Phenomenological research aims to describe the lived experiences of several individuals regarding a phenomenon. It seeks to illuminate specific phenomena through how they are perceived by those in a situation. Researchers identify a shared experience, attempt to locate the universal essence of that experience among individuals, and describe both what was experienced and how they experienced it. The methodology involves identifying a phenomenon, bracketing researcher bias, collecting data typically through interviews, reducing the data to key themes, and describing the essence of the experience through both textural and structural descriptions.
Lesson 31 presenting the written research reportmjlobetos
This document provides a detailed checklist for reviewing a quantitative research study. It outlines key elements that should be included in the preliminary sections like the title and abstract. It also describes what each chapter should contain, such as the introduction chapter clearly outlining the theoretical framework, problem statement, hypotheses, and purpose of the study. The methodology chapter is reviewed for elements like the research design, population and sampling, instrumentation, and data analysis plan. Finally, it outlines the organization, writing style, formatting, and inclusion of citations and references that a well-written quantitative research study should exhibit.
Research developing theoretical and conceptual frameworksJonnie Navarro
This document defines key concepts in developing theoretical and conceptual frameworks for research. It discusses the definitions and types of theories, conceptual models, and variables. It also describes the purpose of a theoretical framework and how it guides research. Key elements that must be defined for a study are identified, such as the independent, dependent, and intervening variables through operational definitions. The differences between quantitative and qualitative research questions and purpose statements are also outlined.
Research instruments are tools used to gather data and include surveys, questionnaires, experiments, observations, and interviews. Surveys contain planned questions to measure attitudes and opinions, while questionnaires list written questions to obtain specific information. Experiments test hypotheses through a systematic procedure. Observations allow describing behavior in natural settings to validate other instruments. Interviews qualitatively gather data through open-ended questions in a pre-interview, warm-up, main, and closing stage process. All instruments must be valid, measuring what they intend, and reliable, providing consistent results over time.
This document describes 11 statistical tests, including their use/function, level of measurement, type of data, and sample problems. The tests covered are: Pearson R, Spearman Rank Order, One Population Z-Test, Z-Test of Independent Proportions, Z-test of Dependent Proportions, T-Test of Independent Means, T-Test of Dependent Means, Chi-Square Test of Goodness of Fit, Chi-Square Test of Independent Proportions, One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA I), and Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA II). Each test is used to analyze different types of data and answer different statistical questions.
The three documents discuss scientific studies on the effects of various natural substances. The first examines how different water treatments affect the growth of the fish Anabas testudineus. It finds brackish water leads to the highest growth. The second analyzes Moringa oleifera leaf extracts' ability to lower blood glucose in mice. It determines the extracts have hypoglycemic properties. The third investigates using Nasturtium officinalle to alleviate thrombocytopenia in mice. It concludes Nasturtium officinalle increases platelet count more than a commercial drug.
Ed200 research chapter 3 methodology(jan282012)Maria Theresa
This document discusses research design and methodology. It begins by defining research design as the plan or blueprint of a study that guides how data will be collected and analyzed. The document then covers various types of research designs including descriptive research, which aims to describe characteristics or phenomena. Descriptive research can be quantitative using surveys or qualitative with narrative descriptions. The key steps of historical research and descriptive research methods are also outlined.
Phenomenological research aims to describe the lived experiences of several individuals regarding a phenomenon. It seeks to illuminate specific phenomena through how they are perceived by those in a situation. Researchers identify a shared experience, attempt to locate the universal essence of that experience among individuals, and describe both what was experienced and how they experienced it. The methodology involves identifying a phenomenon, bracketing researcher bias, collecting data typically through interviews, reducing the data to key themes, and describing the essence of the experience through both textural and structural descriptions.
Lesson 31 presenting the written research reportmjlobetos
This document provides a detailed checklist for reviewing a quantitative research study. It outlines key elements that should be included in the preliminary sections like the title and abstract. It also describes what each chapter should contain, such as the introduction chapter clearly outlining the theoretical framework, problem statement, hypotheses, and purpose of the study. The methodology chapter is reviewed for elements like the research design, population and sampling, instrumentation, and data analysis plan. Finally, it outlines the organization, writing style, formatting, and inclusion of citations and references that a well-written quantitative research study should exhibit.
Research developing theoretical and conceptual frameworksJonnie Navarro
This document defines key concepts in developing theoretical and conceptual frameworks for research. It discusses the definitions and types of theories, conceptual models, and variables. It also describes the purpose of a theoretical framework and how it guides research. Key elements that must be defined for a study are identified, such as the independent, dependent, and intervening variables through operational definitions. The differences between quantitative and qualitative research questions and purpose statements are also outlined.
Research instruments are tools used to gather data and include surveys, questionnaires, experiments, observations, and interviews. Surveys contain planned questions to measure attitudes and opinions, while questionnaires list written questions to obtain specific information. Experiments test hypotheses through a systematic procedure. Observations allow describing behavior in natural settings to validate other instruments. Interviews qualitatively gather data through open-ended questions in a pre-interview, warm-up, main, and closing stage process. All instruments must be valid, measuring what they intend, and reliable, providing consistent results over time.
This document describes 11 statistical tests, including their use/function, level of measurement, type of data, and sample problems. The tests covered are: Pearson R, Spearman Rank Order, One Population Z-Test, Z-Test of Independent Proportions, Z-test of Dependent Proportions, T-Test of Independent Means, T-Test of Dependent Means, Chi-Square Test of Goodness of Fit, Chi-Square Test of Independent Proportions, One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA I), and Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA II). Each test is used to analyze different types of data and answer different statistical questions.
The three documents discuss scientific studies on the effects of various natural substances. The first examines how different water treatments affect the growth of the fish Anabas testudineus. It finds brackish water leads to the highest growth. The second analyzes Moringa oleifera leaf extracts' ability to lower blood glucose in mice. It determines the extracts have hypoglycemic properties. The third investigates using Nasturtium officinalle to alleviate thrombocytopenia in mice. It concludes Nasturtium officinalle increases platelet count more than a commercial drug.
Ed200 research chapter 3 methodology(jan282012)Maria Theresa
This document discusses research design and methodology. It begins by defining research design as the plan or blueprint of a study that guides how data will be collected and analyzed. The document then covers various types of research designs including descriptive research, which aims to describe characteristics or phenomena. Descriptive research can be quantitative using surveys or qualitative with narrative descriptions. The key steps of historical research and descriptive research methods are also outlined.
Quantitative research involves objective measurements and the statistical analysis of numerical data. It seeks to gather large data sets from random samples to make generalizations across groups. Key characteristics include being objective, clearly defined, structured using questionnaires and surveys, and replicable. Common types include experimental, descriptive, and exploratory research. Strengths of quantitative research include its objectivity, use of statistical techniques, and ease of numerical data analysis.
This document outlines and describes several types of research according to their intent and purpose:
Pure research aims to expand knowledge without any intention of practical application. Applied research seeks practical solutions to real-world problems. Exploratory research studies unfamiliar problems through preliminary methods like literature reviews and interviews to form hypotheses. Descriptive research fact-finds with interpretation on specific, describable problems. Diagnostic research identifies the causes and solutions of problems. Evaluation research assesses the effectiveness of implemented schemes. Action research concurrently evaluates schemes for ongoing improvement.
Lesson 4 designing a research usefu; in daily lifemjlobetos
This document lists 10 possible research topics related to daily life: poverty alleviation, unemployment, homelessness, gender equality, population aging, child care, all forms of violence, traffic situation, environmental protection, and health care.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. There are four basic methods of collecting data in survey research: direct to group, email, telephone, and personal interview.
2. We conduct survey research to collect information by asking questions. It allows us to describe characteristics of a population.
3. The purpose of a survey is to collect data that describes one or more characteristics of a specific population. It can be used to learn about people's behaviors, opinions, attitudes, etc.
4. We use correlational research to determine the relationship among two or more variables without manipulating the variables. It allows us to investigate possible relationships between variables.
5. The basic steps in correlational research are: problem selection
Project management in clinical research sanjay akhani 8 maySanjay Akhani
This document discusses project management in clinical research. It begins with a disclaimer from the presenter. It then provides an overview of key aspects of project management in clinical research, including project management tools and techniques used, components of a project management plan, managing contract research organizations and site management organizations, optimizing patient recruitment, and working with remote and multicultural teams. Challenges of working with remote and multicultural teams include differences in communication styles, work ethics, decision making, and views of time and change due to cultural differences between high and low context cultures.
Data collection is the systematic process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest in order to answer research questions and test hypotheses. It involves careful planning to set realistic goals and identify validated instruments for surveys, physiological measures, or interviews. Establishing a timeline is also important to ensure completion of the data collection procedure.
This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal. It defines a research proposal as a written document specifying what an investigator proposes to study before a project commences. The purpose is to convince a funding agency that the problem is significant, the approach is novel, and the investigator is qualified. Key parts of a proposal include an introduction, background, problem statement, theoretical framework, hypotheses, scope, limitations, and definition of terms. Variables, significance, and references are also discussed. The overall goal is to provide learners with the ability to define, describe, and complete guidelines for writing a successful research proposal.
Causal Comparative Research At least two different groups are compared on a dependent variable or measure of performance (called the “effect”) because the independent variable (called the “cause”) has already occurred or cannot be manipulated. Dependent variable-the change or difference occurring as a result of the independent variable. Independent variable- an activity of characteristic believed to make a difference with respect to some behavior.
Searching literature databases for post authorisation safety studies (pass)Ann-Marie Roche
This document discusses using literature databases like Embase to conduct post-authorization safety studies (PASS) through systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses. It provides an example PASS on the drug brentuximab vedotin that identified adverse events like peripheral neuropathy and infections. The document reviews how to structure a literature search using the PICO framework and Embase's in-depth indexing of concepts, relationships, and causality to comprehensively identify safety outcomes reported for a drug.
This document is a daily lesson log for a Grade 12 Practical Research class. It outlines the objectives, content, learning resources, procedures, and reflection for lessons covering qualitative and quantitative research over two weeks in June. The lessons included a pre-test, discussion of different types of research, examples of research in various fields, and an activity where students conducted either qualitative interviews or a Likert scale survey on an assigned topic and analyzed the results. The reflection section included space to record the number of students who did well or needed remediation on assessments and feedback on teaching strategies.
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document contains 10 poems by various Filipino poets written in English and one poem written in Visayan. The poems cover a wide range of themes from love and nature to reflections on life and adulthood. Many of the poems express a sense of longing, whether for a lost love, homeland, or simpler time in one's life.
The Filipinos had their own literature before foreigners like the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines. Their literature was an important part of the history of the Filipino people. This literature showed that Filipinos already had their own culture established long before encounters with other groups.
This document discusses experimental research design. It begins by defining experimental research as observation under controlled conditions where the independent variable is manipulated through interventions. True experimental designs require manipulation of the independent variable, a control group, and random assignment of subjects. Several true experimental designs are described, including post-test only, pretest-post-test, Solomon four-group, factorial, and randomized block designs. Key aspects of each design like pretesting, treatment, and post-testing are explained through examples.
Faculty Development Seminar Series - This presentation will describe the core content that should appear in the Curriculum Vitae (CV) of residents, graduate students, and faculty members involved in contemporary academic medicine. A Recommended format will be presented, along with the rationale for using this standard format. Consideration will be given to the many potential uses of a well-polished CV, and how one's CV may evolve over the course of a long career. Suggestions will be given about how and why to keep your CV up-to-date.
Perfectessay.net research paper sample #1 apa styleDavid Smith
The Bay of Pigs Invasion was a failed military invasion of Cuba in 1961 supported by the United States. CIA-trained Cuban exiles landed in Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro but were defeated by Castro's forces within three days. The failed invasion resulted in casualties on both sides and increased tensions between Cuba and the US. It also led Cuba to strengthen ties with the Soviet Union and prompted the US to impose an economic embargo against Cuba that remains in place today.
Primeessaywritings.com Services, Coursework, Case Studies. Dissertations, Thesis, Book Summary, Book Reviews, Personal Statement, Scholarship Essay, Application Papers, Power Point Presentations, Dissertations and Proposals, Research Papers, Editing and Proofreading Resumes and CVs, Research Proposal, College Essay, High School Essay, Graduate essay, Masters essay, PHD Essay
Quantitative research involves objective measurements and the statistical analysis of numerical data. It seeks to gather large data sets from random samples to make generalizations across groups. Key characteristics include being objective, clearly defined, structured using questionnaires and surveys, and replicable. Common types include experimental, descriptive, and exploratory research. Strengths of quantitative research include its objectivity, use of statistical techniques, and ease of numerical data analysis.
This document outlines and describes several types of research according to their intent and purpose:
Pure research aims to expand knowledge without any intention of practical application. Applied research seeks practical solutions to real-world problems. Exploratory research studies unfamiliar problems through preliminary methods like literature reviews and interviews to form hypotheses. Descriptive research fact-finds with interpretation on specific, describable problems. Diagnostic research identifies the causes and solutions of problems. Evaluation research assesses the effectiveness of implemented schemes. Action research concurrently evaluates schemes for ongoing improvement.
Lesson 4 designing a research usefu; in daily lifemjlobetos
This document lists 10 possible research topics related to daily life: poverty alleviation, unemployment, homelessness, gender equality, population aging, child care, all forms of violence, traffic situation, environmental protection, and health care.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. There are four basic methods of collecting data in survey research: direct to group, email, telephone, and personal interview.
2. We conduct survey research to collect information by asking questions. It allows us to describe characteristics of a population.
3. The purpose of a survey is to collect data that describes one or more characteristics of a specific population. It can be used to learn about people's behaviors, opinions, attitudes, etc.
4. We use correlational research to determine the relationship among two or more variables without manipulating the variables. It allows us to investigate possible relationships between variables.
5. The basic steps in correlational research are: problem selection
Project management in clinical research sanjay akhani 8 maySanjay Akhani
This document discusses project management in clinical research. It begins with a disclaimer from the presenter. It then provides an overview of key aspects of project management in clinical research, including project management tools and techniques used, components of a project management plan, managing contract research organizations and site management organizations, optimizing patient recruitment, and working with remote and multicultural teams. Challenges of working with remote and multicultural teams include differences in communication styles, work ethics, decision making, and views of time and change due to cultural differences between high and low context cultures.
Data collection is the systematic process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest in order to answer research questions and test hypotheses. It involves careful planning to set realistic goals and identify validated instruments for surveys, physiological measures, or interviews. Establishing a timeline is also important to ensure completion of the data collection procedure.
This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal. It defines a research proposal as a written document specifying what an investigator proposes to study before a project commences. The purpose is to convince a funding agency that the problem is significant, the approach is novel, and the investigator is qualified. Key parts of a proposal include an introduction, background, problem statement, theoretical framework, hypotheses, scope, limitations, and definition of terms. Variables, significance, and references are also discussed. The overall goal is to provide learners with the ability to define, describe, and complete guidelines for writing a successful research proposal.
Causal Comparative Research At least two different groups are compared on a dependent variable or measure of performance (called the “effect”) because the independent variable (called the “cause”) has already occurred or cannot be manipulated. Dependent variable-the change or difference occurring as a result of the independent variable. Independent variable- an activity of characteristic believed to make a difference with respect to some behavior.
Searching literature databases for post authorisation safety studies (pass)Ann-Marie Roche
This document discusses using literature databases like Embase to conduct post-authorization safety studies (PASS) through systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses. It provides an example PASS on the drug brentuximab vedotin that identified adverse events like peripheral neuropathy and infections. The document reviews how to structure a literature search using the PICO framework and Embase's in-depth indexing of concepts, relationships, and causality to comprehensively identify safety outcomes reported for a drug.
This document is a daily lesson log for a Grade 12 Practical Research class. It outlines the objectives, content, learning resources, procedures, and reflection for lessons covering qualitative and quantitative research over two weeks in June. The lessons included a pre-test, discussion of different types of research, examples of research in various fields, and an activity where students conducted either qualitative interviews or a Likert scale survey on an assigned topic and analyzed the results. The reflection section included space to record the number of students who did well or needed remediation on assessments and feedback on teaching strategies.
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document contains 10 poems by various Filipino poets written in English and one poem written in Visayan. The poems cover a wide range of themes from love and nature to reflections on life and adulthood. Many of the poems express a sense of longing, whether for a lost love, homeland, or simpler time in one's life.
The Filipinos had their own literature before foreigners like the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines. Their literature was an important part of the history of the Filipino people. This literature showed that Filipinos already had their own culture established long before encounters with other groups.
This document discusses experimental research design. It begins by defining experimental research as observation under controlled conditions where the independent variable is manipulated through interventions. True experimental designs require manipulation of the independent variable, a control group, and random assignment of subjects. Several true experimental designs are described, including post-test only, pretest-post-test, Solomon four-group, factorial, and randomized block designs. Key aspects of each design like pretesting, treatment, and post-testing are explained through examples.
Faculty Development Seminar Series - This presentation will describe the core content that should appear in the Curriculum Vitae (CV) of residents, graduate students, and faculty members involved in contemporary academic medicine. A Recommended format will be presented, along with the rationale for using this standard format. Consideration will be given to the many potential uses of a well-polished CV, and how one's CV may evolve over the course of a long career. Suggestions will be given about how and why to keep your CV up-to-date.
Perfectessay.net research paper sample #1 apa styleDavid Smith
The Bay of Pigs Invasion was a failed military invasion of Cuba in 1961 supported by the United States. CIA-trained Cuban exiles landed in Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro but were defeated by Castro's forces within three days. The failed invasion resulted in casualties on both sides and increased tensions between Cuba and the US. It also led Cuba to strengthen ties with the Soviet Union and prompted the US to impose an economic embargo against Cuba that remains in place today.
Primeessaywritings.com Services, Coursework, Case Studies. Dissertations, Thesis, Book Summary, Book Reviews, Personal Statement, Scholarship Essay, Application Papers, Power Point Presentations, Dissertations and Proposals, Research Papers, Editing and Proofreading Resumes and CVs, Research Proposal, College Essay, High School Essay, Graduate essay, Masters essay, PHD Essay
Siam term paper finalIdentifying the Marketing Strategy in Existing mobile Co...Polta Siam
The document is a term paper submitted by a student to their university department of marketing. It discusses identifying the marketing strategies of existing mobile companies in Bangladesh. The paper includes chapters on the major mobile operators in Bangladesh such as Grameenphone, Robi, and Banglalink. It provides details on their missions, strategies, and marketing approaches. It also includes a SWOT analysis comparing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats facing the different operators. The conclusion provides recommendations and evaluates the operators' strategies.
This document outlines the key phases and components of an educational research methodology framework, including developing a research question, perspective, design, methods of analysis, and conclusions. It discusses developing a research question and plan, choosing a research perspective like positivism or interpretivism, potential research designs that are quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods, data collection and analysis techniques, and interpreting findings and conclusions. The goal is to help researchers understand all aspects of the research process from developing questions to analyzing and discussing results.
The document provides instructions for writing a research paper, including gathering sources, determining a thesis and outline, taking notes, drafting paragraphs, and using in-text citations. Key steps include reading articles to understand the topic, writing a thesis arguing a position, outlining supporting points, taking notes by paraphrasing or quoting sources, and drafting paragraphs that develop ideas and cite sources properly.
The document discusses Cisco's business process re-engineering efforts. It describes how Cisco's rapid growth led to inefficiencies in its manual ordering and tracking systems. This prompted Cisco to re-engineer its processes to create an online ordering system called Manufacturing Connection Online. This system streamlined ordering, reduced costs by $24 million and labor costs by $51 million, and cut inventory by 45%. Cisco's re-engineering proved more effective than earlier simplification efforts and better positioned the company for continued growth.
This document summarizes a research paper on current theories, research, and future directions in leadership. It discusses several prominent leadership theories including authentic leadership, cognitive leadership, complexity leadership theory, new-genre leadership, shared leadership, leader-member exchange theory, e-leadership, leadership and followership, spirituality and leadership, and cross-cultural leadership. For each theory, it provides an overview and discusses important future research directions. The document also outlines the methodologies used in leadership research such as library research, interviews, and participant observation.
Term paper on grameen phone telecom...Download: http://studyassignment.blogsp...Pujan Kumar Saha
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This paper discusses workplace motivation and its effects on productivity, performance, and employees. It analyzes motivational strategies used by the U.S. Army, including the National Security Personnel System (NSPS) which linked pay to performance metrics. While intended to increase productivity, NSPS faced resistance from employees who were excluded from the adoption process. The paper also examines motivation's impact on management and employees, the role of intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation, and how applying different motivation theories could affect an organization. It concludes that motivational programs should provide learning opportunities to engage employees in developing skills that further organizational goals.
This document discusses research on substituting different nut butters for peanut butter in cookies. Sensory and objective tests were conducted to analyze the effects on mouthfeel, color, taste, volume, and cell size. Cashew butter was similar to peanut butter in mouthfeel while Nutella produced a significant difference. Soy butter was comparable to peanut butter in color but Nutella differed significantly. None of the substitutes were alike to peanut butter in taste. Volume and cell size were similar across variables when objectively tested. The purpose was to determine if substituting other nut proteins could make peanut butter cookies acceptable for those with peanut allergies to consume.
The document discusses audio mining, which uses speech recognition technology to analyze digitized audio content like newscasts and meetings and create searchable indexes. It describes two main approaches: text-based indexing that converts speech to text, and phoneme-based indexing that works with sounds instead of text. Several challenges of audio mining are discussed, such as improving precision for applications like medical transcription. Potential uses of audio mining include analyzing customer service calls and intercepted phone conversations.
This document discusses ecotourism and provides background information. Ecotourism involves visiting natural areas with low environmental impact as an alternative to mass tourism. It aims to educate travelers, fund conservation efforts, and benefit local economies and cultures. Responsible ecotourism programs minimize environmental impacts, promote sustainability, and create opportunities for local communities. The literature review examines what other scholars have researched regarding ecotourism's effects on organization performance.
Rural market research involves systematically collecting, analyzing, and reporting data to understand marketing situations in rural areas. It follows steps like defining problems, designing research, developing hypotheses, planning methodology, data collection, analysis, and conclusions. In rural areas, qualitative studies like assessing acceptability, affordability, awareness, and availability are more common than quantitative studies due to low product penetration. Primary data collection methods for rural research include interviews, focus groups, participatory techniques, and questionnaires. Challenges include accessing rural populations, secondary data limitations, and ensuring comprehension of research tools.
Research reports are used in fields like engineering, psychology, and life sciences. They require identifying a problem, conducting research like an experiment to solve it, and evaluating the findings. The main sections are Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion (IMRAD) with the Introduction justifying the research, Methods explaining how it was done, Results reporting what was found, and Discussion analyzing the meaning and importance of the results. Diagrams, charts, and statistical analysis may also be included.
Writing a Scientific Report or PaperResults of careful laborsarantatersall
Writing a Scientific Report or Paper
Results of careful laboratory work are not useful unless they can be presented in a clear, concise manner to others for comment and evaluation. Such presentations are usually in the form of a scientific paper published in a reputable scientific journal. Scientific communications have many things in common, which leads to a rather standard style of writing that allow the results and meaning of experimentation to be quickly grasped by the reader. Scientists do not expect to read attractive, stimulating prose to obtain information from technical scientific papers. The experimental design, results and explanation of results are what are attractive and stimulating not the cleverness of the prose. The following discussion should be useful in helping you prepare your laboratory reports, which are scientific reports.
Read it carefully before beginning your reports. Your laboratory instructor may make additional comments. The specific format of a scientific paper varies among journals. However, the format presented below is the most commonly used. It is the format you must use in your scientific writing for this course.
Part I: Format of a Scientific Report
The scientific report will be composed of seven sections. Each section will have a heading immediately followed by the text, figures or graphs. The order of the sections is: title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion and literature cited.
A) Format regulations:
· typed
· double spaced
· 10-12 font, Times New Roman
· 1 inch margins
· pages numbered
· titled sections
· untitled hypothesis
· Quotes are
NOT
allowed. Everything must be properly paraphrased.
· No website references are permitted as sources. No exceptions.
· Everything must be properly cited. It is considered plagiarism if it is not.
· Write in third person, past tense
The overall presentation/grammar/spelling will be evaluated. Although this is not an English class, these elements are important to the proper communication of science. Before you turn in your final version, use the spell check function and reread your report. You should also take the time to visit the Center for Academic Success to participate in the Read, Write, and Cite Workshop series for additional help on writing your reports.
Note: Never write statements like the following: “My lab report is about…”, “My hypothesis is…”,
or any version of this type of statement.
(1)
Title
Section
Create a title that briefly conveys to the reader the purpose of the paper. The title of your report must be informative. Many readers scan journal article titles and the decision whether or not to pursue an article is based on the information in the title. Generally, this information includes: primary factor(s) manipulated or studied; outcome of manipulation (the response or effects); and organism studied, if relevant. An example of an informative title would be: "The Effect of Varying Serotonin Conce ...
This document provides guidance on writing lab reports or research reports. It outlines the typical sections of a scientific report which include an abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, tables and figures, and references. The introduction presents background information and the purpose/hypothesis. The materials and methods section describes the experimental procedures. The results section reports the findings without interpretation. The discussion section analyzes and interprets the results in relation to previous research. Tables and figures are used to visually present data.
A lab report follows a standardized format and structure. It includes sections for the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. The purpose of a lab report is to communicate the details and results of an experiment so that other researchers can understand what was done and potentially replicate the findings. Writing lab reports helps students learn experimental techniques and develop skills in scientific writing and thinking. Overall, lab reports are an essential part of the scientific process and help advance scientific knowledge.
The document discusses the structure and components of a typical report. It notes that reports usually identify a problem, propose solutions through research, and evaluate the solutions to make recommendations. The document then outlines the standard structure of a report, which generally includes a title page, table of contents, terms of reference, executive summary, background, research methods, findings/results, conclusions, recommendations, appendices, and references sections. It advises to check specific requirements but provides this structure as a common framework.
The document describes the typical structure and organization of scientific papers, known as the IMRAD format. It traces the historical development of structured scientific writing from the 19th century onward. Key points include:
- By the late 19th century, the methods section became important for reproducibility as experiments gained prominence.
- The IMRAD structure developed, with separate sections for introduction, methods, results, and discussion.
- This format allows readers to efficiently understand the question, methods, findings and implications of a study.
- Proper formatting and clear writing are essential to effective communication of scientific results and conclusions.
The document provides guidance on writing a research manuscript for publication. It discusses the typical sections of a research manuscript including the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusion, acknowledgments, references, figures and tables. For each section, it provides guidelines on what to include and what not to include, with the goal of clearly communicating new scientific findings to readers. Key points covered include having a clear statement of the problem in the introduction, providing enough detail in the methods to allow replication, only presenting results in the results section, and relating the study findings to prior work in the discussion.
The document provides guidance on how to structure and write an effective scientific report, outlining the main sections including the introduction, methods, results, and discussion, and emphasizing the importance of clearly communicating the objective, methodology, findings, and conclusions of the study. Key aspects of each section are defined, such as stating the hypothesis in the introduction and presenting results objectively without interpretation in tables and figures in the results section. Proper scientific writing conventions including using the past tense to describe completed work and defining abbreviations are also covered.
Format for Research Papers California State Universit.docxshericehewat
Format for Research Papers
California State University, Bakersfield
Department of Biology
A scientific research report is a form of
communication in which the investigator
succinctly presents and interprets data collected in
an investigation. Writing such reports is similar to
the writing in other scientific disciplines except
that the format will differ as will the criteria for
grading.
Writing the Report
The questions and hypotheses that initiate
an investigation, the resultant data gathered, and
the background information obtained by reading
the literature will lead to conclusions. Your
research report presents these conclusions and the
appropriate evidence (data and relevant literature).
Before writing the report, construct an
outline that logically presents the information to
support your conclusions. Organize the data into
tables and figures to present the evidence in a
logical order. Many authors prefer to construct a
draft by rapidly putting down ideas with little
regard to sentence structure, and to make
corrections later. Others prefer to make revisions
as they proceed. Write the report with a target
audience of other students with experience in
biology equivalent to that of the class for which
the report is written.
Proper use of English is considered
paramount in grading. Your major responsibility
is to make the reader understand exactly what you
mean by using words with precision, clarity, and
economy. Every sentence should be exact and say
something of importance (no "padding").
Economy and accuracy require using
straightforward English sentences (subject, verb,
and object). Follow a consistent pattern of tenses.
Write in the active voice unless you have good
reason to use the passive voice. The active is the
natural voice, the one in which people commonly
speak and write.
Quotations are to be avoided. All
sentences should be based on your understanding
of source material that you then write as your own
original sentences. When discussing the works of
others, do not include extraneous information,
such as first names or scientific affiliations. In
scientific writing, the major idea of a paragraph (or
sentence) is placed first. Evidence for the idea,
modifications, exceptions, etc., then follow. This
allows readers to quickly skim research reports by
reading the first sentence in each paragraph.
After finishing a draft, review it to see if
the paragraphs and sentences follow a logical
sequence. Examine the arrangement of paragraphs
within a section; some may belong in another
section. Make sure that the transitions from one
idea to another are clear. Study each sentence to
see if it can be clarified, shortened, or omitted.
Rewrite as necessary to achieve clarity. This type
of review and rewriting is best done after not
looking at the manuscript for a few days. Then,
you should ...
This document provides an overview of the typical structure and sections of an Experimental Research Assignment (ERA). It explains that an ERA generally follows a logical order, describing what was done, why it was done, how it was done, what was found, and what the findings mean. The key sections outlined are: the title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, references, and appendices. Each section is briefly described, including the typical content and purpose.
This document provides guidance on writing scientific papers and reports. It discusses the typical sections of a scientific paper including the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references. It provides tips for each section including writing concisely, using the appropriate tenses, and citing sources. The document also covers best practices for writing style, grammar, punctuation, and responding to editorial feedback to improve scientific writing.
This document outlines the typical sections and contents of a thesis or dissertation, including:
- An introduction that provides background context and states the research questions/goals.
- A literature review that summarizes previous work on the topic.
- A methods section describing the materials, procedures, and analysis techniques used.
- A results section presenting observations and data without interpretation.
- A discussion section that interprets the results, relates them to previous work, and discusses implications.
- Conclusions that summarize the findings and state the significance of the research.
It provides guidance on what belongs in each section and finishing elements like proofreading and formatting.
Writing a Formal Lab Report and Scientific PapersG.docxodiliagilby
Writing a Formal Lab Report and Scientific Papers
General Tips o Be concise. In scientific writing, it is very important to say as much as is needed while using as few words as possible. Lab reports should be thorough, but repetition should be avoided. The entire report should be clear and straightforward.
· Write in the third person. Avoid using the words “I” or “we” when referring to the experimental procedure. For example, instead of “I boiled 50 mL of water for 10 minutes,” the report should read, “50 mL of water was boiled for 10 minutes.” This can be a bit difficult to get used to, so it is important to pay close attention to the wording in the report
· Use correct verb tenses. Many students become confused when trying to decide whether to use past or present tense in their reports. If referring to anything that happened in the past, then use the past tense. For example, if you are writing about an experiment you have already performed, then refer to it in the past tense. Present tense should be used when referring to a scientific principle, such as, “Water is two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.” The general rules for verb tenses are as follows:
· The experimental procedure has already been conducted, so use the past tense of the verb when referring to it:
Ex: The purpose of the experiment was...
The compound was weighed to 5 g...
· The report, equipment, and theory still exist, so use the present tense of the verb for them:
Ex: The purpose of this report is...
Bunsen burners are used...
Document created by: Lakesha Allen
Document created by: Lakesha Allen
LAB REPORT FORMAT
Style Guidelines:
· Typed
· Paper: 8.5” x 11”
· Spacing: Double-spaced
· Margins: 1 inch
· Font: Times New Roman, 12 pt (EVERY word in your paper should have this font type and size)
· APA FORMAT
Major Paper Sections:
· Title Page
· Abstract
· Introduction
· Materials and Methods
· Results
· Discussion
· References
TITLE PAGE
The title should be less than ten words and should reflect the factual content of the paper. A good title is straightforward and uses keywords that researchers in a particular field will recognize. It should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose.
Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced. Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last name. Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD). Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the research.
ABSTRACT
Begin a new page. On the first line of the abstract page, center the word “Abstract” (no bold, formatting, italics, underlining, or quotations marks). Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your research. ...
Writing a Formal Lab Report and Scientific PapersG.docxbillylewis37150
Writing a Formal Lab Report and Scientific Papers
General Tips o Be concise. In scientific writing, it is very important to say as much as is needed while using as few words as possible. Lab reports should be thorough, but repetition should be avoided. The entire report should be clear and straightforward.
· Write in the third person. Avoid using the words “I” or “we” when referring to the experimental procedure. For example, instead of “I boiled 50 mL of water for 10 minutes,” the report should read, “50 mL of water was boiled for 10 minutes.” This can be a bit difficult to get used to, so it is important to pay close attention to the wording in the report
· Use correct verb tenses. Many students become confused when trying to decide whether to use past or present tense in their reports. If referring to anything that happened in the past, then use the past tense. For example, if you are writing about an experiment you have already performed, then refer to it in the past tense. Present tense should be used when referring to a scientific principle, such as, “Water is two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.” The general rules for verb tenses are as follows:
· The experimental procedure has already been conducted, so use the past tense of the verb when referring to it:
Ex: The purpose of the experiment was...
The compound was weighed to 5 g...
· The report, equipment, and theory still exist, so use the present tense of the verb for them:
Ex: The purpose of this report is...
Bunsen burners are used...
Document created by: Lakesha Allen
Document created by: Lakesha Allen
LAB REPORT FORMAT
Style Guidelines:
· Typed
· Paper: 8.5” x 11”
· Spacing: Double-spaced
· Margins: 1 inch
· Font: Times New Roman, 12 pt (EVERY word in your paper should have this font type and size)
· APA FORMAT
Major Paper Sections:
· Title Page
· Abstract
· Introduction
· Materials and Methods
· Results
· Discussion
· References
TITLE PAGE
The title should be less than ten words and should reflect the factual content of the paper. A good title is straightforward and uses keywords that researchers in a particular field will recognize. It should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose.
Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced. Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last name. Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD). Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the research.
ABSTRACT
Begin a new page. On the first line of the abstract page, center the word “Abstract” (no bold, formatting, italics, underlining, or quotations marks). Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your research..
The document provides information on the structure and components of a research report. It discusses the typical parts of a research report which include a cover page, title page, abstract/summary, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, analysis, conclusions, and references. It also describes the different sections within these parts such as the problem statement, objectives, variables, and data analysis within the methodology section. Furthermore, it outlines two main types of research reports - technical reports which focus on the research process and popular reports which simplify information for policy implications. Finally, it discusses guidelines for writing styles in research reports for scholarly journals versus business/government reports.
This document outlines the sections and content required for a psychology report investigating how mood and attitude can influence food preference. The report should include an abstract summarizing the aims, method, results, and conclusion. The introduction provides background on previous relevant studies and theories and describes the current research. The method section details the research design, participants, apparatus, and procedure. The results section presents findings and the discussion examines results in relation to previous research, limitations, and implications for future work. References and appendices with materials are also required.
This psychology report investigates how mood and attitude can influence food preferences. The study aims to test the hypothesis that positive moods correlate with preferences for healthier foods compared to negative moods. The method involved inducing different moods in participants and having them rate their liking of various foods. The results showed that participants in a positive mood tended to prefer healthier foods over less healthy options, supporting the hypothesis. This adds to past research showing links between mood, attitude and food choice.
This document provides instructions for writing a formal laboratory report. It discusses the typical elements of a lab report including the title, statement of problem, hypothesis, methodology, data, results, and conclusion. Students are guided to write a sample lab report for a grassland biodiversity experiment by developing each section, such as writing a hypothesis based on background information and designing a data table and graph. Following a standardized format and including all required elements will help students earn a good grade on their formal lab report.
This document provides guidance on how to write an effective research paper. It discusses gathering data, structuring the paper, selecting a journal for submission, and the submission and revision process. The key sections of a research paper are outlined, including the introduction, methods, results and discussion, and conclusions. Tips are provided on writing titles, abstracts, and each section of the paper. The goal is to present findings in a clear, logical manner for readers in the chosen journal's field.
The document discusses parallelism and how to use it effectively in writing. Parallelism emphasizes relationships between equivalent ideas by presenting corresponding elements, such as items in a list or series, in a matching grammatical form. It adds unity, balance and clarity. Faulty parallelism creates awkward sentences that obscure meaning. The document provides examples of parallel and non-parallel constructions and guidelines for revising sentences to improve parallelism.
This document discusses parallelism and provides examples of its effective use. Parallelism involves using matching words, phrases, clauses, or sentences to express equivalent ideas. It adds unity, balance and force to writing. The document outlines three key ways to use parallelism: 1) with items in a series, 2) with paired items, and 3) in lists. It also provides examples of faulty parallelism and how to revise sentences to improve parallel structure. The overall purpose is to explain parallelism and how to use it properly for clear, emphatic writing.
The document discusses language features that can make communication in meetings more effective. Some key points include:
- Using tentative language like "would", "could", or "might" instead of definitive statements.
- Presenting suggestions as questions rather than statements to sound more open.
- Adding "n't" to make suggestions more negotiable.
- Using stress and qualifiers to soften messages and make positions more flexible.
Body paragraphs (claim, evidence, analysis)theLecturette
How to build a strong argumentative paragraph using the 'claim', 'evidence', 'analysis' structure.
For more English tutorials, please visit:
https://www.thelecturette.com
Presentation skills for entrepreneurs 1theLecturette
This document provides an overview of a course on presentation skills for entrepreneurs. The course will cover topics like elevator pitches, full presentations, preparation techniques, and useful vocabulary. It will utilize reflection, self-assessment, peer feedback, and collaboration to develop students' presentation skills. Students will practice giving presentations and pitching to different types of audiences. The goal is to help entrepreneurs effectively present, market their ideas, and persuade potential customers or investors.
A tutorial on how to use parallelism effectively and how to revise faulty parallelism
For more English tutorials, please visit:
https://www.thelecturette.com
How to 'signpost' your presentation effectively to give structure to your presentation.
For more English tutorials, please visit:
https://www.thelecturette.com
How to effectively open your presentation and 'hook' your audience to grab their attention.
For more English tutorials, please visit:
https://www.thelecturette.com
A tutorial on how to present graphs, tables, and charts in an effective and engaging way.
For more English tutorials, please visit:
https://www.thelecturette.com
The document provides guidance for beginning a presentation by greeting the audience, introducing yourself, and welcoming the audience. It recommends saying hello and your name when greeting the audience, providing something brief about your background or experience, and thanking and welcoming the audience to set an inclusive tone.
Writing concisely by eliminating wordiness is important to make your writing better, more engaging and effective. This slide presentation helps you to recognise the different types of wordiness and discusses ways in which wordy passages can be revised.
For more English tutorials, please visit:
https://www.thelecturette.com
How to correct fragmented sentences that were created because the sentence lacks a subject, a verb, or both, or because the sentence does not express a complete thought.
For more English tutorials, please visit:
https://www.thelecturette.com
A tutorial on how to revise unwarranted shifts in writing to avoid awkward or confusing sentences.
For more English tutorials, please visit:
https://www.thelecturette.com
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.