Explain why aquatic amphibians constantly take on water but lose ions.pdf
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Explain why aquatic amphibians constantly take on water but lose ions to their environment. List the energy saving adaptations that help aquatic amphibians manage the challenges of living in a dilute environment as efficiently as possible. Why isn\'t the production of uric acid an adaptation of aquatic amphibians? Solution 1. Aquatic amphibians living in fresh water contain hypertonic body fluids and due to this they take up more water to dilute the tissue fluids and lose ions to their environment so that they can maintain osmolarity of body fluids with surrounding aquatic environment. 2. Amphibians living in hypoosmotic environments have some adaptations to maintain osmolarity of body fluids similar to surroundings.The osmolarity of body fluids of amphibians are 250moSm. This concentration reduces the stress on fnction of the kidneys. The osmosis taking place through skin uptake less amounts of water and reduces the function of kidneys in eliminating excess water and to maintain body homeostasis. Amphibians do not contain loop of Henle in their nephrons and an intermediate tubule connects the proximal and distal tubules. This reduces the amount of urine to be excreted. The ions like Na+ and Cl- are reabsorbed through active transport and against an electrochemical gradient. The Na+ ions are also reabsorbed across the bladder wall. The high water consumed is excreted successfully by these adaptations while retaining the ions. 3. Production of uric acid as nitrogenous waste is observed in reptiles and birds but not in aquatic amphibians. Processing of uric acid as waster requires little water but lot of energy. Aquatic amphibians excrete ammonia which requires lot of water with little expenditure of energy. Ammonia is toxic to body in high concentrations. Therefore, amphibians excrete ammonia through urine because they consume more water and can retain ions and spend less energy..
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system.They developed lungs inside body
and stronger rib cage.
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approach is much less effective in air,so other solutions evolve.But there is no special
adaptation,return to water to mate.
Locomotion:aquatic animals can swim,scuttle,squidge,orotherwise move through the
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Senses:light,sound,and smell transmit differently in water than in air,and some senses don\'t
work in air at all.Terrestrial animals have to evolve new adaptations to deal with these
differences.Lateral line which senses vibrations under water becomes lost and an operculum
overlaying the lower jaw is used to sense vibrations in air.
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minimum levels.For that reason these living things have kidneys,in which ammonia is filtered
out as urea and stored in the bladder,and the minimum amount of water is used when it is
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listed in the question above) to adapt to terrestrial environment
Solution
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life:
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changes in skeleton for land hunting - Shoulder free from skull to give head more flexibility and
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Descication: air is drier than water,so terrestrial organisms need some form of skin or coat to
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against desiccation. Besides Amphibians lost those scales early in their evolution.Amphibians
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dissolved in water through their gills.Out of the water,however,they are unable to survive for
more than a few minutes.In order to live on dry land,they need to acquire a pulmonary
system.They developed lungs inside body
and stronger rib cage.
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approach is much less effective in air,so other solutions evolve.But there is no special
adaptation,return to water to mate.
Locomotion:aquatic animals can swim,scuttle,squidge,orotherwise move through the
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Senses:light,sound,and smell transmit differently in water than in air,and some senses don\'t
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differences.Lateral line which senses vibrations under water becomes lost and an operculum
overlaying the lower jaw is used to sense vibrations in air.
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minimum levels.For that reason these living things have kidneys,in which ammonia is filtered
out as urea and stored in the bladder,and the minimum amount of water is used when it is
expelled.In addition,there is a need for new systems that enable the kidneys to
function.Amphibians ability to conserve body water is rudimentary.Considerable water is lost by
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Tropical forests are extremely important ecosystems on the planet. However, humans are
destroying millions of acres of rainforests every year. Discuss 1why are they important and 2 do
you think it is possible to slow down the global distruction and if so how!
Solution
It is possible to slow down the global destruction by implying the follwoing steps:.
We learn of the the black dwarf, the final stage in a death of a low.pdf
We learn of the the black dwarf, the final stage in a death of a low mass star. What happens to a
black dwarf after it cools to nearly zero Kelvin over trillions of years? Is there any other stage, or
does it just remain as an Earth sized burned out ember for eternity?
Solution
It needs to be understood here that black dwarfs are essentially theoretical. The age of the
universe is around 14 billion years which happens to be too short a time for a white dwarf to emit
all of its heat out.
However, theoretically when this would happen, the white dwarf would reach a stage when its
temperature would be down to a level that the radiation coming out of it would become same as
the background cosmic radiation and will become invisible to us. That is, it will continue to cool
down until it reaches the temperature of its surrounding, a cold mass with nothing to emit or
absorb, and would remain so..
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What are the main responsibilities of the Network Layer? What are the main services provided
by the Network Layer to the Transport Layer?
Solution
The main responsibilities of the Network Layer :-
* Network Layer provides Logical Network Address which is also called as IP Address.
* Network Layer translates Logical Network Address into Physical Address.
* Network Layer provides Routing and Message Forwarding.
The main services provided by the Network Layer to the Transport Layer :-
* The Network Layer responds to service requests from the Transport Layer which provides
Logical Address.
* The Network Layer issues service requests to the Data Link Layer which provides Physical
Address..
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These organs in spiders produce with In this kind of circulatory system blood is carried This
organ is both and endocrine and exocrine gland This group includes platypus and spiny anteaters
Solution
Answer to Question NO. 5.6
Bile is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced in the liver of most vertebrates by special
cells called hepatocytes. It is temporarly stored in the gallbladder and aids the digestion of lipids
in the small intestine..
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Ensign Danielle Anderson returned from a Qualified Hazardous Duty Area(GHDA) on May 15,
2017 She entered the GHDA on June 16, 2015. How many days after her return will she have to
file her 2016 California taxes without penalty?
180
175
298
286
Solution
Ensign will not be required to pay any penality or intrest if she files return in 180days from
return of qualified hazardous duty area..
Oxidation and reduction states are relatively easy to determine for m.pdf
Oxidation and reduction states are relatively easy to determine for metal ions, because there is a
measurable net charge. In the case of carbon compounds, oxidation and reduction depend on the
nature of polar covalent bonds. Which of the following is the best way to describe these types of
bond? hydrogen bonds in a nonpolar solution covalent bonds in an aqueous solution unequal
sharing of electrons across a covalent bond equal sharing of electrons across a covalent bond
Solution
The best way to describe these type of bond is option b i.e. covalent bonds in an aqueous
solution. In general, we know that bonds between carbon or hydrogen atom and N2, O2, F or Cl
atoms are polar covalent..
Question 9 (1 point) What is data visualization O Making a mental no.pdf
Question 9 (1 point) What is data visualization? O Making a mental note of data O Graphical
reporting O Using descriptive language O None of the above Save Question 10 (1 point) What
are the two components of metadata? O ATTRIBUTE : Value KEYWORD : Description
CHARACTERISTIC Attribute DESCRIPTOR Example Save Save All Responses Go to Submit
Quiz
Solution
Q 9- Graphical reporting- It is used as data visualization tool for better understanding of data.
Q10- Keyword is the correct answer..
Q i.Why is it, in general the fracture toughness of ductile material.pdf
Q i.Why is it, in general the fracture toughness of ductile materials greater than materials with
high hardness?
Q ii. Explain why BCC metals exhibit a Ductile - Brittle Transition Temperature while FCC
metals do not.
Solution
1)Ductility is more commonly defined as the ability of a material to deform easily upon the
application of a tensile force, or as the ability of a material to withstand plastic deformation
without rupture. Ductility may also be thought of in terms of bendability and crushability.
Ductile materials show large deformation before fracture. The lack
of ductility is often termed brittleness. Usually, if two materials have the same strength and
hardness, the one that has the higher ductility is more desirable. The ductility of many metals can
change if conditions are altered. An increase in temperature will increase ductility. A decrease in
temperature will cause a decrease in ductility and a change from ductile to brittle behavior.
As the hardness of a material increases the ductility propertry decreases and brittlness increses
therefore toughness dcreases.
2)
The ductile-brittle transition is exhibited in bcc metals, such as low carbon steel, which become
brittle at low temperature or at very high strain rates. Fcc metals, however, generally remain
ductile at low temperatures.
In metals, plastic deformation at room temperature occurs by dislocation motion. The stress
required to move a dislocation depends on the atomic bonding, crystal structure, and obstacles
such as solute atoms, grain boundaries, precipitate particles and other dislocations. If the stress
required to move the dislocation is too high, the metal will fail instead by the propagation of
cracks and the failure will be brittle.
Thus, either plastic flow (ductile failure) or crack propagation (brittle failure) will occur,
depending on which process requires the smaller applied stress.
In fcc metals, the flow stress, i.e. the force required to move dislocations, is not strongly
temperature dependent. Therefore, dislocation movement remains high even at low temperatures
and the material remains relatively ductile.
In contrast to fcc metal crystals, the yield stress or critical resolved shear stress of bcc single
crystals is markedly temperature dependent, in particular at low temperatures. The temperature
sensitivity of the yield stress of bcc crystals has been attributed to the presence of interstitial
impurities on the one hand, and to a temperature dependent Peierls-Nabarro force on the other.
However, the crack propagation stress is relatively independent of temperature. Thus the mode
of failure changes from plastic flow at high temperature to brittle fracture at low temperature..
Problem 1. Think about an individual that you are investigating from .pdf
Problem 1. Think about an individual that you are investigating from engineering analysis
perspective. A few years back, when he first visited DC, the price for a 7-day unlimited pass
MetroRail ticket was $10. Without knowing the spurt in rail ticket price, he moved to DC very
recently without purchasing a vehicle and planned to take Metro to museums and restaurants and
for commuting trips, too. Then, he found out the price for Metro tickets tripled. Use your
engineering knowledge to forecast or predict which of the following travel plan decisions would
change for this person? 1. The total number of trips made in DC; 2. The mode of transportation
he uses for travel; 3. Any other perspective of trips he makes. Can you also identify the possible
rationale behind all these changes? Problem 2. Name three simplifying assumptions that are used
in the mode choice and route choice steps. Pick one of them, and then explain how you could
change the procedure to relax this assumption and make the process more realistic.
Solution.
Junior collects baseball cards. He owns one Felix Hernandez card tha.pdf
Junior collects baseball cards. He owns one Felix Hernandez card that sells in most shops for
$15. He is interested in buying a different Felix card that also sells for $15. According to
behavioral economics:
A. Junior should value the two cards equally and be willing to trade one for the other.
B. the availability heuristic will cause Junior to value more highly the card he doesn\'t have.
C. the endowment effect would suggest that Junior would not be willing to trade the card he has
for the card he doesn\'t have.
D. prospect theory says he will buy the second card as both have the potential to appreciate in
value.
Solution
The rational behavior would suggest that the individual should value both the cards equally and
be willing to trade one for the other in order to obatin felix card, he does not have. The value of
both the card should be same in order for the individual to attain optimal level of utility,
otherwsie he will be worse off at sub-optimal level.
Assume, his felix hernandes card worth more than what is being sold in the market, then by
exchanging the card he will be worse off buy the difference in amount. If on ther otherhand, the
card he hold worth less in the market, and if he wish to exchange then it would be not possible
for him to do so, as the other party wont accept it. Again, in this circumstances he would still be
worse off.
Hence, the card should be equally worth and parties in contract should be willing to exchange.
The correct answer is A..
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