The Bay of Pigs Invasion was a failed military invasion of Cuba in 1961 supported by the United States. CIA-trained Cuban exiles landed in Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro but were defeated by Castro's forces within three days. The failed invasion resulted in casualties on both sides and increased tensions between Cuba and the US. It also led Cuba to strengthen ties with the Soviet Union and prompted the US to impose an economic embargo against Cuba that remains in place today.
La normalización por medio de dependencias funcionales tiene como objetivo obtener los datos agrupados en tablas con una estructura óptima para su implementación y gestión, minimizando la redundancia. La forma normal Boyce-Codd es más deseable que la tercera forma normal porque elimina más dependencias, pero a veces hay que conformarse con esta última para conservar todas las dependencias funcionales de manera eficiente. Generalmente es preferible la tercera forma normal para evitar problemas de rendimiento o integridad si no se pueden probar eficazmente todas las actualizaciones
Defining Automotive Technology by SouLSteerShobhit Gosain
The document provides an overview of basic automotive technology. It covers various vehicle systems including the body, engine, transmission, steering, braking, suspension, and electrical systems. Key points include classifications of vehicles based on space and body style, engine operation principles for petrol and diesel engines, types of transmissions including manual, automatic and tiptronic, drive train layouts such as front-wheel drive and rear-wheel drive, and components such as the differential, tires, and wheels.
Primeessaywritings.com Services, Coursework, Case Studies. Dissertations, Thesis, Book Summary, Book Reviews, Personal Statement, Scholarship Essay, Application Papers, Power Point Presentations, Dissertations and Proposals, Research Papers, Editing and Proofreading Resumes and CVs, Research Proposal, College Essay, High School Essay, Graduate essay, Masters essay, PHD Essay
Siam term paper finalIdentifying the Marketing Strategy in Existing mobile Co...Polta Siam
The document is a term paper submitted by a student to their university department of marketing. It discusses identifying the marketing strategies of existing mobile companies in Bangladesh. The paper includes chapters on the major mobile operators in Bangladesh such as Grameenphone, Robi, and Banglalink. It provides details on their missions, strategies, and marketing approaches. It also includes a SWOT analysis comparing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats facing the different operators. The conclusion provides recommendations and evaluates the operators' strategies.
This document outlines the key phases and components of an educational research methodology framework, including developing a research question, perspective, design, methods of analysis, and conclusions. It discusses developing a research question and plan, choosing a research perspective like positivism or interpretivism, potential research designs that are quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods, data collection and analysis techniques, and interpreting findings and conclusions. The goal is to help researchers understand all aspects of the research process from developing questions to analyzing and discussing results.
The document provides instructions for writing a research paper, including gathering sources, determining a thesis and outline, taking notes, drafting paragraphs, and using in-text citations. Key steps include reading articles to understand the topic, writing a thesis arguing a position, outlining supporting points, taking notes by paraphrasing or quoting sources, and drafting paragraphs that develop ideas and cite sources properly.
La normalización por medio de dependencias funcionales tiene como objetivo obtener los datos agrupados en tablas con una estructura óptima para su implementación y gestión, minimizando la redundancia. La forma normal Boyce-Codd es más deseable que la tercera forma normal porque elimina más dependencias, pero a veces hay que conformarse con esta última para conservar todas las dependencias funcionales de manera eficiente. Generalmente es preferible la tercera forma normal para evitar problemas de rendimiento o integridad si no se pueden probar eficazmente todas las actualizaciones
Defining Automotive Technology by SouLSteerShobhit Gosain
The document provides an overview of basic automotive technology. It covers various vehicle systems including the body, engine, transmission, steering, braking, suspension, and electrical systems. Key points include classifications of vehicles based on space and body style, engine operation principles for petrol and diesel engines, types of transmissions including manual, automatic and tiptronic, drive train layouts such as front-wheel drive and rear-wheel drive, and components such as the differential, tires, and wheels.
Primeessaywritings.com Services, Coursework, Case Studies. Dissertations, Thesis, Book Summary, Book Reviews, Personal Statement, Scholarship Essay, Application Papers, Power Point Presentations, Dissertations and Proposals, Research Papers, Editing and Proofreading Resumes and CVs, Research Proposal, College Essay, High School Essay, Graduate essay, Masters essay, PHD Essay
Siam term paper finalIdentifying the Marketing Strategy in Existing mobile Co...Polta Siam
The document is a term paper submitted by a student to their university department of marketing. It discusses identifying the marketing strategies of existing mobile companies in Bangladesh. The paper includes chapters on the major mobile operators in Bangladesh such as Grameenphone, Robi, and Banglalink. It provides details on their missions, strategies, and marketing approaches. It also includes a SWOT analysis comparing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats facing the different operators. The conclusion provides recommendations and evaluates the operators' strategies.
This document outlines the key phases and components of an educational research methodology framework, including developing a research question, perspective, design, methods of analysis, and conclusions. It discusses developing a research question and plan, choosing a research perspective like positivism or interpretivism, potential research designs that are quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods, data collection and analysis techniques, and interpreting findings and conclusions. The goal is to help researchers understand all aspects of the research process from developing questions to analyzing and discussing results.
The document provides instructions for writing a research paper, including gathering sources, determining a thesis and outline, taking notes, drafting paragraphs, and using in-text citations. Key steps include reading articles to understand the topic, writing a thesis arguing a position, outlining supporting points, taking notes by paraphrasing or quoting sources, and drafting paragraphs that develop ideas and cite sources properly.
The document discusses Cisco's business process re-engineering efforts. It describes how Cisco's rapid growth led to inefficiencies in its manual ordering and tracking systems. This prompted Cisco to re-engineer its processes to create an online ordering system called Manufacturing Connection Online. This system streamlined ordering, reduced costs by $24 million and labor costs by $51 million, and cut inventory by 45%. Cisco's re-engineering proved more effective than earlier simplification efforts and better positioned the company for continued growth.
This document summarizes a research paper on current theories, research, and future directions in leadership. It discusses several prominent leadership theories including authentic leadership, cognitive leadership, complexity leadership theory, new-genre leadership, shared leadership, leader-member exchange theory, e-leadership, leadership and followership, spirituality and leadership, and cross-cultural leadership. For each theory, it provides an overview and discusses important future research directions. The document also outlines the methodologies used in leadership research such as library research, interviews, and participant observation.
Term paper on grameen phone telecom...Download: http://studyassignment.blogsp...Pujan Kumar Saha
Get the full term paper on grameen phone telecom from here: http://studyassignment.blogspot.com/2014/05/term-paper-on-grameenphone.html
Get more assignment, term paper, report, powerpoint presentation from here: http://studyassignment.blogspot.com
This paper discusses workplace motivation and its effects on productivity, performance, and employees. It analyzes motivational strategies used by the U.S. Army, including the National Security Personnel System (NSPS) which linked pay to performance metrics. While intended to increase productivity, NSPS faced resistance from employees who were excluded from the adoption process. The paper also examines motivation's impact on management and employees, the role of intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation, and how applying different motivation theories could affect an organization. It concludes that motivational programs should provide learning opportunities to engage employees in developing skills that further organizational goals.
The document discusses audio mining, which uses speech recognition technology to analyze digitized audio content like newscasts and meetings and create searchable indexes. It describes two main approaches: text-based indexing that converts speech to text, and phoneme-based indexing that works with sounds instead of text. Several challenges of audio mining are discussed, such as improving precision for applications like medical transcription. Potential uses of audio mining include analyzing customer service calls and intercepted phone conversations.
This document discusses ecotourism and provides background information. Ecotourism involves visiting natural areas with low environmental impact as an alternative to mass tourism. It aims to educate travelers, fund conservation efforts, and benefit local economies and cultures. Responsible ecotourism programs minimize environmental impacts, promote sustainability, and create opportunities for local communities. The literature review examines what other scholars have researched regarding ecotourism's effects on organization performance.
Rural market research involves systematically collecting, analyzing, and reporting data to understand marketing situations in rural areas. It follows steps like defining problems, designing research, developing hypotheses, planning methodology, data collection, analysis, and conclusions. In rural areas, qualitative studies like assessing acceptability, affordability, awareness, and availability are more common than quantitative studies due to low product penetration. Primary data collection methods for rural research include interviews, focus groups, participatory techniques, and questionnaires. Challenges include accessing rural populations, secondary data limitations, and ensuring comprehension of research tools.
A STUDY ON THE FACTOR OF STUDENT ABSENTEEISM AT FACULTY OF BUSINESS, UNISEL S...Nisha Ambalan
This document provides an introduction and background to a study on student absenteeism at the Faculty of Business in UNISEL Shah Alam. It discusses the problem of increasing absenteeism among students and the need to investigate the factors influencing it. The objectives of the study are to identify the factors affecting absenteeism, determine which gender is most affected, and provide suggestions to improve attendance. A literature review is presented covering definitions of key terms like absenteeism and its impacts on student performance and grades. Various studies linking absenteeism to lower exam scores, class participation, and effects on group work are summarized.
Serial Killers Psychology PresentationPietro Solda
Serial killers are typically single white males with unstable family histories and psychological issues. They are often intelligent but have difficulties with employment and relationships. There are two main types - organized killers who plan their crimes, and disorganized killers who act impulsively. Motives include lust, thrill-seeking, gaining power or profit. Lust killers in particular derive sexual pleasure from torture and mutilation of victims. Notable serial killers profiled include Jeffrey Dahmer, who engaged in cannibalism and necrophilia, David Parker who tortured victims in a torture chamber, and Richard Chase who was driven by delusions involving blood and organs.
Commonly Used Statistics in Survey ResearchPat Barlow
This is a version of our "commonly used statistics" presentation that has been modified to address the commonly used statistics in survey research and analysis. It is intended to give an *overview* of the various uses of these tests as they apply to survey research questions rather than the point-and-click calculations involved in running the statistics.
This document outlines the typical structure and sections of a thesis or dissertation. It discusses the key parts including preliminaries, text/body, and references. The body typically contains five major sections: introduction, literature review, methodology, results and discussion, and conclusions. Each section is then described in more detail, outlining what they should contain such as the problem statement, objectives, data collection procedures, analysis methods, and more. Sample paragraphs and examples are provided for many of the sections.
This document provides a summary of a term paper on cognitive radio. It discusses key topics such as what cognitive radio is, its advantages over static spectrum allocation, key drivers for cognitive radio like dynamic spectrum access and cognitive radio networks, challenges to deployment including legal hurdles, security issues, and technology hurdles related to spectrum sensing. Promising applications of cognitive radio mentioned include emergency services, low cost internet access, and new services enabled by intelligent radio-based advertising.
This research paper discusses IPv6 flow label and LTE technology for wireless broadband. It provides background on IPv6 and the flow label field, which allows source nodes to label packets for quality of service. The paper proposes a design for the flow label field including how source nodes and routers should handle labeled packets. It also gives a brief introduction to LTE technology and discusses how IPv6 and LTE can work together to provide guaranteed quality of service for wireless broadband. Simulation results are presented showing that the proposed IPv6 flow label mechanism maintains performance during network congestion. In conclusion, the paper argues that IPv6 flow labeling combined with LTE has the potential to provide a futuristic technology solution for wireless broadband with quality of service guarantees.
Kudler Fine Foods is implementing a Frequent Shopper Program to track customer purchases and accumulate loyalty points that can be redeemed for gifts. The project will involve developing a point of sale system to integrate the program. Stakeholders like the CEO and store managers will be interviewed to determine requirements. Requirements include tracking individual customer purchases and loyalty points that can be redeemed for products from partners. Design considerations include choosing off-the-shelf software and hardware based on cost, functionality, and support to meet Kudler's needs.
A2 Media Studies: Band Research (Paramore)Sarah Green
The document summarizes information about the American rock band Paramore. It outlines their history, members, record labels, albums, singles, and influences. Paramore originally formed in 2004 in Franklin, Tennessee as a three-piece band consisting of Hayley Williams, Jeremy Davis, and Taylor York. They are currently signed to Fueled by Ramen and have released five studio albums between 2005-2013. Articles about the band often focus on lead singer Hayley Williams and feature her prominently in photos.
This document provides an introduction to a research study examining adolescent risky sexual behaviors. It discusses how adolescents are susceptible to HIV/AIDS, unwanted pregnancies, and STDs. The study aims to examine adolescent attitudes and behaviors regarding sexual activity and determine if a comprehensive intervention program can reduce risky behaviors. It outlines the theoretical orientation using models of behavior change. A literature review discusses previous research on factors influencing adolescent risky sex. The proposed research methods include surveys and interviews of adolescents to study the relationship between risky sex and variables like gender, race, self-esteem, parental involvement and sexual education. Data will be analyzed to determine if a comprehensive intervention program can positively impact adolescent risky behaviors.
Anger Management Group Therapy for Adolescent Males-Research PaperSara Bucknam
Assignment was to create a group therapy model; I chose to design an 8-week group focusing on anger management for adolescent males aged 14-16. This is the accompanying research paper supporting the rationale, treatment approach, group activities, etc.
The document summarizes key events in Cuba leading up to the Bay of Pigs invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis, including:
1) Fidel Castro overthrew Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship in 1959, reducing American influence and alarming the US. In response, the CIA began training Cuban exiles to invade Cuba.
2) The Bay of Pigs invasion in April 1961 was an attempt to overthrow Castro but ended in failure. In response, President Kennedy approved Operation Mongoose to sabotage Cuba through espionage.
3) During the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962, American U-2 spy planes discovered Soviet nuclear missiles being installed in Cuba, bringing the US and USSR to
Cold War Case Study - Charles Robert Stahurski · Timeline of o.docxmonicafrancis71118
The relationship between the US and Cuba deteriorated from disconnection to hostility over time. Key events like the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 increased tensions and led to hostile diplomatic talks. The Bay of Pigs invasion, a failed CIA-backed operation to overthrow Fidel Castro, was a major blow to US-Cuba relations. It was one of the first attempts to overthrow Castro that ended in disaster. This further strained relations and set the stage for the Cuban Missile Crisis, bringing the two countries close to nuclear war. Overall, the document outlines the timeline of key events in US-Cuba relations from the 1940s-1980s and how the relationship transitioned
The document discusses Cisco's business process re-engineering efforts. It describes how Cisco's rapid growth led to inefficiencies in its manual ordering and tracking systems. This prompted Cisco to re-engineer its processes to create an online ordering system called Manufacturing Connection Online. This system streamlined ordering, reduced costs by $24 million and labor costs by $51 million, and cut inventory by 45%. Cisco's re-engineering proved more effective than earlier simplification efforts and better positioned the company for continued growth.
This document summarizes a research paper on current theories, research, and future directions in leadership. It discusses several prominent leadership theories including authentic leadership, cognitive leadership, complexity leadership theory, new-genre leadership, shared leadership, leader-member exchange theory, e-leadership, leadership and followership, spirituality and leadership, and cross-cultural leadership. For each theory, it provides an overview and discusses important future research directions. The document also outlines the methodologies used in leadership research such as library research, interviews, and participant observation.
Term paper on grameen phone telecom...Download: http://studyassignment.blogsp...Pujan Kumar Saha
Get the full term paper on grameen phone telecom from here: http://studyassignment.blogspot.com/2014/05/term-paper-on-grameenphone.html
Get more assignment, term paper, report, powerpoint presentation from here: http://studyassignment.blogspot.com
This paper discusses workplace motivation and its effects on productivity, performance, and employees. It analyzes motivational strategies used by the U.S. Army, including the National Security Personnel System (NSPS) which linked pay to performance metrics. While intended to increase productivity, NSPS faced resistance from employees who were excluded from the adoption process. The paper also examines motivation's impact on management and employees, the role of intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation, and how applying different motivation theories could affect an organization. It concludes that motivational programs should provide learning opportunities to engage employees in developing skills that further organizational goals.
The document discusses audio mining, which uses speech recognition technology to analyze digitized audio content like newscasts and meetings and create searchable indexes. It describes two main approaches: text-based indexing that converts speech to text, and phoneme-based indexing that works with sounds instead of text. Several challenges of audio mining are discussed, such as improving precision for applications like medical transcription. Potential uses of audio mining include analyzing customer service calls and intercepted phone conversations.
This document discusses ecotourism and provides background information. Ecotourism involves visiting natural areas with low environmental impact as an alternative to mass tourism. It aims to educate travelers, fund conservation efforts, and benefit local economies and cultures. Responsible ecotourism programs minimize environmental impacts, promote sustainability, and create opportunities for local communities. The literature review examines what other scholars have researched regarding ecotourism's effects on organization performance.
Rural market research involves systematically collecting, analyzing, and reporting data to understand marketing situations in rural areas. It follows steps like defining problems, designing research, developing hypotheses, planning methodology, data collection, analysis, and conclusions. In rural areas, qualitative studies like assessing acceptability, affordability, awareness, and availability are more common than quantitative studies due to low product penetration. Primary data collection methods for rural research include interviews, focus groups, participatory techniques, and questionnaires. Challenges include accessing rural populations, secondary data limitations, and ensuring comprehension of research tools.
A STUDY ON THE FACTOR OF STUDENT ABSENTEEISM AT FACULTY OF BUSINESS, UNISEL S...Nisha Ambalan
This document provides an introduction and background to a study on student absenteeism at the Faculty of Business in UNISEL Shah Alam. It discusses the problem of increasing absenteeism among students and the need to investigate the factors influencing it. The objectives of the study are to identify the factors affecting absenteeism, determine which gender is most affected, and provide suggestions to improve attendance. A literature review is presented covering definitions of key terms like absenteeism and its impacts on student performance and grades. Various studies linking absenteeism to lower exam scores, class participation, and effects on group work are summarized.
Serial Killers Psychology PresentationPietro Solda
Serial killers are typically single white males with unstable family histories and psychological issues. They are often intelligent but have difficulties with employment and relationships. There are two main types - organized killers who plan their crimes, and disorganized killers who act impulsively. Motives include lust, thrill-seeking, gaining power or profit. Lust killers in particular derive sexual pleasure from torture and mutilation of victims. Notable serial killers profiled include Jeffrey Dahmer, who engaged in cannibalism and necrophilia, David Parker who tortured victims in a torture chamber, and Richard Chase who was driven by delusions involving blood and organs.
Commonly Used Statistics in Survey ResearchPat Barlow
This is a version of our "commonly used statistics" presentation that has been modified to address the commonly used statistics in survey research and analysis. It is intended to give an *overview* of the various uses of these tests as they apply to survey research questions rather than the point-and-click calculations involved in running the statistics.
This document outlines the typical structure and sections of a thesis or dissertation. It discusses the key parts including preliminaries, text/body, and references. The body typically contains five major sections: introduction, literature review, methodology, results and discussion, and conclusions. Each section is then described in more detail, outlining what they should contain such as the problem statement, objectives, data collection procedures, analysis methods, and more. Sample paragraphs and examples are provided for many of the sections.
This document provides a summary of a term paper on cognitive radio. It discusses key topics such as what cognitive radio is, its advantages over static spectrum allocation, key drivers for cognitive radio like dynamic spectrum access and cognitive radio networks, challenges to deployment including legal hurdles, security issues, and technology hurdles related to spectrum sensing. Promising applications of cognitive radio mentioned include emergency services, low cost internet access, and new services enabled by intelligent radio-based advertising.
This research paper discusses IPv6 flow label and LTE technology for wireless broadband. It provides background on IPv6 and the flow label field, which allows source nodes to label packets for quality of service. The paper proposes a design for the flow label field including how source nodes and routers should handle labeled packets. It also gives a brief introduction to LTE technology and discusses how IPv6 and LTE can work together to provide guaranteed quality of service for wireless broadband. Simulation results are presented showing that the proposed IPv6 flow label mechanism maintains performance during network congestion. In conclusion, the paper argues that IPv6 flow labeling combined with LTE has the potential to provide a futuristic technology solution for wireless broadband with quality of service guarantees.
Kudler Fine Foods is implementing a Frequent Shopper Program to track customer purchases and accumulate loyalty points that can be redeemed for gifts. The project will involve developing a point of sale system to integrate the program. Stakeholders like the CEO and store managers will be interviewed to determine requirements. Requirements include tracking individual customer purchases and loyalty points that can be redeemed for products from partners. Design considerations include choosing off-the-shelf software and hardware based on cost, functionality, and support to meet Kudler's needs.
A2 Media Studies: Band Research (Paramore)Sarah Green
The document summarizes information about the American rock band Paramore. It outlines their history, members, record labels, albums, singles, and influences. Paramore originally formed in 2004 in Franklin, Tennessee as a three-piece band consisting of Hayley Williams, Jeremy Davis, and Taylor York. They are currently signed to Fueled by Ramen and have released five studio albums between 2005-2013. Articles about the band often focus on lead singer Hayley Williams and feature her prominently in photos.
This document provides an introduction to a research study examining adolescent risky sexual behaviors. It discusses how adolescents are susceptible to HIV/AIDS, unwanted pregnancies, and STDs. The study aims to examine adolescent attitudes and behaviors regarding sexual activity and determine if a comprehensive intervention program can reduce risky behaviors. It outlines the theoretical orientation using models of behavior change. A literature review discusses previous research on factors influencing adolescent risky sex. The proposed research methods include surveys and interviews of adolescents to study the relationship between risky sex and variables like gender, race, self-esteem, parental involvement and sexual education. Data will be analyzed to determine if a comprehensive intervention program can positively impact adolescent risky behaviors.
Anger Management Group Therapy for Adolescent Males-Research PaperSara Bucknam
Assignment was to create a group therapy model; I chose to design an 8-week group focusing on anger management for adolescent males aged 14-16. This is the accompanying research paper supporting the rationale, treatment approach, group activities, etc.
The document summarizes key events in Cuba leading up to the Bay of Pigs invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis, including:
1) Fidel Castro overthrew Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship in 1959, reducing American influence and alarming the US. In response, the CIA began training Cuban exiles to invade Cuba.
2) The Bay of Pigs invasion in April 1961 was an attempt to overthrow Castro but ended in failure. In response, President Kennedy approved Operation Mongoose to sabotage Cuba through espionage.
3) During the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962, American U-2 spy planes discovered Soviet nuclear missiles being installed in Cuba, bringing the US and USSR to
Cold War Case Study - Charles Robert Stahurski · Timeline of o.docxmonicafrancis71118
The relationship between the US and Cuba deteriorated from disconnection to hostility over time. Key events like the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 increased tensions and led to hostile diplomatic talks. The Bay of Pigs invasion, a failed CIA-backed operation to overthrow Fidel Castro, was a major blow to US-Cuba relations. It was one of the first attempts to overthrow Castro that ended in disaster. This further strained relations and set the stage for the Cuban Missile Crisis, bringing the two countries close to nuclear war. Overall, the document outlines the timeline of key events in US-Cuba relations from the 1940s-1980s and how the relationship transitioned
Cocktails With the CIA, Episode 5: The Bay of Pigs FiascoDeb Della Piana
More antics with the fun men and women of the Central Intelligence Agency. This time, they're snatching defeat from the jaws of victor in the Bay of Pigs, Cuba.
The formal name of the nation is the Republic of Cuba
It is located in the Caribbean
The capital city of the Republic of Cuba is Havana
Main cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camaguey
It has a population of 11,204,000
The area covered by the country is 110,860 square kilometer
Cuban Peso is the national currency
The main language spoken is Spanish
Roman Catholic is the main religion.
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U.S., Cuba Restore Ties After 50 Yearsmaditabalnco
The 116-year relationship between the US and Cuba has been strained since Cuba gained independence in 1902. Key events include the US backing Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship in the 1950s, Fidel Castro's 1959 revolution that led to Cuba allying with the Soviet Union, the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis that brought the countries to the brink of nuclear war, and decades of US embargo against Cuba. In recent years some restrictions have eased and in 2014 the countries began normalizing relations, culminating in the December 2014 announcement of plans to further normalize diplomatic and economic ties.
This document provides a history of Cuba from Spanish colonization to the Cuban Revolution. It describes how Spain ruled Cuba for centuries and established a slave-based economy focused on sugarcane production. The Cuban people struggled for independence through various wars in the late 1800s. In the 20th century, Fidel Castro led a revolutionary movement that overthrew the US-backed dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959. Castro established a communist government, leading to tensions with the US that included the failed Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis.
This document collection summarizes the development of Operation Northwoods, a proposed false flag operation against Cuba in 1962. It includes proposals to stage terrorist attacks in US cities and blame them on Cuba to generate public support for regime change. While most aspects were not implemented, the documents show the military's desire to provoke Cuba into an attack or "hostile act" to justify US military intervention to overthrow Castro. They reveal the psychological motivations behind false flag operations and how deception was seen as necessary to condition the American public to accept aggressive actions against Cuba. The proposals in these documents were precursors to the final Northwoods plan presented to Secretary of Defense McNamara, though it's unclear if Kennedy approved any of
The Bay of Pigs invasion was a failed CIA-orchestrated attempt in April 1961 to overthrow Fidel Castro's communist government in Cuba. CIA-trained Cuban exiles launched an invasion at the Bay of Pigs but were poorly armed and only 1,100 of the 1,400 troops survived as they were defeated by Castro's forces in three days. The failed invasion strengthened Castro's power and the captured exiles were imprisoned for 20 months until a deal was reached between Castro and President Kennedy, who took responsibility for the failure.
John F. Kennedy served as president from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. His presidency was dubbed "Camelot" and aimed to foster a New Frontier of economic reform. Kennedy met with Khrushchev to discuss Berlin but two months later the Berlin Wall was erected. The failed Bay of Pigs invasion aimed to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba but ended with Cuban forces being killed or captured. The Cuban Missile Crisis, where the Soviet Union installed nuclear missiles in Cuba, brought the U.S. and Soviet Union to the brink of nuclear war until a deal was struck for the Soviets to remove the missiles.
The document discusses the Cuban Revolution, Bay of Pigs invasion, and Cuban Missile Crisis between the United States and Cuba. Fidel Castro overthrew the US-backed dictator in 1959 and aligned Cuba with the Soviet Union. In 1961, the CIA backed an invasion of Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow Castro, but it failed. In 1962, US spy planes discovered Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, escalating tensions and bringing the US and USSR to the brink of nuclear war. A naval blockade was enacted and an agreement was reached to remove the missiles in exchange for the US not invading Cuba.
The document discusses the Cuban Revolution, Bay of Pigs invasion, and Cuban Missile Crisis between the United States and Cuba. Fidel Castro overthrew the US-backed dictator in 1959 and aligned Cuba with the Soviet Union. In 1961, the CIA backed an invasion of Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow Castro, but it failed. In 1962, US spy planes discovered Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, escalating tensions and bringing the US and USSR to the brink of nuclear war. A naval blockade was enacted and an agreement was reached to remove the missiles in exchange for the US not invading Cuba.
United States imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries involved expanding overseas through annexing territories like Hawaii and building influence in Latin America and Asia. This was driven by notions of Manifest Destiny and bolstered by emerging American naval and economic power under presidents like Theodore Roosevelt. The Spanish-American War marked the U.S. emergence as a world power, gaining control of former Spanish colonies. However, Woodrow Wilson's calls for postwar peace and self-determination were only partly realized, and the U.S. returned to isolationism after World War I.
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Perfectessay.net term paper sample #1 mla styleDavid Smith
John F. Kennedy had a significant influence on the evolution of mass media in the United States. As a politician in the 1960s, a time when television was growing as a new medium, JFK was skilled in using television to directly communicate with the public. He presented himself effectively on television and helped shift television's role from merely entertainment to a tool for influencing public opinion and political campaigns. As the first president to effectively harness television's power, JFK helped revolutionize how politicians engaged with media and contributed to establishing television as a major force in politics and society.
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Robert Kennedy was a prominent American politician who was assassinated in 1968. As the Attorney General and a presidential candidate, his political positions and actions made both allies and enemies. Some believe his battles with organized crime and opposition to figures like Jimmy Hoffa may have contributed to threats on his life. While investigations did not find evidence of direct involvement, his assassination was still viewed by many as politically motivated. Psychologically, the assassination increased anxiety in the American public and left them feeling vulnerable and uncertain about the future direction of the country without this influential leader.
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The document discusses friendship and defines it as a voluntary interpersonal relationship intended to be a positive experience for those involved. It notes that friendships fulfill various functions and needs for people like companionship, consideration, communication, and affection. Effective communication skills are important for developing and maintaining friendships as they allow people to connect in a way that meets each other's needs and leads to relationship satisfaction. The document examines different communication skills important for friendship like comforting, ego support, and conflict management and how possession of these skills can vary over the lifespan and between genders.
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In their article, authors Nichols and McChesney discuss the crisis of journalism in America and its decline, which threatens democracy. They argue that media companies prioritized profits over professional journalism, leading to less news content. While some blame new technologies or economics, the authors believe the crisis stems from media consolidation reducing authentic journalism. To revive the industry, they propose government intervention through indirect subsidies, which they argue need not threaten media independence.
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The document discusses how computer forensics emerged as a scientific and legal field in response to increased computer usage and computer-related crimes. It describes how the USA Patriot Act significantly impacted the principles and practices of computer forensics by allowing law enforcement broader access to digital evidence. Specifically, the Patriot Act allowed access to voice communications during hacking investigations and easier access to stored voice communications with a search warrant. The author analyzes how the Patriot Act aimed to balance security, privacy, and legal guidelines while still establishing barriers for forensic professionals regarding evidence collection.
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This literature lesson plan is for teaching the book "A Letter to Amy" to second grade students over three days. On day one, students will read the story, identify characters, and discuss challenging vocabulary. Day two focuses on comprehension, with students retelling the story in their own words. On the final day, students will work in pairs to act out scenes from the book, then write and send invitation letters to each other like the characters in the story. The goal is to help students improve reading, writing, listening, and communication skills through engaging with the children's literature.
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Modeling allows for the development of an analytical framework for understanding phenomena through representing their logical, mathematical, and physical characteristics. A model presents a conceptual representation of something that exists in the real world, like a map. It provides a quantitative representation of qualitative real-world aspects. Models are designed using empirical data and must be consistent with that data. Organizations use multiple models to better understand complex internal and external systems over time and increase efficiency. Factors like simulation, structure, and visualization are important in scientific modeling across fields like ecology, economics, and behavior.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Perfectessay.net research paper sample #1 apa style
1. Bay of Pigs Invasion 1
Running Head: BAY OF PIGS INVASION
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Name:
University:
Tutor:
Course:
Date:
2. Bay of Pigs Invasion 2
Introduction
Cuba is known around the globe for its rich political history. In fact, this country’s
past plays an important role in the history of other nations such as the United States and other
European countries, as the Cuban people fought for its freedom against foreign oppressors as
well as from dictators. From the Spanish occupation up until the reign of Cuban President
Fidel Castro, this country has undoubtedly taken a stance in order to maintain its
independence. This will for freedom is evident in the Bay of the Pigs Invasion.
The Bay of the Pigs Invasion was a well-known military and political attempt of the
Cuban exiles to overthrow the leftist government of Fidel Castro. This plan was actually
backed by the United States as the US Central Intelligence Agency trained and supported the
anti revolutionary exiles for the planned invasion. This plan was launched sometime in April
of 1961 which is about three months right after John F. Kennedy assumed power in the White
House. Despite their training, the exiles were defeated by the Cuban armed forces that were
equipped and supported by the Soviet Bloc countries which included East Germany, Poland,
Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, and the Soviet Union among many others
Although the outcome of the debacle was complete failure, this event became an
important part of the Cuban history. It particularly caused this country to be wary of foreign
support which then led to other major political and national events. Apart from this, the
unsuccessful invasion ignited various controversies and criticism in the Kennedy
administration. Consequently, it has also made ripples in the current foreign relations of Cuba
with the United States.
This research paper will give an in depth look on the infamous Bay of the Pigs
Invasion. It will begin by giving a political background behind the failed plan. Similarly, this
research study will also explore result of this unsuccessful coup with the past and the current
foreign policies and relation of the Cuban government.
3. Bay of Pigs Invasion 3
Background
As the leftist government of Fidel Castro assumed the power, the Eisenhower
administration of the United States assigned the Special Activities Division of the Central
Intelligence Agency or the CIA to train, equip, as well as lead the Cuban exiles in a plan to
invade southern Cuba. The ultimate goal of this preparation was to eventually overthrow the
Castro regime. With Eisnehower’s go signal, the CIA was confident that it was capable of
defeating the Cuban armed forces as they have already experienced them in action during the
1954 Guatemalan coup d’état (Jones, 2008, p. 113).
The CIA started to recruit numerous anti-Castro Cuban exiles. However, it was only
after three months when training was carried out in the southern region of Florida. During
this period, the guerillas were trained to handle US fire arms. Amphibious landings and other
boat handling took place at the Island of Puerto Rico. Similarly, underwater demolition
training was held in New Orleans. Gunnery and flight training were held in Alabama while
tank training was held at Fort Benning, Georgia as well as in Fort Knox, Kentucky.
The Central Intelligence Agency initially proposed for a ship-borne invasion at a
city located in Trinidad, Cuba. On March of 1961 however, newly elected president Kennedy
selected the Bay of Pigs option largely because the area features an airfield which is suitable
for a bomber operation. It was also during the same month when the CIA along with the
Cuban guerillas formed the Cuban Revolutionary Council or the CRC. It was led by the
former Prime Minister of Cuba Jose Miro Cardona who was also selected as the de facto
leader- in waiting for the intended new Cuban government (Jones, 2008, p. 113).
.
Invasion
4. Bay of Pigs Invasion 4
The CIA along with the guerillas planned several prelude invasions in order to divert
the Cuban Armed Forces. One of them was held on the night of April 14 when a planned
diversionary landing took place in the Oriente Province. A number of US Navy Destroyers
were positioned offshore near the bay in order to give the appearance of an invasion fleet.
Likewise, a deception flight was executed by the exiles. The deception flight caused Raul
Roa, Cuba’s Foreign Prime Minister, to accuse the US government of aggressive air attacks.
Likewise, these diversionary tactics prompted the Cuban government to arrest and detain
suspected anti-revolutionary citizens.
By April 16, CIA once again organized a mock diversionary landing at the province
of Pinar del Rio. Several small boats that towed rafts which contained broadcasting sound
effects were used to lure the armed forces away from the Bay of Pigs area. By the dawn April
17, two CIA officers along with the Underwater Demolition Team made their way inside the
Bay of Pigs. This group headed a troop of about 1,300 Cuban exiles who were also armed
with US weapons. However, the unloading of the troops was delayed because of damaged
boats and engine failure. This allowed some militia in the area to warn the Cuban armed
forces via radio (Schulzinger, 2003, p. 342).
At daybreak, aircrafts and ships started to attack the area while some CEF ships
continued to unload troops. Paratroops also arrived, which provided a much needed
distraction while the ships unloaded the remaining troops. Only after a couple of hours,
hundreds of militia cadets started to set foot in the area but many suffered casualties because
of the air attacks.
The following day, more Cuban troops supported by tanks arrived at the Playa Larga.
However, the United State’s B-26 jet which was piloted by CIA officials pursued on
attacking the Cuban militia, police, and soldiers with rockets, bombs, and napalm. This
resulted in heavy casualties on the Cuban side.
5. Bay of Pigs Invasion 5
Although the Cuban guerillas along with the CIA troops seemed to have won during
the first few days, Castro’s army began to retaliate as they defeated the exiles. President
Kennedy, on the other hand, decided to go against the option of further supporting the
invasion by not sending additional US troops. However, he authorized the use of several
fighter jets and US destroyers. Consequently, the invasion was brought to an end by Fidel
Castro’s government. The fighting ended on April 19 as the exiles were either killed or taken
as prisoners (Jones, 2008, p. 113).
Casualties and Invasion Aftermath
The unsuccessful invasion caused numerous casualties not only to the Cuban army but
to the American and Cuban guerilla troops. In fact, the air crews who were killed in action
included about six Cuban air forces, four American pilots, and ten Cuban exiles. Apart from
this, CIA Intelligence reported that about 114 Cuban guerillas were killed during the attack.
US data also reported a total of 4,000 to 5,000 deaths during the conflict (Jones, 2008, 113).
Apart from the casualties, the failed attack also resulted to the execution of prisoners.
In fact, between the months of April to October of 1961, hundreds of executions were
implemented as a response to the invasion. Insurgent leaders which include Manuel Lorenzo
Puig Miyar, Eufemio Fernandez, Rafael Diaz Hanscom, and Humberto Sori Marin among
many others were arrested and sentenced to death (Jones, 2008, p. 113).
There were also reported 1,204 members of the brigade 2506 who were captured by
the Cuban forces. The Cuban government then agreed to sign an agreement with the Kennedy
administration to exchange the prisoners for a sum of $53 million in food and medicine. By
December of the following year, the ransomed prisoners were flown back o Miami while the
others where allowed to leave Cuba (Schulzinger, 2003, p. 342).
In addition to the deaths and casualties, this conflict also resulted to much criticism of
the Kennedy administration. Numerous political critics questioned the US government for
6. Bay of Pigs Invasion 6
even allowing the invasion to take place. Some pointed out the inadequate support of the US.
According to official CIA report, the failed attempt was a result of several factors. This
would include CIA’s failure to properly assess the risks as well as the failure to have stable
contingency plans. CIA also concluded that there was a poor internal communication
between the government and the staff. Apart from this, the CIA also admitted that there was
not enough involvement from the Cuban insurgent leaders which caused them to have
insufficient information about the Cuban Armed Forces. Language barrier also got in the way
as there were very little interpreters that helped them communicate with the Cuban
accomplices. In spite of the trainings, CIA also deemed a lack of adequate armaments which
resulted to failure.
Accordingly, this event also created a huge impact on Cuban government. After the
conflict, Fidel Castro’s administration became more wary of the US support and intervention.
This unsuccessful attempt also made Castro more popular than ever as more and more
Cubans began to recognize his nationalistic sentiments as well as his economic policies.
Bay of the Pigs and the US-Cuba Relations
As mentioned, the failed invasion in the Bay of the Pigs resulted in several changes
within the Cuban government as well as their relationship with the United States. One of the
most immediate results of this event was the ever increasing tension between Cuba and the
United States which has been dragged for more than forty years. The tension between the two
countries reached its peak in 1962. It was particularly ignited when a US reconnaissance
reported that missile bases were being constructed in Cuba. The United States government,
on the other hand, used all its power to pressure the Soviet Union to remove and dismantle
the missile bases. The crises only ended when then President Kennedy agreed with the United
Nations and the Soviets to remove the missile in exchange for a no-invasion pact.
7. Bay of Pigs Invasion 7
Trade relations were held up by the United States. In fact, all trades with the Cuban
government were prohibited in response to the increasing involvement of Cuba with the
Soviet Union. Only after a year, the United States also ordered the cessation of financial as
well as travel transactions with Cuba (Perez, 2003, p. 283). The political and trade
relationship of Cuba and the United States did not improve during the 80s. In fact, in 1981,
President Ronald Reagan’s administration continued to tighten the embargo against island.
The US government also re-established its rule on the travel ban as they prohibited its
citizens from spending dollars in Cuba (Perez, 2003, p. 283).
During the early 1990s, the US’s trade embargo against the island was reinforced with
the Cuban Democracy Act or more popularly referred to as the Torricelli Law. This Federal
law prohibits US foreign based subsidiaries from trading with Cuba. The key points of this
policy would also include sanctioning that any country trading with Cuba could be in great
risk of not receiving any aid from the United States government. There will also be a limited
trade of currency from the US to Cuba which will result to the restricted access of the Cuban
government to the US currency. According to the US government, this sanction seeks to
promote a harmonious transaction with Cuba by applying direct sanctions to its government
(Roy, 2000, p. 84).
In 1996, the US government has once again re-established its embargo with the island
through the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996. Also known as the Helms-
Burton Act, the federal law extends the embargo to foreign companies trading with Cuba
(Roy, 2000, p. 84). One of the main points of this act was the provision that any non-US
company that forms trade relations with Cuba may be barred from entering the United States.
This means that foreign companies should choose between trading with Cuba and the much
larger market of the United States. Apart from this, the Helms-Burton Act also decrees that
prohibition of television broadcasting from the US to Cuba. This law also seeks out to oppose
8. Bay of Pigs Invasion 8
the inclusion of Cuba in any International Financial Institutions. This sanction is also
applicable to maritime shipping as ships or any vessels that docked in any Cuban ports will
not be allowed at any US ports for a minimum period of six months (Roy, 2000, p. 84).
The passing of the Helms-Burton Act prompted violent and harsh reaction from
various countries which include Canada, Brazil, the United Kingdom, Mexico, Argentina,
and other US allies. This act was likewise condemned by numerous international
organizations such as the European Union and the Council of Europe. According to these
countries and organizations which enjoy normal trade relations with Cuba, the Helms-Burton
Act is a law that is against the spirit of both the international and sovereignty laws. Apart
from this, this Act violates the right of sovereign countries from trading with other nations as
the United States indirectly dictates how they should conduct their trading affairs. Similarly,
this Federal Law was also condemned by different humanitarian groups particularly because
such sanctions will only affect innocent civilians and citizens (Perez, 2003, p. 283).
As a response to this US regulation, the European Union filed a complaint to the
World Trade Organization. However, the EU eventually dropped the objection in favor of
finding a negotiable solution. The European Union then initiated a council regulation which
binds all of its members. The regulation decrees that the territorial provisions of the Helms
Burton Act will not be enforced within the EU.
Likewise, other countries that enjoyed trade relations with Cuba followed EU’s step
of counteracting the Helms-Burton Act. The United Kingdom, for instance, introduced a
provision which counteracts the US federal rule of embargo against Cuba. Alternately,
Mexico and Canada also passed laws such as the Law of Protection of Commerce and
Investments from Foreign Policies that Contravene International Law of Mexico and the
Foreign Extraterritorial Measures Act which both neutralize the effects of this US federal
rule.
9. Bay of Pigs Invasion 9
Apart from the pressures laid by the International community, various farmers and
American agribusinesses also challenged the Helms-Burton Act. The government then
responded by relaxing the sanction with the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export
Enhancement Act. Signed in October 2000, this law allowed the trade and selling of
agricultural goods as well as medicines to Cuba, particularly because of humanitarian
reasons. The Cuban government initially declined such negotiations as they see it only
serving US interest. The Cuban government eventually caved in to the engagement as it has
encountered casualties from a large hurricane in 2001 (Roy, 2000, p. 84).
Aside from trade, the conflict that happened more than forty years ago still affects the
travel relations between the United States and Cuba. Although the US government does not
prevent the US citizens from traveling to the island, it sanctions that US citizens are not
allowed to spend money in Cuba. Such federal rule also requires an individual to be licensed
by US jurisdiction in order to engage in such activities while traveling within Cuba. The US
government also announced that a special task force shall be formed as a way of pursuing the
violators of the trade embargo against Cuba (Perez, 2003, p. 283).
Forty years after the debacle in the Bay of Pigs, little has changed between the
relations of the United States and Cuba. Up until now, the US government is still enforcing
their embargo regulations against the country of Cuba. For years, the United States has
maintained its stance that it will only stop the embargo once the Cuban government pursues
democratization. Consequently, the Cuban government also continues to hold its ground by
resisting any forms of aid from the United States. Instead, it has supported itself by simply
trading with other countries. Despite their opposing beliefs, the two nations have both voiced
their desires to negotiate and resolve their differences. Although the dispute continues, these
two countries are still hoping their long-standing clash will be settled and placed aside in
order for diplomacy to prevail.
10. Bay of Pigs Invasion 10
References
Jones, H. (2008). The Bay of Pigs. USA: Oxford University Press.
Perez, L. (2003). Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy. USA: University of
Georgia Press.
Roy, J. (2000). Cuba, the United States and the Helm-Burton Doctrine: International
Reactions. USA: University Press of Florida.
Schulzinger, R. (2003). A Companion to American Foreign Relations. USA: Blackwell
Publishing.