the listener is interested in design service for a system of a similar or larger magnitude, he/she may contact at the following e-mail address.
This document provides information on piping design engineering modules including 3D and 2D design and drafting tools. It outlines the tools used for piping modeling, equipment modeling, structural modeling, and other tasks. It also describes the tools and processes for 2D design and drafting tasks like piping layout drawings. Additionally, it lists the tasks involved in piping engineering like piping and equipment layout, material take off, and piping instrumentation drawings. Finally, it provides details on the design tools and software the engineer has experience with along with examples of projects in different regions and industries.
ICI Final Project - A New Bridge ProposalPang Shuen
The document proposes building a suspension bridge at Taylor's University Lakeside Campus to improve accessibility and walkability. The 30m long bridge would connect Block E to the commercial block and feature three glass capsule cafes that could be rented. This would shorten the walking time to the commercial block from 5 minutes to 1 minute. The bridge would benefit the university, students, and cafes by generating income, providing a new gathering space, improving access to facilities, and enhancing the scenery.
This document provides an overview of the EPANET 2 Users Manual. It describes EPANET as a computer program that models hydraulic and water quality behavior in drinking water distribution systems over extended time periods. It lists EPANET's hydraulic and water quality modeling capabilities. It also outlines the typical steps to using EPANET, which include drawing or importing a network, editing object properties, selecting analysis options, running an analysis, and viewing results. The document notes that the manual provides guidance on installing and using EPANET's interface as well as building, analyzing, and viewing results for distribution system models.
The document discusses pipe networks for water distribution systems. It describes:
1) Pipe networks can have multiple sources and sinks connected by an interconnected network of pipes. Computer solutions are used to model pipe networks.
2) Assumptions made in modeling pipe networks include each point having a single pressure and equal pressure changes along parallel paths. Conservation of mass is assumed at nodes.
3) Pipes can be modeled in parallel by applying the energy equation between nodes and adding pipe flows. Computer solutions are needed for networks with multiple loops.
Project Data Sheet & contents
Project electro mechanical system
HVAC System
Theoretical approach
Case study
Fire fighting System
Theoretical approach
Case study
Fire safety
Fire alarm System
This document provides procedures and safety tips for high-rise buildings and home fire safety. It outlines key actions to take in different fire emergency situations including discovering a fire, deciding to evacuate or shelter in place, and tips for home fire prevention. The main actions are to familiarize yourself with building exits and alarms, have an evacuation plan, pull the fire alarm and call for help if a fire is discovered, and evacuate by walking or crawling low under smoke to the nearest exit. It also provides 10 fire safety tips such as installing smoke detectors, having an escape plan, safe cooking practices, and stopping, dropping, and rolling if clothes catch fire.
Simulation of water distribution networks the use of epanetRiki Rahmadhan KS
The document discusses simulation of water distribution networks using EPANET software. It describes the key components of water networks like nodes, links, pipes and how EPANET can be used to analyze hydraulic and water quality behaviors by computing flow, pressure, and chlorine concentration throughout the network. The presentation provides an overview of the different elements that can be modeled in EPANET including reservoirs, tanks, pumps, valves and pipes as well as the inputs and outputs for each.
The fire at Mantralaya, the government headquarters in Mumbai, broke out on the 4th floor on June 21, 2012. Five people died from smoke inhalation and burns, while 14 others were injured. The fire spread to the 5th and 6th floors, destroying important government records and departments. An investigation found the fire was likely caused by a short circuit in the air conditioning system. A structural audit found the building structure was still sound. However, the fire spread due to a lack of fire safety measures mandated by law, such as sprinklers, smoke detectors, and a communication line to the fire brigade. Lessons from the incident highlighted the need for all government buildings to strictly follow fire safety codes and have disaster
A Talent Survey for Energy, Oil&Gas in Asia Pacific in preparation for the construction and commissioning projects that will transpire in the Philippines within the next 12 months.
The document provides details about a site analysis project conducted by a group of students at Taylor's University Lakeside campus. It includes an introduction outlining the project scope, a table of contents, and sections analyzing various attributes of the site such as physical attributes, biological attributes, cultural attributes, and a SWOT analysis. Photos and diagrams are included to illustrate different aspects of the site. The biological attributes section describes over 20 types of plants found at the site, including trees, shrubs, herbs and flowers, providing botanical information and photos of each.
Task
We are required to select a building as a case study project.
Observe the building services systems taught in this module.
The case study building - PKNS Complex, Shah Alam
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN REPORT UET LAHORE by envianMuhammad Usman
The report summarizes the design of a water distribution system for a housing society located near Upper Chanab Canal. It describes the study area, land use analysis, basics of water distribution systems, methodology using Hardy Cross and loop software, and design of the water distribution network for the housing society. The design considers grid iron layout, pumping with storage, and continuous water supply. Pipes of 225mm, 100mm and 75mm are proposed for the primary, secondary and tertiary networks respectively. The minimum residual head is set at 14m based on local criteria.
Firefighting has evolved significantly over the centuries in terms of equipment, roles, and standards. Women first joined firefighting efforts in the early 19th century. Fire departments now utilize various specialized vehicles like engines, ladders, rescue units, and command vehicles. Firefighters wear protective gear and use tools to combat fires, perform rescues, and ensure water supply. Fire prevention through education and enforcement of codes has helped reduce fire incidents over time.
This document provides an overview of the history and modern practices of firefighting. It discusses how firefighting equipment, qualifications, and the role of women have changed over time. Key events mentioned include the establishment of the first fire company in 1736, the first female firefighter Molly Williams in 1818, and the development of standards for firefighting ranks and trainings. The document also describes common firefighting vehicles, tools, and types of calls that firefighters respond to today. It emphasizes the vital role of firefighting in communities and thanks local firefighters for their service.
This document presents the final report for the water distribution system design of the Future Vision Housing Society located near Jehlum Road in Lahore, Pakistan. It includes the design criteria, assumptions, and completed design of the water distribution piping network using the Loop software program. The network consists of 23 nodes, 30 pipes of varying diameters from 80mm to 500mm, and is fed by two tube wells with water stored in an overhead reservoir 20 meters high. The report provides all relevant input data and output results from the hydraulic analysis of the piped network.
The document provides an acknowledgement and thanks to various individuals who helped with completing a case study assignment on building services in the PKNS Complex. It thanks the group members, group leader, the person in charge of PKNS Complex who approved the visit, and the lecturer who provided guidance. It then provides an abstract stating that the case study examined the fire protection, mechanical, vertical transportation, and electrical systems in the complex and looked at existing systems, problems, and recommendations for improvement.
The document provides an analysis of the fire protection systems at the Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre (KLPAC). It discusses both the active and passive fire protection systems. The active systems include heat detectors, smoke detectors, alarms, sprinklers, and fire extinguishers. The passive systems include fire walls, rated doors, smoke curtains, emergency exits, and fire stairs. The analysis examines how these systems function, how they comply with regulations, and provides recommendations for improvement of the fire protection at the building.
This document is a group assignment report on enhancing natural ventilation in high-rise buildings. It includes an abstract, table of contents, and 5 chapters that discuss the history, theory, case study, conclusion, and learning outcomes of the project. The case study analyzes the natural ventilation strategies used at Ridzuan Condominium in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It examines the building's ventilation systems, strengths, considerations, and recommendations for improvement. The report ultimately concludes that natural ventilation should be utilized more in future high-rise projects due to its benefits, despite some disadvantages.
Building Service Project 2 Case Study ReportJoyeeLee0131
A case study on Jaya Shopping Centre located at Petaling Jaya, Selangor of the building services such as ACMV system, Fire Protection System and Mechanical Transportation system.
For the tropical surface ocean waters being the largest thermal
solar collectors and reservoirs in the planet, a solution is
proposed for inexhaustible supply of freshwater by combining
two renewable energy routes through a hybrid offshore
energy farm, ocean thermal energy conversion, and
offshore wind power.
SIMULATION OF PRESSURE VARIATIONS WITHIN KIMILILI WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM USING E...IAEME Publication
Water Supply system is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components which provide water supply for domestic use, industrial purposes, fire fighting and so on. The system
comprises of intake structures, treatment units, storage tanks and distribution systems. A well designed water supply system is meant to operate optimally such that consumers have access to portable water of sufficient pressure and quality at all times. However during operations of water supply systems, cases of pressure drops, Leakages and contamination occur and the main challenge is the lack of a simple tool to accurately predict zones of low pressures and areas where quality is compromised.
This paper elaborates the hydraulic characteristics of the water supply network of the town of Puerto Ayora. First, it intends to replicate the household individual storage by simulating nodal tanks with the use of the EPANET software. Later, it uses the Pressure-Driven Approach (PDA) to develop a methodology that estimates the overflow of storage facilities, one of the main sources of wastage in Puerto Ayora. Finally, it uses the Demand-Driven Approach (DDA), with the aim of assessing the network in the future, under four population growth scenarios. With the chosen moderate growth scenario, two options are suggested in order to tackle the water supply issues at the end of the planning horizon.
This document describes a computer software developed to determine pump capacity and storage tank size for public water distribution schemes. The software takes inputs like population, housing units, tower height, and pipe characteristics. It then calculates storage tank size based on population water needs and selects a suitable tank from manufacturer specifications. Pump capacity is estimated considering flow rate needed to fill the tank and total dynamic and static heads in the system. The software was tested on a case study community and produced results closely matching manual calculations. The software can help accurately size tanks and select pumps for water projects based on site details.
The document describes using a non-linear programming model to optimize the design of a water distribution network in Mumbai, India. A traditional branch software method was first used to design the network. Then, a non-linear programming model was formulated in MS Excel to minimize total pipe costs while ensuring minimum pressure requirements are met at each node. The optimized design reduced total pipe costs by 5.08% compared to the original design. The non-linear programming model provides a simpler optimization approach than other complex algorithms that require more technical knowledge.
IRJET - Design of Water Distribution Network using EPANET SoftwareIRJET Journal
This document describes using EPANET software to design a water distribution network for three wards in AnjarakandyGrama Panchayath, Kannur district, India. EPANET was used to carry out the design and hydraulic analysis of the network. Input data on nodes, pipes, demands, and system parameters were modeled in EPANET. The results from EPANET, including pressures at nodes and flows/velocities in pipes, showed the designed system was feasible. The performance of the EPANET model was also compared to a manual Hardy-Cross method analysis.
DEVELOPMENT OF CLEAN WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK CAPACITY BY USING WATERCADIAEME Publication
This document describes a study that used WaterCAD software to analyze and develop the clean water distribution network for Kedungkandang District in Malang, Indonesia. The study projected the population to reach 27,284 people by 2031. It determined the average daily clean water need would be 41,763 liters/second and peak hour need would be 65,150 liters/second. Hydraulic simulations found the water pressure would be between 1.6-2.3 atmospheres and velocities between 0.47-1.85 meters/second, meeting design criteria. The study concluded the existing network was sufficient with some pipe diameter changes required for development.
Abstract: The development of spherical multi nozzle fire extinguisher technology has made substantial progress over the last decade. Water mist based techniques are becoming popular but the fire extinguishment products call for high initial investment. There exists a need to develop cost effective water mist generation techniques appropriate for fire suppression. A standard portable water-CO2 _re extinguisher nozzle is selected for study with an application density of 1.0 l/min/m2.A multi-jet nozzle with opposed jet configuration is developed to get improved spray characteristics. Droplet Stouter Mean Diameters (SMD) were empirically calculated using correlations available in the literature. The spray developed has resulted in droplets with SMD in the range of Water is the most cost effective reagent for fire extinguishment. Water in the form of jets/sprays is used for _re suppression. Water dispensation at an optimal rate is essential to improve effectiveness of utilization and also protect the fire affected regions from the ill effects of water inundation in the post _re scenario. Several studies exist in the literature aimed at improving the utilization efficiency of water during _re suppression. Breaking up water jets into particles improves surface area available for heat absorption but smaller particle mass reduces penetration of water into fire. Mist based extinguishers are available in the market which claim lower water consumption but they are prohibitively expensive and therefore their availability for use is restricted. Even to this day, the own rates employed in Class-A _re extinguishers available in the market utilize large application densities to ensure effectiveness in extinguishment.
Design of Fire Systems in Nanjing Research Institute of Huawei’s New Rent Eng...IJRES Journal
First, building fire research status at home and abroad are introduced, the main subject of
the design of fire system in Nanjing research institute of Huawei’s new rent engineering office building. The
construction for the building is eight floors and the area of it is about 42537
2 m , the underground part is
about 1713
2 m . Its height is about 30 m . According to actual demand, with the fire regulations and
specific engineering requirements, we ensure safety by comparing with regulations and drawing
the conclusion. In the design, we check the pipeline strength of water. In the fire hydrant system, the pressure
of the most unfavorable hydrant should be calculated and check.
This document provides a theoretical development of a microfluidic insulation device for windows. It begins with a literature review of existing window insulation technologies such as single glazing, double glazing, triple glazing, and replacing the air gap with different gases. A microfluidic system is proposed that contains microchannels on the inner window surface to convect heat using flowing water. Calculations determine the optimal channel geometry and network, as well as pumps and valves. The system is estimated to provide a 29% energy savings for a 1m2 window section by reducing heat loss.
Use of Storage Water in a Hydroelectric SystemIOSR Journals
This document discusses the use of storage water in hydroelectric systems. It begins by discussing how hydroelectric systems work and the importance of water storage. It then reviews several past studies that have analyzed optimal water storage and use in hydroelectric systems. These studies used different assumptions and approaches, such as using decision support systems and dynamic programming. The document proposes using an existing decision support system to optimize water use during low flow periods. It describes the components and benefits of comprehensive decision support systems for hydroelectric operations and planning. Finally, it concludes that decision support systems can optimize water storage and use in hydroelectric systems based on updated forecasts and probabilistic modeling.
The document describes an automated dam monitoring system that uses sensors and data acquisition to measure key parameters like water velocity, pressure, level, and vibrations. It channels water for irrigation and power generation. Sensors measure these parameters and feed data to a control system built in LabVIEW. This allows remote monitoring and control of dam operations to ensure safety and optimize water usage.
Continuous Water distribution Network Analysis Using Epanet in Ambaji, Gujara...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study analyzing the water distribution network in Ambaji, Gujarat, India using EPANET software. The study obtained data on the existing 148-node, 148-pipe network from local authorities. It analyzed population growth projections and future water demand. Elevation data and pipe details were input into EPANET. The results showed head losses within acceptable limits to maintain constant pressure for Ambaji's continuous water supply system. The analysis demonstrated the existing network meets hydraulic and water quality standards for a 24-hour water supply.
This document summarizes a case study analyzing and optimizing the pipe network of a cooling water system in a petrochemical plant using pipe network analysis software. The existing network was experiencing problems due to changes over time. The study involved collecting live data on flow rates and temperatures, calculating heat duties, determining optimal flow rates, creating a virtual model of the network in PIPENET software, and iteratively modifying the network through changes like line sizing. The optimized network reduced energy usage by eliminating one booster pump and improved flow distribution, saving 15% of cooling water and 27% of energy usage while maintaining required heat transfer.
1. The document discusses the design of a cold water pipe for an OTEC power plant off the coast of the Philippines. It analyzes parameters from a theoretical 10MW OTEC system to determine requirements for the cold water pipe design.
2. Key parameters used include a seawater temperature difference of 21.5°C and mass flow rate. The document estimates that a pipe depth of 895.84m would achieve the required temperature difference off the Philippines coast.
3. Additional considerations for the pipe design include withstanding static/dynamic loads from waves and typhoons that occur in the Philippines location. The pipe structure, flow rate, diameter and pump requirements will be analyzed based on the estimated depth.
Smart Water Meter System for Detecting Sudden Water LeakageAneekBanerjee4
This article deals with a proposal of a smart water meter for monitoring water consumption and for accidental leakage detection. The hardware part of the smart water meter consists of a mini-computer and a pulse water meter. Application logic is then in the hands of the original software that evaluates water consumption patterns. If a water leak is detected, the smart water meter uses a ball valve to close the inlet. The meter also has a self-learning mode that can recommend set limits within the reference period. A separate application interface is designed for communication between the meter and the user .Various computer simulations were used to test and initiate different water consumption scenarios.
Analysis and Design of Intz Water Tank by Using Staad Proijtsrd
This document presents an analysis of an Intze water tank designed in STAAD Pro. It begins with an introduction to water tanks and the Intze tank design. It then reviews past literature on seismic analysis of tanks. Next, it outlines the methodology used, including estimating water needs, defining fire demands, and specifying tank dimensions. The document details the steps taken in STAAD Pro to model the tank's geometry, apply materials and loads, assign supports, run the analysis, and view post-processing results. Tables present the maximum displacements under different seismic zones. The conclusion states that members did not fail and the design was stable under the analyzed loads.
Estimation of flow accelerated corrosion (fac) in feeder pipes using cf dd so...Alexander Decker
This article summarizes a study on estimating flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) in feeder pipes of a nuclear reactor using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The study had two objectives: 1) perform CFD analysis of a modeled feeder pipe using Fluent software to estimate maximum wall thinning, and 2) design an experimental setup to study FAC at low temperatures. The CFD analysis estimated a maximum wall thinning rate of 1.1 mm/year in a feeder pipe bend. Experimental tests on mild steel coupons in water at 90°C found corrosion rates up to 1.63 g/cm2/year but no evidence of FAC below this temperature.
Optimization Model for Refinery Hydrogen Networks Part IIJERA Editor
Petroleum refineries have many process units that consume hydrogen.These process units are distributed in different places everywhere in the refinery.In order to feed them, it is necessary to have sources capable of supplying, in amount and quality, the hydrogen that every consuming unit needs.It is also needed to have a distribution network that it is correctly designed and which operation is adjusted in an optimal manner to the changing conditions of the refinery.This involves the minimization of the cost of installation and operation of the hydrogen network.The installation cost is dominated by the amount of pipelines, compressors and purifying units; while the cost of operation is dominated by the amount of fresh hydrogen that the plant consumes.In this work a mathematical model is developed for a hydrogen network,which is adapted to the different information levels available in the different stages of design of that system.The model is currently in use in the YPFLuján de Cuyo refinery (Mendoza, Argentina). In this first part, the basic model is presented; whereas in a second part, the model is enlarged to accommodate the incorporation of purifying units and new compressors.
PBL on Energy Conservation with Rainwater HarvestingS K
This document proposes a system called Energy Conservation on Rainwater Harvesting (ECRH) that generates electricity from rainwater. The system would include modifying roof designs to make them slanted to easily direct water flow. Water would be collected and sent through an impulse turbine connected to a generator to produce electricity, which would be stored in an energy storage device. Theoretical calculations estimate that a 6-minute heavy rainfall could generate enough energy to charge a cell phone battery. The system provides a cheap, small-scale way to harvest renewable energy from rainwater while also collecting water for non-potable uses.
Similar to EXPLORING OPTIONS IN THE DESIGN OF A WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK FOR FIREFIGHTING (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
UNLOCKING HEALTHCARE 4.0: NAVIGATING CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE I...amsjournal
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is transforming industries, including healthcare, by integrating digital,
physical, and biological technologies. This study examines the integration of 4.0 technologies into
healthcare, identifying success factors and challenges through interviews with 70 stakeholders from 33
countries. Healthcare is evolving significantly, with varied objectives across nations aiming to improve
population health. The study explores stakeholders' perceptions on critical success factors, identifying
challenges such as insufficiently trained personnel, organizational silos, and structural barriers to data
exchange. Facilitators for integration include cost reduction initiatives and interoperability policies.
Technologies like IoT, Big Data, AI, Machine Learning, and robotics enhance diagnostics, treatment
precision, and real-time monitoring, reducing errors and optimizing resource utilization. Automation
improves employee satisfaction and patient care, while Blockchain and telemedicine drive cost reductions.
Successful integration requires skilled professionals and supportive policies, promising efficient resource
use, lower error rates, and accelerated processes, leading to optimized global healthcare outcomes.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
2. Ify L. Nwaogazie, Levi O. Uba and Terry Henshaw
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 284 editor@iaeme.com
1. INTRODUCTION
A water distribution network for domestic use can hardly serve the needs for a fire
fighting system. This is basically because of the pressure and the volume of water
required by the system. For the purpose of fighting fire, water pressure must be
maintained at a minimum of 350kPA and this value varies to about 75 psi depending
on the distance of the hydrant and the height of the facility. The volume of water
needed for fire-fighting is so large that recommended standards (NFPA, AGIP) states
that a close river, stream or lake should be used for the supply. Under normal
circumstances an overhead tank (OHT) that can achieve the required pressure and
volume of water needed might not be structurally sustainable and for this reason
pump(s) are required to help the system achieve its aim.
Recent studies have shown ground water yield in the southern part of Nigeria as
high as 24m3
/s (Chattel, 2014). With this figure, the question arises if ground water is
capable of satisfying the water requirement for fire-fighting when pumped directly
during a fire incidence and if not how do we combine the options of pumps and tanks
to achieve the best option that will satisfy the water volume and pressure requirement
of the fire-fighting system.
In other to determine the required OHT, diameter of mains, pump sizes necessary
to deliver water and foam to the most remote hydrants, we had to resort to a computer
– aided simulation model EPANET which was developed by Luwis Ross in
2001.Originaly designed for the United States government but with its successes in
design results, pressure was mounted for it to go public. EPANET is a computer
program that performs extended period simulation of hydraulic and water quality
behavior within pressurized pipe networks. A network consists of pipes, nodes (pipe
junctions), pumps, valves and storage tanks/ reservoir. EPANET tracks the flow of
water in each pipe, the pressure at each node and the height of water in the tank.
The hydraulic modeling capabilities of EPANET are as follows:
Places no limit on the size of the network that can be analyzed;
Computes friction head loss using the Hazen – Williams, Darcy – Weisbach or Chezy
– Manning formulas;
Includes minor head losses for bends, fitting, etc;
Models constant or variable speed pumps;
Models various types of valves including shutoff, check, pressure regulating and flow
control valves;
Allows storage tanks to have any shape; and
Considers multiple demand categories at nodes, each with its own pattern of time
variation.
EPANET has gained much popularity over the years because of its use of the
Gradient method of analysis. The Gradient method of water distribution network
analysis as presented by Todini and Pilati 1987 solve the flow continuity and head
loss equations that characterize the hydraulic state of the pipe network at any given
point in time. The gradient method is a method by which corrections are applied to
assume velocity of flow until an acceptable hydraulic balance of the system is
achieved. Works of Henshaw and Nwaogazie (2015) have done a extensive
comparison on the successes of the gradient method over the popular Hardy Cross’s
method of solving water distribution problems. The EPANET software’s fast
convergence does not depend on the accuracy of initial velocity selected as it has been
coded to start with a velocity of 1m/s.This study is aimed at using a sample study area
3. Exploring Options In The Design of A Water Distribution Network For Firefighting
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 285 editor@iaeme.com
to demonstrate different options in which a firefighting system can be satisfied. This
is important because different environments will definitely pose their own unique
properties.
A selection of references considered relevant to this work as it concerns
hydraulics of water distribution and fire-fighting are Heafley and Lawson (1975),
Jones (2013), Mays (2001), the National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA, 2010) and
AGIP company specification (1996).
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Study Area
The study area is a typical residential estate in EBOCHA village (50
28’40.52”N , 60
44’24.52”N ) which comprises of residential blocks of rooms, a recreational center,
military block, helipad and a messing facility .There are existing fire hydrants (14
numbers) which are not in working condition at the time of site visit. The perimeter of
the entire area is 1942 metres. The terrain is fairly flat with a gentle undulating slopes
and spot heights range between 18.2m minimum to 19.8m maximum. The
temperature variation is within 22.20
C on a much clouded day to as high as 350
C on
a very clear sky day. Figure 1 shows a map indicating the study area.
Figure 1 Map showing the study area.
2.2. Estimating Fire Water Demand
According to NFPA-15, 3.98 liter per minute (3.98 l/min) is recommended for every
metre squared area or equipment used up area. The fire water demand should be
designed to meet fire water demand for one hour duration and this change according
to hazard level (high or low). After the determination of the individual water demand,
the fire water facility is designed with the highest total fire water demand. The fire
water demand can also be flexible depending on the assumption of number of fire out
breaks at a time designed for. There are cases where there might be a fire outbreak in
more than one location in a facility but all these considerations are basically design
options.
According to the NFPA standards, Table 1 shows the fire water demand based on
the existing structures in the new base residence.
Ebocha
village
4. Ify L. Nwaogazie, Levi O. Uba and Terry Henshaw
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 286 editor@iaeme.com
Table 1 Fire water demand for structures in the study area.
FACILITY
AREA
COVERED (m2
)
WATER
DEMAND (l/min)
*Residential block
(Largest block selected;
residential blocks A and B)
2232 8883.4
helipad 324 1289.5
canteen 2192 8724.2
Military block 300 1194
Transformer unit 292.969 1166
*Residential block: Area covered by the largest residential block = 2232 m2
The largest value of the water demand in Table 1 is selected as the design demand
(NFPA 15).
Water demand per square meter = 3.98 l/min.
Water demand = 2232 m2
× 3.98 l/min/ m2
= 8883.4 l/min = 148.06 l/sec.
By the NFPA standard fire water demand should be designed for a minimum of 1
hour; thus.
Water demand = 8883.4 l/min × 60 min/hr = 533,004 l/hr.
Fire water demand for the Ebocha new base residence = 533,004 l/hr ≡ 533 m3
/hr
2.3. Tank Sizing
The size of the tank to hold the demand volume would be achieved by equating the
volume of the proposed tank size to the hour fire demand calculated.
Volume = demand
L × W × H = 533 m3
Let L = W; L2
× H = 533 m3
For stability let 3; L =3H
(3H)2
× H = 533; 9H3
= 533; H3
= 59.2 m; H = = 3.9m
L=3×3.9 = 11.7m
The required size of tank to fight fire = 11.7 m × 11.7 m × 3.9 m
For a structurally stable system we recommend two overhead tanks.
Overhead tank (OHT) = 10m × 10m × 2.7m
H
W
L
5. Exploring Options In The Design of A Water Distribution Network For Firefighting
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 287 editor@iaeme.com
2.4. Input Data for EPANET Simulator
The input data for the EPANET software are diameter of pipe (galvanized steel), spot
heights of junction points, length of pipes, pipe roughness coefficient, height of OHT
and pump characteristics. The network is modeled by varying capacity of main fire
pumps, looped condition, submersible pumps, numbers of OHT, number of hydrants
opened, position of hydrant opened and OHT heights.
3. DATA ANALYSIS
3.1. Network of Existing Fire Water System
With fourteen stand hydrants, two surface pumps and a surface tank of approximately
3m×3m×1.5m, the existing water distribution network was in poor state. The
EPANET software was used to stimulate the network to identify any lapses or
problems. Figure 2 shows the existing network. Table 2 shows result of the
simulation.
Figure 2 Existing network in the study area
Points to note for the simulation:
One hydrant is opened;
Fire incidence starts at 7AM and is to be fought for 1 hour; and
Hydrant opened is that of junction 17 (see Figure 2)
Node
17
6. Ify L. Nwaogazie, Levi O. Uba and Terry Henshaw
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 288 editor@iaeme.com
Table 2 Results of simulation of existing network
BOOSTER PUMP
CAPACITY
REFERENCE NODE 17
7 AM
REMARK
FLOW
(LPS)
HEAD
(m)
PRESSURE
(m)
TOTAL HEAD
(m)
70 70 -116.89 -98.89
Insufficient pump pressure
and Tank empties 10
minutes (7:10AM) into the
fire fighting process.
3.2. Network of proposed firefighting system in the study area
Based on all relevant NFPA standards, hydrants are positioned in the new base in
areas where they do not exist and where they are insufficient. The network of mains
and sub mains were then developed and modeled to provide adequate water volume
and pressure head during a fire incidence. Figure 3 shows the proposed network
diagram for the Residential area.
Figure 3 Proposed network for the New Base
Node
38
7. Exploring Options In The Design of A Water Distribution Network For Firefighting
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 289 editor@iaeme.com
CASE 1: Points to note for the simulation:
One hydrant is opened;
No closed loop;
1 number tank with size 10.2m × 10.2m × 3m;
Fire incidence starts at 7AM and is to be fought for 1 hour; and
Hydrant opened is that of junction 38 (see Figure 3).
OPTION 1: Providing a 5 metre height OHT
The network is simulated based on the conditions stated above and Table 3 shows the
results.
Table 3 Results of simulation of case 1- option 1
BOOSTER PUMP
CAPACITY
REFERENCE NODE 38
7 AM REMARK
FLOW
(LPS)
HEAD
(m)
PRESSURE
(m)
TOTAL HEAD
(m)
150 150 -148 -130 Insufficient pump
200 200 -70.94 -52.94 Insufficient pump
250 250 3.89 21.89 Insufficient pump
260 260 18.35 36.35 Insufficient pump
265 265 25.55 43.55 Insufficient pump
270 270 32.73 50.73 Insufficient pump
275 275 39.88 57.88
Sufficient pump but Tank
empties 40 minutes into the
fire-fighting process.
3.3. Discussion
The existing network in the residential area has not been able to serve its purpose as
the operators via personal interactions complained of the insufficient pressure and
weak pumps. The system was simulated and the results showed a negative pressure of
116.89 metres and the volume of water was insufficient as the simulation showed the
existing surface tank empty 10 minutes into the firefighting incidence.
The water fire-fighting distribution network for the study area has been designed
and presents a total of 7 cases and 25 options (See Table 4).Also the summary of all
the simulations (Cases & Options) are graphically shown in Figures 4 and 5,
respectively. The interpretation of both figures must be taken together to be
meaningful; for instance, Figure. 4 for any case and option yields a particular pressure
and correspondingly in Figure 5, the main pump capacity is read. The conditions are
spelt by NFPA can be confirmed from both plots if met. With detailed analysis,
recommendations are made from this poll of options of which design would stand the
test of time.
Case 1 simulations present design conditions of one hydrant open at a time at
node 38, no closed loop in the network (see Fig 3), 1 number OHT of size 10m × 10m
× 3m, and fire incidence begins at 7AM and is fought for 1 hour according to the
NFPA standard. The simulation varies OHT from a 5 metre height to 20 height with
options 1 to 4. Option 1 provides a 5 meter OHT that shows that the fire water pump
is sufficient for the network and water finishes in the tank forty minutes into the fire-
fighting exercise (7:40 AM). Option 2 provides a 10 m OHT to see the improvement
8. Ify L. Nwaogazie, Levi O. Uba and Terry Henshaw
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 290 editor@iaeme.com
and an improvement in the pump capacity is recorded as 1,278 HP capacity pump.
Options 3 and 4 further provide 15 and 20 me OHT but there was no significant
improvement as the pumps sufficient for the network were still the 1278 HP
capacities.
Case 2 simulation uses all the conditions of case 1 except the additional tank of
the same capacity as in case 1 provided. Option 1 to option 4 present OHT of 5 to 20
metres and all show the same improvement in terms of sufficient volume of water for
fighting the fire incidence for 1 hour.
Case 3 simulation uses all the conditions of case 2 except for the additional
hydrant opened at node 34. Option 1 shows that for a 5 m OHT provided, the fire-
fighting pump sufficient for the network is 4,832HP capacity pump and water finishes
at 40 minutes into the fire-fighting incident (7:40 AM). Options 2, 3 and 4 show
improvements in the pump capacity as that of 4,324 HP is sufficient for the network.
Case 4 adds 2 more OHT to the conditions of case 3 and the total number of OHT
provided are 4 of the same size (10m × 10m × 2.7m). Option 1 to option 4 present
OHTs of 5 to 20 metres and all show the same improvement in terms of sufficient
volume of water for fighting the fire incidence for 1 hour. The pumps provided in case
3 are still sufficient for the network.
At this point of the design it was seen that providing an OHT above 10 metres
does not add a significant improvement to the system in terms of reducing the pump
capacity sufficient for the network. With this, case 4 option 2 was then selected for
further analysis in terms of position of hydrants opened noting that the most critical
hydrants are those of nodes 34, 54, 81 and 68 which are the furthest hydrants from the
OHT (see Table 5).
9. Exploring Options In The Design of A Water Distribution Network For Firefighting
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 291 editor@iaeme.com
Table 4 Results of all the cases and options from the simulations
S/N
Simulation
case/options
Number of
hydrants
opened/positio
n
Number of
OHT/height/
size of each
Number of
Submersible
pump
/capacity
Main fire pump
capacity
(HP)
Loop(s)
considered
Pressure at
most remote
point
Remark
(fail/pass)
1 Existing case 1/node 17 Nil 1/1.5 HP Nil -116.89 fail
2 Case 1 option 1 1/node 38
1/5meters
(10×10×3)
1/43.83HP 1,325.97 Nil 39.88 fail
3 Case 1 option 2 1/node 38 1/10meters 1/43.83HP 1,278.20 nil 37.72 fail
4 Case 1 option 3 1/node 38
1/15 meters
(10×10×3)
1/43.83HP 1,278.20 nil 42.73 fail
5 Case 1 option 4 1/node 38
1/20 meters
(10×10×3)
1/43.83HP 1,231.30 nil 40.55 fail
6 Case 2 option 1 1/node 38
2/5 meters
(10×10×3)
2/43.83HP 1,325.97 nil 41.55 pass
7 Case 2 option 2 1/node 38
2/10 meters
(10×10×3)
2/43.83HP 1,278.20 nil 39.40 pass
8 Case 2 option 3 1/node 38
2/15 meters
(10×10×3)
2/43.83HP 1,278.20 nil 44.39 pass
9 Case 2 option 4 1/node 38
2/20 meters
(10×10×3)
2/43.83HP 1,231.20 nil 37.21 pass
10 Case 3 option 1 2/node 38 & 34
2/5 meters
(10×10×3)
2/43.83HP 4,832.7 nil 68.3 fail
11 Case 3 option 2 2/node 38 & 34
2/10 meters
(10×10×3)
2/43.83HP 4,383.4 nil 37.25 fail
12 Case 3 option 3 2/node 38 & 34
2/15 meters
(10×10×3)
2/43.83HP 4,383.4 nil 42.22 fail
13 Case 3 option 4
2/nodes 38 &
34
2/20 meters
(10×10×3)
2/43.83HP 4,383.4 nil 47.23 fail
14 Case 4 option 1
2/nodes 38 &
34
4/5 meters
(10×10×3)
4/43.83HP 4,832.7 nil 70.24 pass
15 Case 4 option 2
2/nodes 38 &
34
4/10 meters
(10×10×3)
4/43.83HP 4,383.4 nil 39.1 pass
16 Case 4 option 3
2/nodes 38 &
34
4/15 meters
(10×10×3)
4/43.83HP 4,383.4 nil 44.09 pass
17 Case 4 option 4
2/nodes 38 &
34
4/20 meters
(10×10×3)
4/43.83HP 4,383.4 nil 49.12 pass
18 Case 5 option 1
2/nodes 34 &
54
4/10 meters
(10×10×3)
4/43.83HP 6,849.10 nil 43.71 pass
19 Case 5 option 2 2/node 34 & 54
4/10 meters
(10×10×3)
4/43.83HP 6,849.10 nil 136 pass
20 Case 5 option 3
2/nodes 54 &
68
4/10 meters
(10×10×3)
4/43.83HP 23,188.10 nil 87.61 pass
21 Case 6 option 1
2/nodes 54 &
68
4/10 meters
(10×10×3)
4/43.83HP 8,591.42 HP
Joining 34 &
68
97.42 pass
22 Case 6 option 2
2/nodes 54 &
68
4/10 meters
(10×10×3)
4/43.83HP 6,312.06 HP
Joining 34&
68, 80&109
60.46 Pass
23 Case 6 option 3
2/nodes 54 &
68
4/10 meters
(10×10×3
4/43.83HP 1,578.02 HP
Joining
34&68,
80&109,
38&60,
59&63,
18&119.
38.9
Pass/
Recommend
ed
24 Case 7 option 2
2/nodes 54 &
68
2/10 meters
(10×10×3)
2/45 HP 1,578.02 HP
Joining
34&68,
80&109,
38&60,
59&63,
18&119.
37.03
Pass/
Recommend
ed
25 Case 7 option 1
2/nodes 54 &
68
1/10 meters
(10×10×3)
9/45 HP 1851.98 HP
Joining
34&68,
80&109,
38&60,
59&63,
18&119.
54.15
Pass/
Recommend
ed
10. Ify L. Nwaogazie, Levi O. Uba and Terry Henshaw
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 292 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 4 Pressure distributions of options (C1O1 – case 1 option 1)
Figure 5 Pump capacities of options (C1OP – case 1 option 1)
Table 5 Critical nodes and distances from OHT
S/N NODE NUMBER
DISTANCE FROM THE OHT
POSITION (m)
1 34 827
2 54 814
3 81 704
4 68 624
5 38 264
Case 5 option 1 considers all the conditions of case 4 option 2 except that the
hydrants opened are those of nodes 34 and 54 instead of nodes 38 and 34. The pump
sufficient for the network is a 6,849HP capacity. Option 2 considers hydrants opened
at nodes 34 and 68 and the pump capacity is 6,849 HP. Option 3 considers hydrants
opened at nodes 54 and 68 and the pump capacity rised to 23,188.07 HP. With this it
is seen that the hydrants of nodes 54 and 68 are the most critical points of all the
points presented in Table 5.
Case 6 considers all the conditions of case 5 option 3 except that it creates loop in
the network system to see the level of improvement made. Option 1 creates a loop by
11. Exploring Options In The Design of A Water Distribution Network For Firefighting
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 293 editor@iaeme.com
connecting nodes 34 and 68 and the pump sufficient for the network is improved from
23,189 HP to 7408 HP.
Option 2 further creates additional loops by joining nodes 80 and 109 and the
pump capacity improves from 7,408 HP to 6313 HP. Option 3 creates all the possible
loops putting into consideration as built structures in the residence. Loops were
created by joining nodes 38 and 60, nodes 59 and 63. Nodes 18 and 119 were created
and jointed (see Figure 6). The pump efficiency was improved from a capacity of
7408 HP to 1578 HP.
Figure 6 Diagram showing loop created by joining nodes 38 and 60, 59 and 63, 18 and 119.
Case 7 option 1 considers all the criteria of case 6 option 3 except that a single
OHT of size 10m × 10m × 2.7 m replaces the recommended 4 OHTs of the same sizes
(10m × 10m × 2.7m). This option tries to eliminate the clustering and cost of OHT.
With this a pump of 1852 HP was sufficient and a submersible pump of 395 HP was
also sufficient for the reservoir and it starts pumping when the fire incident begins. To
actualize case 7 option 1 a well recovery test must be carried out in order to verify
that the aquifer’s yield is up to 533m3
/hr and even at that a submersible pump of 395
HP is equivalent to 9 number 45 HP pumps. Results of well recovery test according to
Chattel in 2014 shows that the water yield in the Niger Delta region can be as high as
24 m3
/s. This means the ground water is capable of giving out 86,400 m3
in an hour
which is 163 times what we require to satisfy the water requirement in this study.
Finally Case 7 option 2 considers all the criteria of case 7 option 1 except that two
OHTs of sizes 10m × 10m × 2.7m replaced the recommended 1 OHT (10m × 10m ×
2.7m). This option tries to reduce the number of submersible pumps provided in
option 1. With this a pump of 1578 HP was sufficient and a submersible pump of 90
HP (2 number 45HP) was also sufficient for the reservoir and it starts pumping when
the fire incident begins.
12. Ify L. Nwaogazie, Levi O. Uba and Terry Henshaw
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 294 editor@iaeme.com
4. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1. Conclusion
The following conclusion can be reached based on this research:
The large water storage requirements for fire-fighting can be made less by utilizing
the advantage of high ground water yield and pumps as the study presents. This can
effectively help in space management as water storage facilities take large space;
The most efficient water distribution network especially for fire-fighting purposes
must be completely looped.
The existing water distribution network in the study area failed when simulated. The
negative pressure in the system was -116.89 metres and the water finished 10 minutes
into the simulated fire incidence; and
Case 7 option 2 is the best option from the analysis. With 2 number OHTs, 2 number
submersible pumps of 45 HP each and a fire pump of 1578 HP, this option tries to
strike a balance between the number of pumps and OHT required by the system.
4.2. Recommendation
Given the detailed analysis case 7 option 2 is recommended, Viz: two 10 m high OHT
of size 10m × 10m × 2.7m each, 2 submersible pump of 45 HP capacity, a fire
fighting pump of 1,578 HP capacity, a jockey pump of 1.8 HP for the residential fire-
fighting system ( See Figure 7 and Table 6).
Figure 7 Representation of how the proposed network will work
4
5 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14 2032
33
15
1
2
3
18
31
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
TO DISTRIBUTION LINE
WATER AND FOAM SOLUTION
13. Exploring Options In The Design of A Water Distribution Network For Firefighting
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 295 editor@iaeme.com
Table 6 List of components on Figure 7
LABEL OF INTEREST COMPONENT NAME DESCRIPTION
1
Reservoir
in this case it is borehole of maximum 30 m
depth
2
Reservoir
in this case it is borehole of maximum 30
metres depth and
P1
Submersible pump
It’s a submersible pump of 45 HP capacity (50
LPS/ 50 metre head)
P2
Submersible pump
It’s a submersible pump of 45 HP capacity (50
LPS/ 50 meter head)
3&31 Over Head Tanks (OHT) each size is 10m × 10m × 2.7m
18 Concentrate tank (GP) 3,000 liters capacity
P3 Main fire pump Its capacity is 1578 HP
P4 Main fire pump Its capacity is 1578 HP
P5 Jockey pump Its capacity is 1.8 HP
P6 Jockey pump Its capacity is 1.8 HP
15 Mixing device Responsible for mixing foam and water
REFERENCES
[1] AGIP (1996): Company specification for onshore installation of fixed and mobile
firefighting systems. 20244. Von.Saf.Sds. June 1996.
[2] Heafley, A. H., and Lawson, J.D (1975), Analysis of water distribution networks.
Proceedings of the fifth mantoba conference on numerical mathematic,
University of Manitoba, October, pp. 45–71.
[3] Henshaw, T and Nwaogazie, L (2014): improving water distribution
performance: A comparative analysis. Pencil publication of physical sciences and
Engineering, 1(2) pp. 21 – 33.Available online www.pencilacademicpress
.org/pppse.
[4] Mays, L.W (2001), Water resources Engineering, 1st
Edition. New York,
McGraw-Hills publishers, pp. 409–469.
[5] Jones, J. (2013), fire protection systems, Jones and Bartlett learning LLC, ascend
learning company.
[6] Luwis, A (2000). EPANET 2 user manual, water supply and water resources
division national risk management research laboratory Cincinnati, p.200.
[7] National fire protection association (2010):
NFPA 24 - for firefighting water distribution system
NFPA 11- for firefighting foam
NFPA 20- for firefighting water pumps
[8] Terry Henshaw, Ify L. Nwaogazie and Vincent Weli, A Predictive Model For
Ozone Uplifting In Obstruction Prone Environment. International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(1), 2016, pp.337–357.
[9] Ify L. Nwaogazie Abali Happy Wilson and Terry Henshaw, Assessment of
Standard Pollutants in A Gas Flaring Region: A Case of OGBA/Egbema/Ndoni
Local Government Area In Rivers State of Nigeria. International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 7(3), 2016, pp.7–17.
14. Ify L. Nwaogazie, Levi O. Uba and Terry Henshaw
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 296 editor@iaeme.com
[10] Ify L. Nwaogazie Abali Happy Wilson and Terry Henshaw, Modeling The Effect
of Atmospheric Stability, Nitrogen Oxide and Carbon Monoxide on The
Formation On Ozone: A Case of Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area In
Nigeria. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(3), 2016,
pp.111–121.
[11] Chattel (2014): water scheme design for Gbarian community, A design report
submitted to the shell petroleum development company (SPDC).
[12] Todini, E. and Pilati, S. (1987), A gradient method for the analysis of pipe
networks. International conference on computer applications for water supply and
distribution, Leicester Polytechnic, UK.