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Introduction to Dynamic
  Routing Protocol



  Routing Protocols and
  Concepts – Chapter 3




ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                   © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   1
Objectives
             Describe the role of dynamic routing protocols and
              place these protocols in the context of modern
              network design.
             Identify several ways to classify routing protocols.
             Describe how metrics are used by routing protocols
              and identify the metric types used by dynamic routing
              protocols.
             Determine the administrative distance of a route and
              describe its importance in the routing process.
             Identify the different elements of the routing table.


ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                               © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   2
Dynamic Routing Protocols
           Function(s) of Dynamic Routing Protocols:
              -Dynamically share information between routers.
              -Automatically update routing table when topology changes.
              -Determine best path to a destination.




ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                                  © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   3
Dynamic Routing Protocols
           The purpose of a dynamic routing protocol is to:
              -Discover remote networks
              -Maintaining up-to-date routing information
              -Choosing the best path to destination networks
              -Ability to find a new best path if the current path is no longer
              available




ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                                    © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   4
Dynamic Routing Protocols
           Components of a routing protocol
              Algorithm
                           In the case of a routing protocol algorithms are
                          used for facilitating routing information and best path
                          determination
              Routing protocol messages
                           These are messages for discovering neighbors and
                          exchange of routing information




ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                                   © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   5
Dynamic Routing Protocols
           Advantages of static routing
              -It can backup multiple interfaces/networks on a router
              -Easy to configure
              -No extra resources are needed
              -More secure
           Disadvantages of static routing
              -Network changes require manual reconfiguration
              -Does not scale well in large topologies




ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                                  © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   6
Classifying Routing Protocols
           Dynamic routing protocols are grouped according to
            characteristics. Examples include:
              -RIP
              -IGRP
              -EIGRP
              -OSPF
              -IS-IS
              -BGP




           Autonomous System is a group of routers under the control of
            a single authority.

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                                 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   7
Classifying Routing Protocols
           Types of routing protocols:
              -Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP)
              -Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP)




ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                                © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   8
Classifying Routing Protocols
           Interior Gateway Routing Protocols (IGP)
              -Used for routing inside an autonomous system & used to route
              within the individual networks themselves.
              -Examples: RIP, EIGRP, OSPF
           Exterior Routing Protocols (EGP)
              -Used for routing between autonomous systems
              -Example: BGPv4




ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                                 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   9
Classifying Routing Protocols
   IGP: Comparison of Distance Vector & Link State
    Routing Protocols
              Distance vector
              – routes are advertised as vectors
                of distance & direction.
              – incomplete view of network
                topology.
              –Generally, periodic
                updates.
              Link state
              – complete view of network
                topology is created.
              – updates are not
                 periodic.

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                                    © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   10
Classifying Routing Protocols




ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                    © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   11
Classifying Routing Protocols
 Classful routing
  protocols
              Do NOT send subnet mask
              in routing updates
 Classless routing
  protocols
              Do send subnet mask in
              routing updates.




ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                               © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   12
Classifying Routing Protocols
           Convergence is defined as when all routers’ routing
            tables are at a state of consistency




ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                             © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   13
Routing Protocols Metrics
           Metric
              A value used by a routing protocol to determine which
              routes are better than others.




ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                               © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   14
Routing Protocols Metrics
           Metrics used in IP routing protocols
              -Bandwidth
              -Cost
              -Delay
              -Hop count
              -Load
              -Reliability




ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                           © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   15
Routing Protocols Metrics
   The Metric Field in the
    Routing Table
   Metric used for each
    routing protocol
              -RIP - hop count
              -IGRP & EIGRP -
              Bandwidth (used by
              default), Delay (used by
              default), Load, Reliability
              -IS-IS & OSPF – Cost,
              Bandwidth (Cisco’s
              implementation)




ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                                   © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   16
Routing Protocols Metrics
           Load balancing
              This is the ability of a router to distribute packets among
              multiple same cost paths




ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                                 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   17
Administrative Distance of a Route
           Purpose of a metric
              It’s a calculated value used to determine the best path to a
              destination
           Purpose of Administrative Distance
              It’s a numeric value that specifies the preference of a particular
              route




ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                                   © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   18
Administrative Distance of a Route
           Identifying the Administrative Distance (AD) in a
            routing table
              It is the first number in the brackets in the routing table




ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                                    © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   19
Administrative Distance of a Route
           Dynamic Routing Protocols




ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                         © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   20
Administrative Distance of a Route
           Directly connected routes
              Have a default AD of 0
           Static Routes
              Administrative distance of a static route has a default value of
              1




ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                                  © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   21
Administrative Distance of a Route
           Directly connected routes
              -Immediately appear in the routing table as soon as the
              interface is configured




ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                                  © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   22
Summary
      Dynamic routing protocols fulfill the following functions
         -Dynamically share information between routers
         -Automatically update routing table when topology changes
         -Determine best path to a destination
      Routing protocols are grouped as either
         -Interior gateway protocols (IGP)Or
         -Exterior gateway protocols(EGP)
      Types of IGPs include
         -Classless routing protocols - these protocols include subnet mask
         in routing updates
         -Classful routing protocols - these protocols do not include subnet
         mask in routing update




ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                                © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   23
Summary
      Metrics are used by dynamic routing protocols to calculate the
       best path to a destination.
      Administrative distance is an integer value that is used to
       indicate a router’s “trustworthiness”
      Components of a routing table include:
         -Route source
         -Administrative distance
         -Metric




ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1                            © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   24
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1     © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.   Cisco Public   25

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Exploration routing chapter_3

  • 1. Introduction to Dynamic Routing Protocol Routing Protocols and Concepts – Chapter 3 ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1
  • 2. Objectives  Describe the role of dynamic routing protocols and place these protocols in the context of modern network design.  Identify several ways to classify routing protocols.  Describe how metrics are used by routing protocols and identify the metric types used by dynamic routing protocols.  Determine the administrative distance of a route and describe its importance in the routing process.  Identify the different elements of the routing table. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2
  • 3. Dynamic Routing Protocols  Function(s) of Dynamic Routing Protocols: -Dynamically share information between routers. -Automatically update routing table when topology changes. -Determine best path to a destination. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 3
  • 4. Dynamic Routing Protocols  The purpose of a dynamic routing protocol is to: -Discover remote networks -Maintaining up-to-date routing information -Choosing the best path to destination networks -Ability to find a new best path if the current path is no longer available ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 4
  • 5. Dynamic Routing Protocols  Components of a routing protocol Algorithm In the case of a routing protocol algorithms are used for facilitating routing information and best path determination Routing protocol messages These are messages for discovering neighbors and exchange of routing information ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 5
  • 6. Dynamic Routing Protocols  Advantages of static routing -It can backup multiple interfaces/networks on a router -Easy to configure -No extra resources are needed -More secure  Disadvantages of static routing -Network changes require manual reconfiguration -Does not scale well in large topologies ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 6
  • 7. Classifying Routing Protocols  Dynamic routing protocols are grouped according to characteristics. Examples include: -RIP -IGRP -EIGRP -OSPF -IS-IS -BGP  Autonomous System is a group of routers under the control of a single authority. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 7
  • 8. Classifying Routing Protocols  Types of routing protocols: -Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP) -Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP) ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 8
  • 9. Classifying Routing Protocols  Interior Gateway Routing Protocols (IGP) -Used for routing inside an autonomous system & used to route within the individual networks themselves. -Examples: RIP, EIGRP, OSPF  Exterior Routing Protocols (EGP) -Used for routing between autonomous systems -Example: BGPv4 ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 9
  • 10. Classifying Routing Protocols  IGP: Comparison of Distance Vector & Link State Routing Protocols Distance vector – routes are advertised as vectors of distance & direction. – incomplete view of network topology. –Generally, periodic updates. Link state – complete view of network topology is created. – updates are not periodic. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 10
  • 11. Classifying Routing Protocols ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 11
  • 12. Classifying Routing Protocols  Classful routing protocols Do NOT send subnet mask in routing updates  Classless routing protocols Do send subnet mask in routing updates. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 12
  • 13. Classifying Routing Protocols  Convergence is defined as when all routers’ routing tables are at a state of consistency ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 13
  • 14. Routing Protocols Metrics  Metric A value used by a routing protocol to determine which routes are better than others. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 14
  • 15. Routing Protocols Metrics  Metrics used in IP routing protocols -Bandwidth -Cost -Delay -Hop count -Load -Reliability ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 15
  • 16. Routing Protocols Metrics  The Metric Field in the Routing Table  Metric used for each routing protocol -RIP - hop count -IGRP & EIGRP - Bandwidth (used by default), Delay (used by default), Load, Reliability -IS-IS & OSPF – Cost, Bandwidth (Cisco’s implementation) ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 16
  • 17. Routing Protocols Metrics  Load balancing This is the ability of a router to distribute packets among multiple same cost paths ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 17
  • 18. Administrative Distance of a Route  Purpose of a metric It’s a calculated value used to determine the best path to a destination  Purpose of Administrative Distance It’s a numeric value that specifies the preference of a particular route ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 18
  • 19. Administrative Distance of a Route  Identifying the Administrative Distance (AD) in a routing table It is the first number in the brackets in the routing table ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 19
  • 20. Administrative Distance of a Route  Dynamic Routing Protocols ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 20
  • 21. Administrative Distance of a Route  Directly connected routes Have a default AD of 0  Static Routes Administrative distance of a static route has a default value of 1 ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 21
  • 22. Administrative Distance of a Route  Directly connected routes -Immediately appear in the routing table as soon as the interface is configured ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 22
  • 23. Summary  Dynamic routing protocols fulfill the following functions -Dynamically share information between routers -Automatically update routing table when topology changes -Determine best path to a destination  Routing protocols are grouped as either -Interior gateway protocols (IGP)Or -Exterior gateway protocols(EGP)  Types of IGPs include -Classless routing protocols - these protocols include subnet mask in routing updates -Classful routing protocols - these protocols do not include subnet mask in routing update ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 23
  • 24. Summary  Metrics are used by dynamic routing protocols to calculate the best path to a destination.  Administrative distance is an integer value that is used to indicate a router’s “trustworthiness”  Components of a routing table include: -Route source -Administrative distance -Metric ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 24
  • 25. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 25