Nowadays, the composite decks are very common to use in composite or steel construction. In this case of study
the composite slabs have been investigated numerically by Finite Element Method (FEM). Five composite slabs
were analyzed using finite element software LUSAS. The deflection of each model were obtained and compared
with experimental test. Results showed a good agreement with the experimental data and indicate that the
perfobond rib is appropriate shear connector for the bridges decks.
MODELS FOR CONFINED CONCRETE COLUMNS WITH FIBER COMPOSITESIAEME Publication
Many studies have been done to find a convenient representation of physical behavior Fiber Reinforced Polymers for strengthening or retrofitted techniques which can enhance stress-strain performance of existing reinforced concrete structures. FRP composites are used for strengthening applications mainly due to the lightweight, high compressive strength, resistance to corrosion, speed and ease of application and formed on site. Conceptually, the s tress strain relation of concrete as a non-homogenous and nonlinear composite material is not unique that depends on the many variables.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON THE PUNCHING BEHAVIOR OF RC FLAT SLABS STRENGTHENI...IAEME Publication
In this paper, the effectiveness of textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) and fiberreinforced
polymer (FRP), as a means of improving the punching behavior of
reinforced concrete flat slabs were numerically investigated. Finite element (FE)
model using ABAQUS computer program was developed to analyze eight half-scaled
slabs, in terms of load-carrying capacity, ductility, stiffness, and crack patterns. These
eight specimens were divided into two groups (G1 and G2) with four specimens for
each of them. Specimens of G1 was similar to that of G2 in all details but differ in the
eccentricity of the applied load. Specimens of G1 were tested with concentric load,
while these of G2 were tested with 150 mm eccentricity. For each group, one specimen
was built as control (unstrengthened), one was strengthened by FRP-sheet, and the
other two was strengthened by TRM-jacket with two different mesh opening (10 and
20 mm). The results obtained from FE analysis showed that the efficiency of TRM in
increasing the punching shear capacity of strengthened slabs was less than that of
FRP. In addition, the slabs strengthened by TRM showed stiffer behavior than that
strengthened by FRP, but lesser ductile. TRM effectiveness was sensitive to the mesh
size of the textile. When the mesh size decreased, stiffness was increased and ductility
was decreased.
Review on the Effect of Shear Connectors on Composite Deck SlabsIJAEMSJORNAL
This paper presents a review on the effect of shear connectors on composite deck slabs. Composite deck slabs consist of profile deck sheet and concrete. Several researchers have been studying the behaviour of composite slab but due to its complex behaviour yet it is not completely understood. The behaviour of composite slab directly depends on the deformability and contact strength. Here, some important literature reviews regarding composite slab behavior incorporating different profiles were discussed.
Dynamic Analysis of Double-Skin Composite Steel PlatesIOSR Journals
Double Skin Composite (DSC) plates are subjected to impact required to cause complete perforation and the accompanied failure modes are investigated. The amount of energy absorbed is calculated by capturing the residual velocity of penetrator after perforating the lower plate. The difference in initial kinetic energy and residual kinetic energy is the amount of energy absorbed by the panel. In the present paper a non-linear three-dimensional finite element models for Double Skin Composite panels subjected to dynamic loading is introduced. Pilot model is used to investigate the failure pattern in the composite panel when subjected to impact loads by rigid steel penetrator, while the other models are used to analyze the energy absorption capacity of such system when perforated. Results showed that such elements have good ability of absorbing energy when subjected to perforation, due to ductility of lower plate skin and vertical stiffness of lower shear studs.
Finite Elements Modeling and Analysis of Double Skin Composite PlatesIOSR Journals
Abstract: Double skin composite (DSC) is a form of “steel/concrete/steel” sandwich structure; the steel plates
are connected to a sandwiched concrete core with welded stud shear connectors. In the present paper, a finite
element model for Double Skin Composite (DSC) panels subjected to quasi-static loading is developed. A series
of quasi-static finite elements models are used to analyze deformation and energy absorption capacity of such
system, when perforated by rigid penetrator with conical nose shape. Pilot test model is used to investigate the
failure pattern in the composite panel. The obtained results are compared to the experimental results; good
agreements are obtained between finite element and previous experimental results. Results show that such
elements have great ability of absorbing energy when subjected to perforation due to ductility of lower plate
skin and vertical stiffness of lower shear studs.
MODELS FOR CONFINED CONCRETE COLUMNS WITH FIBER COMPOSITESIAEME Publication
Many studies have been done to find a convenient representation of physical behavior Fiber Reinforced Polymers for strengthening or retrofitted techniques which can enhance stress-strain performance of existing reinforced concrete structures. FRP composites are used for strengthening applications mainly due to the lightweight, high compressive strength, resistance to corrosion, speed and ease of application and formed on site. Conceptually, the s tress strain relation of concrete as a non-homogenous and nonlinear composite material is not unique that depends on the many variables.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON THE PUNCHING BEHAVIOR OF RC FLAT SLABS STRENGTHENI...IAEME Publication
In this paper, the effectiveness of textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) and fiberreinforced
polymer (FRP), as a means of improving the punching behavior of
reinforced concrete flat slabs were numerically investigated. Finite element (FE)
model using ABAQUS computer program was developed to analyze eight half-scaled
slabs, in terms of load-carrying capacity, ductility, stiffness, and crack patterns. These
eight specimens were divided into two groups (G1 and G2) with four specimens for
each of them. Specimens of G1 was similar to that of G2 in all details but differ in the
eccentricity of the applied load. Specimens of G1 were tested with concentric load,
while these of G2 were tested with 150 mm eccentricity. For each group, one specimen
was built as control (unstrengthened), one was strengthened by FRP-sheet, and the
other two was strengthened by TRM-jacket with two different mesh opening (10 and
20 mm). The results obtained from FE analysis showed that the efficiency of TRM in
increasing the punching shear capacity of strengthened slabs was less than that of
FRP. In addition, the slabs strengthened by TRM showed stiffer behavior than that
strengthened by FRP, but lesser ductile. TRM effectiveness was sensitive to the mesh
size of the textile. When the mesh size decreased, stiffness was increased and ductility
was decreased.
Review on the Effect of Shear Connectors on Composite Deck SlabsIJAEMSJORNAL
This paper presents a review on the effect of shear connectors on composite deck slabs. Composite deck slabs consist of profile deck sheet and concrete. Several researchers have been studying the behaviour of composite slab but due to its complex behaviour yet it is not completely understood. The behaviour of composite slab directly depends on the deformability and contact strength. Here, some important literature reviews regarding composite slab behavior incorporating different profiles were discussed.
Dynamic Analysis of Double-Skin Composite Steel PlatesIOSR Journals
Double Skin Composite (DSC) plates are subjected to impact required to cause complete perforation and the accompanied failure modes are investigated. The amount of energy absorbed is calculated by capturing the residual velocity of penetrator after perforating the lower plate. The difference in initial kinetic energy and residual kinetic energy is the amount of energy absorbed by the panel. In the present paper a non-linear three-dimensional finite element models for Double Skin Composite panels subjected to dynamic loading is introduced. Pilot model is used to investigate the failure pattern in the composite panel when subjected to impact loads by rigid steel penetrator, while the other models are used to analyze the energy absorption capacity of such system when perforated. Results showed that such elements have good ability of absorbing energy when subjected to perforation, due to ductility of lower plate skin and vertical stiffness of lower shear studs.
Finite Elements Modeling and Analysis of Double Skin Composite PlatesIOSR Journals
Abstract: Double skin composite (DSC) is a form of “steel/concrete/steel” sandwich structure; the steel plates
are connected to a sandwiched concrete core with welded stud shear connectors. In the present paper, a finite
element model for Double Skin Composite (DSC) panels subjected to quasi-static loading is developed. A series
of quasi-static finite elements models are used to analyze deformation and energy absorption capacity of such
system, when perforated by rigid penetrator with conical nose shape. Pilot test model is used to investigate the
failure pattern in the composite panel. The obtained results are compared to the experimental results; good
agreements are obtained between finite element and previous experimental results. Results show that such
elements have great ability of absorbing energy when subjected to perforation due to ductility of lower plate
skin and vertical stiffness of lower shear studs.
Effect of width and layers of GFRP strips on deflection of Reinforced Concret...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Analytical Study of Steel Fibre Reinforced Rigid Pavements Under Moving Loadsijsrd.com
Nowadays, the application of steel fibers in concrete has increased gradually as an engineering material. The knowledge is not only necessary to provide safe, efficient and economic design for the present, but it also to serve as a rational basis for extended future applications. In this study, steel fibre reinforced rigid pavements are analyzed for stresses developed due to Moving loads & temperature differentials. Comparison of curling stresses in SFRC with conventional concrete is carried out. All the models are generated and analysis is carried out using the ANSYS software. Parametric study for the effect of change in slab length & slab thickness of pavements on curling stresses is also done. Curling stresses due to Linear & Non linear temperature distribution in top & bottom layer of SFRC pavement slabs are also calculated. Frictional stresses in SFRC due to uniform temperature differential are almost same as conventional concrete. Analysis results shows, SFRC develops more stresses as compared to conventional concrete & Non linear temperature distribution develops more stresses than linear temperature distribution. SFRC pavements are analyzed for Single axle moving loads for two different speeds. Results reveal that the loading stresses are higher, when the loads are at starting position of edge.
NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS UNDER PUNCHIN...IAEME Publication
This paper presents an implementation of a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model for evaluating the behavior of reinforced concrete slabs under centric load. The concrete was idealized by using eight-nodded solid elements. While flexural reinforcement and the shear were modeled as line elements, a perfected bond between solid elements and line elements was assumed. The nonlinear behavior of concrete in compression is simulated by an elasto-plastic work-hardening model, and in tension a suitable post-cracking model based on tension stiffening and shear retention models are employed. The steel was simulated using an elastic-full plastic model. The validity of the theoretical formulations and the program used was verified through comparison with available experimental data, and the agreement has proven to be good. A parametric study has been also carried out to investigate the influence of the slab thickness on column-slab connection response
Experimental Testing Of Partially Encased Composite Beam ColumnsIJERA Editor
The past few decades have seen outstanding advances in the use of composite materials in structural applications. There can be little doubt that, within engineering circles, composites have revolutionized traditional design concepts and made possible an unparalleled range of new and exciting possibilities as viable materials for construction. In addition to the well-known advantages of composite columns, partially encased composite columns offered simplified beam-to-column connection as well as reduced or omitted shuttering thus achieved more cost effective construction. Some companies have patented these new types of partially encased composite column made of light welded steel shapes; moreover, the Canadian Institute of Steel construction CISC has recognized and codified this type of columns. In This paper, Partially Encased Composite Beam Columns is introduced; experimental studies are made on five partially encased beam columns to investigate the behavior of eccentrically loaded partially encased composite columns using different parameters.
Developing A Prediction Model for Tensile Elastic Modulus of Steel Fiber – Ce...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper attempts to develop a prediction model that can be used in line with prescribed laboratory experiments for indirect tensile test such that tensile elastic modulus can be predicted for cement stabilized lateritic soil reinforced with steel fiber using measured properties of the material. The results of the tensile elastic modulus obtained from the Derived Prediction Model almost nearly replicates that obtained from calculations from laboratory experimentation. Results obtained revealed that both the predicted values and calculated values have a linear correlation with an R2 of 96.4%. On this basis the Derived Prediction Model can be said to be valid within the limits of the study.
Composite Behaviour of Unbraced Multi-Storey Reinforced Concrete Infilled Fra...IJERA Editor
A comparative assessment on analytical outputs of the composite behavior of multi-storey reinforced concrete infilled frames using the macro models of the one-strut configuration and the finite element micro model is presented. The effect of openings in the infill was given particular attention in multi-storey building frames. The analysis demonstrated the simplicity of modified one-strut model, compared to the more complex multi strut and FE models while at the same time yielding highly accurate results. The introduction of the shear stress reduction factor clearly enhanced the efficiency of the one-strut model to reproduce the shear strength, lateral stiffness and seismic demand of infilled frames with openings.
Effect of prism height on strength of reinforced hollow concrete block masonryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Stress Analysis of FRP Composite Cylinder with Closed EndsIOSR Journals
Composite cylinders made of a polymer matrix such as epoxy reinforced with glass or carbon fibers possess extremely high strength. Proper modeling of FRP composite cylinder is very essential for many applications. FRP composite cylinders are commonly used in the aerospace, automotive, marine and construction industries. The present work is to study the variation of stressesat the top end, middle and bottom end portions of a composite cylinder by varying the diameter to thickness ratio(S) and fiber angle (θ).The four layered angle ply (θ0/-θ0/-θ0/θ0) composite cylinder is considered forthe present work and behavior of each portion (Top end, middle and Bottom end) is studied.For the present work composite cylinder is modeled in ANSYS and analysis was carried out using numerical software. It isfound thatthe increment of stress takes place linearly with respect to D/t ratio due to reduction in thickness of the layer.The critical fiber angle is 45⁰ to 60⁰ as it offers high resistance against axial and circumferential deformation in middle and end portions.
Buckling behavior of straight slot tubesunder oblique loading – A comparative...IJAEMSJORNAL
Hollow tubes are the most important or crucial parts of the rapidly growing automobile and construction industry. The tube is subjected to pure buckling. In theanalysis, one end is fixed and the force is applied to theother end and by application of different angles of inclinations ranging from 0˚ to 20˚ with different thicknessof the range of 0.5 to 2.0. Linear buckling code was used forfinding the critical buckling load. This research paper is about the effects of buckling under oblique loading. It is the process in which the tube is subjected to compressive oblique loading and the tube fails by the first increase in crossectional area and then bulging on any of the sides but in the case, oblique loading in hollow tube shell bulges internally or inside the perimeter of the tube.
A Critical View on Pedagogical Dimension of Architectural Education in IndiaIJERA Editor
The built environment is becoming more complex in terms of its quality and structure. In such circumstances
architectural education pedagogical strategies has to be modified to address social, political, economical and
environmental issues and challenges. Innovative interdisciplinary strategies in architecture education have to be
organized in a way which leads to better architecture and urban environments. Pure theoretical approaches are to
be related to practice which can be done with pedagogy comprising real-life examples in respect to new models
and collaboration between architecture education and non-academic partners. This paper discusses the status of
current architectural education in India.It examine the student‟s perception regarding teaching and learning in
schools of architecture from the state of Maharashtra It is aimed to highlight the need for paradigm shift in
pedagogy in schools imparting architectural education in India to enhance learning in architecture education.
Effect of Algal Bio-fertilizer on the Vigna radiata: A Critical ReviewIJERA Editor
The continuous increasing demand of food crops and decrease in productivity due to continuous use of chemical
fertilizer has not only resulted in decline of crop yield, loss of fertility and degradation of soil but has also led us
one step back in achieving sustainable agriculture. The use of algal bio-fertilizer provides an effective, ecofriendly
and non-polluting approach in improving the productivity of crop by both nitrogen fixation and
photosynthesis. Algal bio-fertilizers improve soil structure and increase yield productivity even if applied in a
small area. The application of algal bio-fertilizers in plants has resulted in increase in root, shoot length with
number of leaves and hence overall growth of the plant has been increased. India being one of the largest
producer and consumer of pulses requires abundant amount of pulse production to fulfil the demands of ever
growing populations which can be achieved by using algal bio-fertilizers. This paper briefly underlines the usage
of algal bio-fertilizers as an important tool for sustainability and alternative usage against the chemical
fertilizers.
The Internet of Things (IoT): An OverviewIJERA Editor
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) controls our daily behaviors. It becomes a main part of our
life critical infrastructure bringing interconnection of heterogeneous devices in different aspects. Personal
computing, sensing, surveillance, smart homes, entertainment, transportation and video streaming are examples,
to name a few. As a critical living entity, Internet is contentiously changing and evolving leading to emerging
new technologies, applications, protocols and algorithms. Acceleration of wireless communication trends brings
an ever growing innovation in Internet connectivity and mobile broadband. Infrastructureless communication
devices become ubiquitous, smart, powerful, connectible, smaller, cheaper, and easier to deploy and install. This
opens a new future direction in the society of ICT: the Internet of Things (IoT). Nowadays, the IoT, early
defined as Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications, becomes a key concern of ICT world and research
communities. In this paper, we provide an overview study of the IoT paradigm, its concepts, principles and
potential benefits. Specifically, we focus on the IoT major technologies, emerging protocols, and widespread
applications. This overview can help those who start approaching the IoT world aiming to understand and
participate to its development.
Some Remarks on Prime Submodules in Weak Co-Multiplication ModulesIJERA Editor
Throughout this paper, the entire ring will be treated as commutative ring with non-zero identity and all the
modules will be treated as unitary modules. In this paper we shall discuss some remarks on prime submodules in
weak co-multiplication modules.
Effect of Fines on Liquefaction Resistance in Fine Sand and Silty SandIJERA Editor
It is required to recognize the conditions that exist in a soil deposit before an earthquake in order to identify
liquefaction. Soil is basically an assemblage of many soil particles which stay in contact with many neighboring
soil. The contact forces produced by the weight of the overlying particles holds individual soil particle in its
place and provide strength. Occurrence of liquefaction is the result of rapid load application and break down of
the loose and saturated sand and the loosely-packed individual soil particles tries to move into a denser
configuration. However, there is not enough time for the pore-water of the soil to be squeezed out in case of
earthquake. Instead, the water is trapped and prevents the soil particles from moving closer together. Thus, there
is an increase in water pressure which reduces the contact forces between the individual soil particles causing
softening and weakening of soil deposit. In extreme conditions, the soil particles may lose contact with each
other due to the increased pore-water pressure. In such cases, the soil will have very little strength, and will
behave more like a liquid than a solid - hence, the name "liquefaction".
Effect of width and layers of GFRP strips on deflection of Reinforced Concret...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Analytical Study of Steel Fibre Reinforced Rigid Pavements Under Moving Loadsijsrd.com
Nowadays, the application of steel fibers in concrete has increased gradually as an engineering material. The knowledge is not only necessary to provide safe, efficient and economic design for the present, but it also to serve as a rational basis for extended future applications. In this study, steel fibre reinforced rigid pavements are analyzed for stresses developed due to Moving loads & temperature differentials. Comparison of curling stresses in SFRC with conventional concrete is carried out. All the models are generated and analysis is carried out using the ANSYS software. Parametric study for the effect of change in slab length & slab thickness of pavements on curling stresses is also done. Curling stresses due to Linear & Non linear temperature distribution in top & bottom layer of SFRC pavement slabs are also calculated. Frictional stresses in SFRC due to uniform temperature differential are almost same as conventional concrete. Analysis results shows, SFRC develops more stresses as compared to conventional concrete & Non linear temperature distribution develops more stresses than linear temperature distribution. SFRC pavements are analyzed for Single axle moving loads for two different speeds. Results reveal that the loading stresses are higher, when the loads are at starting position of edge.
NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS UNDER PUNCHIN...IAEME Publication
This paper presents an implementation of a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model for evaluating the behavior of reinforced concrete slabs under centric load. The concrete was idealized by using eight-nodded solid elements. While flexural reinforcement and the shear were modeled as line elements, a perfected bond between solid elements and line elements was assumed. The nonlinear behavior of concrete in compression is simulated by an elasto-plastic work-hardening model, and in tension a suitable post-cracking model based on tension stiffening and shear retention models are employed. The steel was simulated using an elastic-full plastic model. The validity of the theoretical formulations and the program used was verified through comparison with available experimental data, and the agreement has proven to be good. A parametric study has been also carried out to investigate the influence of the slab thickness on column-slab connection response
Experimental Testing Of Partially Encased Composite Beam ColumnsIJERA Editor
The past few decades have seen outstanding advances in the use of composite materials in structural applications. There can be little doubt that, within engineering circles, composites have revolutionized traditional design concepts and made possible an unparalleled range of new and exciting possibilities as viable materials for construction. In addition to the well-known advantages of composite columns, partially encased composite columns offered simplified beam-to-column connection as well as reduced or omitted shuttering thus achieved more cost effective construction. Some companies have patented these new types of partially encased composite column made of light welded steel shapes; moreover, the Canadian Institute of Steel construction CISC has recognized and codified this type of columns. In This paper, Partially Encased Composite Beam Columns is introduced; experimental studies are made on five partially encased beam columns to investigate the behavior of eccentrically loaded partially encased composite columns using different parameters.
Developing A Prediction Model for Tensile Elastic Modulus of Steel Fiber – Ce...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper attempts to develop a prediction model that can be used in line with prescribed laboratory experiments for indirect tensile test such that tensile elastic modulus can be predicted for cement stabilized lateritic soil reinforced with steel fiber using measured properties of the material. The results of the tensile elastic modulus obtained from the Derived Prediction Model almost nearly replicates that obtained from calculations from laboratory experimentation. Results obtained revealed that both the predicted values and calculated values have a linear correlation with an R2 of 96.4%. On this basis the Derived Prediction Model can be said to be valid within the limits of the study.
Composite Behaviour of Unbraced Multi-Storey Reinforced Concrete Infilled Fra...IJERA Editor
A comparative assessment on analytical outputs of the composite behavior of multi-storey reinforced concrete infilled frames using the macro models of the one-strut configuration and the finite element micro model is presented. The effect of openings in the infill was given particular attention in multi-storey building frames. The analysis demonstrated the simplicity of modified one-strut model, compared to the more complex multi strut and FE models while at the same time yielding highly accurate results. The introduction of the shear stress reduction factor clearly enhanced the efficiency of the one-strut model to reproduce the shear strength, lateral stiffness and seismic demand of infilled frames with openings.
Effect of prism height on strength of reinforced hollow concrete block masonryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Stress Analysis of FRP Composite Cylinder with Closed EndsIOSR Journals
Composite cylinders made of a polymer matrix such as epoxy reinforced with glass or carbon fibers possess extremely high strength. Proper modeling of FRP composite cylinder is very essential for many applications. FRP composite cylinders are commonly used in the aerospace, automotive, marine and construction industries. The present work is to study the variation of stressesat the top end, middle and bottom end portions of a composite cylinder by varying the diameter to thickness ratio(S) and fiber angle (θ).The four layered angle ply (θ0/-θ0/-θ0/θ0) composite cylinder is considered forthe present work and behavior of each portion (Top end, middle and Bottom end) is studied.For the present work composite cylinder is modeled in ANSYS and analysis was carried out using numerical software. It isfound thatthe increment of stress takes place linearly with respect to D/t ratio due to reduction in thickness of the layer.The critical fiber angle is 45⁰ to 60⁰ as it offers high resistance against axial and circumferential deformation in middle and end portions.
Buckling behavior of straight slot tubesunder oblique loading – A comparative...IJAEMSJORNAL
Hollow tubes are the most important or crucial parts of the rapidly growing automobile and construction industry. The tube is subjected to pure buckling. In theanalysis, one end is fixed and the force is applied to theother end and by application of different angles of inclinations ranging from 0˚ to 20˚ with different thicknessof the range of 0.5 to 2.0. Linear buckling code was used forfinding the critical buckling load. This research paper is about the effects of buckling under oblique loading. It is the process in which the tube is subjected to compressive oblique loading and the tube fails by the first increase in crossectional area and then bulging on any of the sides but in the case, oblique loading in hollow tube shell bulges internally or inside the perimeter of the tube.
A Critical View on Pedagogical Dimension of Architectural Education in IndiaIJERA Editor
The built environment is becoming more complex in terms of its quality and structure. In such circumstances
architectural education pedagogical strategies has to be modified to address social, political, economical and
environmental issues and challenges. Innovative interdisciplinary strategies in architecture education have to be
organized in a way which leads to better architecture and urban environments. Pure theoretical approaches are to
be related to practice which can be done with pedagogy comprising real-life examples in respect to new models
and collaboration between architecture education and non-academic partners. This paper discusses the status of
current architectural education in India.It examine the student‟s perception regarding teaching and learning in
schools of architecture from the state of Maharashtra It is aimed to highlight the need for paradigm shift in
pedagogy in schools imparting architectural education in India to enhance learning in architecture education.
Effect of Algal Bio-fertilizer on the Vigna radiata: A Critical ReviewIJERA Editor
The continuous increasing demand of food crops and decrease in productivity due to continuous use of chemical
fertilizer has not only resulted in decline of crop yield, loss of fertility and degradation of soil but has also led us
one step back in achieving sustainable agriculture. The use of algal bio-fertilizer provides an effective, ecofriendly
and non-polluting approach in improving the productivity of crop by both nitrogen fixation and
photosynthesis. Algal bio-fertilizers improve soil structure and increase yield productivity even if applied in a
small area. The application of algal bio-fertilizers in plants has resulted in increase in root, shoot length with
number of leaves and hence overall growth of the plant has been increased. India being one of the largest
producer and consumer of pulses requires abundant amount of pulse production to fulfil the demands of ever
growing populations which can be achieved by using algal bio-fertilizers. This paper briefly underlines the usage
of algal bio-fertilizers as an important tool for sustainability and alternative usage against the chemical
fertilizers.
The Internet of Things (IoT): An OverviewIJERA Editor
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) controls our daily behaviors. It becomes a main part of our
life critical infrastructure bringing interconnection of heterogeneous devices in different aspects. Personal
computing, sensing, surveillance, smart homes, entertainment, transportation and video streaming are examples,
to name a few. As a critical living entity, Internet is contentiously changing and evolving leading to emerging
new technologies, applications, protocols and algorithms. Acceleration of wireless communication trends brings
an ever growing innovation in Internet connectivity and mobile broadband. Infrastructureless communication
devices become ubiquitous, smart, powerful, connectible, smaller, cheaper, and easier to deploy and install. This
opens a new future direction in the society of ICT: the Internet of Things (IoT). Nowadays, the IoT, early
defined as Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications, becomes a key concern of ICT world and research
communities. In this paper, we provide an overview study of the IoT paradigm, its concepts, principles and
potential benefits. Specifically, we focus on the IoT major technologies, emerging protocols, and widespread
applications. This overview can help those who start approaching the IoT world aiming to understand and
participate to its development.
Some Remarks on Prime Submodules in Weak Co-Multiplication ModulesIJERA Editor
Throughout this paper, the entire ring will be treated as commutative ring with non-zero identity and all the
modules will be treated as unitary modules. In this paper we shall discuss some remarks on prime submodules in
weak co-multiplication modules.
Effect of Fines on Liquefaction Resistance in Fine Sand and Silty SandIJERA Editor
It is required to recognize the conditions that exist in a soil deposit before an earthquake in order to identify
liquefaction. Soil is basically an assemblage of many soil particles which stay in contact with many neighboring
soil. The contact forces produced by the weight of the overlying particles holds individual soil particle in its
place and provide strength. Occurrence of liquefaction is the result of rapid load application and break down of
the loose and saturated sand and the loosely-packed individual soil particles tries to move into a denser
configuration. However, there is not enough time for the pore-water of the soil to be squeezed out in case of
earthquake. Instead, the water is trapped and prevents the soil particles from moving closer together. Thus, there
is an increase in water pressure which reduces the contact forces between the individual soil particles causing
softening and weakening of soil deposit. In extreme conditions, the soil particles may lose contact with each
other due to the increased pore-water pressure. In such cases, the soil will have very little strength, and will
behave more like a liquid than a solid - hence, the name "liquefaction".
Optimizing Hybrid Wind/Diesel Generator System Using BAT AlgorithmIJERA Editor
Hybrid system comprising of Wind/Diesel generation system for a practical standalone application considers
Wind turbine generators and diesel generator as primary power sources for generating electricity. Battery banks
are considered as a backup power source. The total value of cost is reduced by meeting energy demand required
by the customers. Bat optimization technique is implemented to optimize wind and battery modules. Wind and
battery banks are considered as primary sources and diesel generator as a secondary power source for the system
Solving Fuzzy Maximal Flow Problem Using Octagonal Fuzzy NumberIJERA Editor
In this paper a general fuzzy maximal flow problem is discussed . A crisp maximal flow problem can be solved
in two methods : linear programming modeling and maximal flow algorithm . Here I tried to fuzzify the
maximal flow algorithm using octagonal fuzzy numbers introduced by S.U Malini and Felbin .C. kennedy [26].
By ranking the octagonal fuzzy numbers it is possible to compare them and using this we convert the fuzzy
valued maximal flow algorithm to a crisp valued algorithm . It is proved that a better solution is obtained when
it is solved using fuzzy octagonal number than when it is solved using trapezoidal fuzzy number . To illustrate
this a numerical example is solved and the obtained result is compared with the existing results . If there is no
uncertainty about the flow between source and sink then the proposed algorithm gives the same result as in crisp
maximal flow problems.
Real-Time Monitoring of Industrial Environmental Temperature using LabVIEWIJERA Editor
Graphical System Design applications are the fastest spreading one in the field of
industrial environment. Over the decades monitoring of physical parameters in the industrial
environment is made easy with various sensors. Several softwares are used to monitor those physical
parameters. The objective of the work is to monitor the environmental temperature. The sensors that
are used to measure the physical parameters tend to give electrical output either in form of Voltage or
Current. In this paper current output is preferred for temperature conversions rather than the voltage
output as they tend to drop over the transmission line. The current output of Temperature/Humidity
sensor (THD Series) is converted into temperature in degree Celsius. The Real-Time environmental
parameters are acquired from Autonics Temperature/Humidity sensor using NI Compact DAQ
9174(cDAQ). A Graphical approach is developed in LabVIEW platform to monitor the environmental
temperature with the help of a PC.
Speed Control of Induction Motor Using PLC and SCADA SystemIJERA Editor
Automation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as
machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat-treating ovens, switching in telephone networks, steering and
stabilization of ships, aircraft and other applications with minimal or reduced human intervention. Some
processes have been completely automated. The motor speed is controlled via the driver as an open loop control.
To make a more precise closed loop control of motor speed we will use a tachometer to measure the speed and
feed it back to the PLC, which compares to the desired value and take a control action, then the signal is
transferred to the motor – via driver – to increase / decrease the speed. We will measure the speed of the motor
using an incremental rotary encoder by adjusting parameters (PLC, driver) and also we need to reduce the
overall cost of the system. Our control system will be held using the available Siemens PLC. In addition, we will
monitor motor parameters via SCADA system.
A mathematical modeling proposal for a Multiple Tasks Periodic Capacitated Ar...IJERA Editor
The countless accidents and incidents occurred at dams at the last years, propelled the development of politics
related with dams safety. One of the strategies is related to the plan for instrumentation and monitoring of dams.
The monitoring demands from the technical team the reading of the auscultation data, in order to periodically
monitor the dam. The monitoring plan of the dam can be modeled as a problem of mathematical program of the
periodical capacitated arcs routing program (PCARP). The PCARP is considered as a generalization of the
classic problem of routing in capacitated arcs (CARP) due to two characteristics: 1) Planning period larger than
a time unity, as that vehicle make several travels and; 2) frequency of associated visits to the arcs to be serviced
over the planning horizon. For the dam's monitoring problem studied in this work, the frequent visits, along the
time horizon, it is not associated to the arc, but to the instrument with which is intended to collect the data.
Shows a new problem of Multiple tasks Periodic Capacitated Arc Routing Problem and its elaboration as an
exact mathematical model. The new main characteristics presented are: multiple tasks to be performed on each
edge or edges; different frequencies to accomplish each of the tasks; heterogeneous fleet; and flexibility for
more than one vehicle passing through the same edge at the same day. The mathematical model was
implemented and examples were generated randomly for the proposed model's validation.
Review of Jobran Khalil Jobran's works from Romantic FeaturesIJERA Editor
Jobran Khalil Jobran great immigrant writer and poet have been known with different view of his contemporary
to romantic poetry text format and reflective language of his time. This great poet had a wonderful impression
in new Arab literature and this caused the creation of a special style which at that time address the entity and
existence by mysticism and kind of intuition retrieved from its receiver view in solution of social ,emotional
and religious situation, as he shined with his myth and other great works. The aim of this article is that the
romantic feature of his works and elegance lyrics was investigated from different view of critics, and that
influence is the presence of woman, especially his mother in his romantic phenomena. This is a propellant and
different factor that we cannot neglect it according to the strategic important impact has had on his careers and
creation of a his world style. Social and environmental conditions changed the route of his career. These
conditions affected him and inevitably reflected them in his poem. If conditions are suitable, the feeling
manifested and appears and the talent shows off in the best way.
How was Mathematics taught in the Arab-Islamic Civilization? – Part 1: The Pe...IJERA Editor
No matter how societies have differed throughout history in their values, cultures, politics and systems of life,
there has always been a common consensus regarding the importance of mathematics and its role in the social
life. Arab-Islamic civilisation -like many others- had a reasonable command of many aspects of mathematics.
This was apparent in various applications including not just in everyday life, civil and business transactions, and
financial dealings, but also in certain religious rituals.
This paper aims to highlight the important position that the scholars in the Muslim East and West attributed to
mathematics, both in terms of teaching and practice. Furthermore, this work investigates the methodology of
teaching fractions in the Arab-Islamic society. The latter is found to be one of the mathematical subjects that has
been recommended to be taught to learners at their earliest learning stages, especially given the importance of
fractions in everyday transactions such as calculating shares of a legacy. The paper also examines some of the
educational requirements such as the teacher duties, student‟s qualities, education stages and what the relevant
curriculum recommended by scholars during each stage. Finally, this work briefly highlights one of the
contemporary issues which is the difficulty of teaching fractions for young learners and how this was addressed
in the past by one of the early Muslim Arab mathematicians through the use of simple poetry.
Removal of Unwanted Objects using Image Inpainting - a Technical ReviewIJERA Editor
Image In painting, the technique to change image in undetectable structure, it itself is an ancient art. There are
various goals and applications of image in painting which includes restoration of damaged painting and also to
replace/remove the selected objects. This paper, describes various techniques that can help in removing
unwanted objects from image. Even the in painting fundamentals are directly further, most inpainting techniques
available in the literature are difficult to understand and implement.
A Modified Design of Test Pattern Generator for Built-In-Self- Test ApplicationsIJERA Editor
Test Pattern Generators (TPG) are very important logic part of the Circuits that have self-test features.
Nowadays, the self-test feature is an in-built part of the modern application hardware designs. This feature
enables the user to test and verify the specific hardware failure with the help of the hardware itself. To enable
self-test an extra operational and control circuit is required by the application based operational and control
circuit. The size of the self-test block is generally small as compared to the actual hardware. Most of the self-test
hardware includes Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) to generate the test signal pattern in the self-test mode
of circuit operation. In the present work a simple 3-FF based modified design of TPG is designed and simulated
to generate a 4-bit test signal sequence. The present work also shows FPGA based simulation and synthesis of a
16-bit TPG design using the 4-bit TPG. The present TPG design concept can be replicated to generate a test
sequence of higher bit length for advanced applications. The present design is simulated on Xilinx tool for
functional verification.
Memory Polynomial Based Adaptive Digital PredistorterIJERA Editor
Digital predistortion (DPD) is a baseband signal processing technique that corrects for impairments in RF
power amplifiers (PAs). These impairments cause out-of-band emissions or spectral regrowth and in-band
distortion, which correlate with an increased bit error rate (BER). Wideband signals with a high peak-to-average
ratio, are more susceptible to these unwanted effects. So to reduce these impairments, this paper proposes the
modeling of the digital predistortion for the power amplifier using GSA algorithm.
SHEAR PERFORMANCE OF FIBER REINFORCED SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE DEEP BEAMSIAEME Publication
The self-compacting concrete (SCC) is the newest innovating category of high performance concrete. The shear behavior of Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacted Concrete (FRSCC) deep beams was investigated. The experimental program consisted of twelve simply supported beams tested up to failure under four-point load. The key parameters covered in this investigation were steel fibers ratios (0.0, 0.50, 0.75 & 1.00%) and the effective shear span to depth ratio; a/d that varied from 0.6 to 1.0. Also, the main flexure reinforcement ratio was variable (1.0, 1.60 and 2.20 percent). In addition, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement effect was investigated. The mid-span deflection, cracks, reinforcement and concrete strains of the tested beams were recorded and compared. Test results pointed out that the steel fibers enhanced the cracking load, ultimate capacity, displacement and energy absorption of the tested FRSCC deep beams.
Investigation on Behaviour of Cold Formed Deep Joist Channel SectionDr. Amarjeet Singh
The application of cold formed steel elements in construction is becoming very popular due to several advantages like Speedy construction, higher strength to weight ratio, dimensional stability and recycled material. Nowadays, CFS is proposed to use as building components as beams, columns, Joists, wall panels etc. The load carrying capacity of cold-formed steel (CFS) joists can be enhanced by employing optimization techniques. Recent research studies have mainly focused on optimizing the bending capacity of conventional channel with and without lips that are used as joists. The objective of the study is to examine the flexural strength, failure mode and load-deflection of the cold formed steel double furred channel section with and without web openings under flexure.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Shear and flexural behavior of ferro cement deep beamseSAT Journals
Abstract
The recent application of Ferro cement includes prefabricated roofs elements, load bearing panels, bridge decks and others. However
there have been many structural applications in different parts of the world especially in eastern hemisphere considerable efforts have
been made by many individuals and research organization around the world to study the engineering of Ferro-cement. This present
study deals with the behavior of Ferro cement deep beams under central point load. A total of 27 rectangular deep beams have been
casted of dimension 125 x 250mm and the lengths of beams have been varied along with the variation of wire mesh and mortar
strength. Before testing, the top surfaces of these beams were white washed, to get a clear picture of crack pattern. Along with these
beams 27 cubes have been casted with the dimensions 7.06 cm x 7.06 cm x 7.06 cm. the compressive strength of mortar is determined.
Keywords: Admixture, Deep Beams, Ferro cement, Shear Span.
Design and Analysis of Bolted Joint in Composite LaminatedIJMER
In this work plate was designed for single and four bolted joint with two different materials such as mild steel and E-glass fiber. The aim of this work is to examine the distribution of tensile and crushing stress among the different bolts by changing material of plates and bolt. The bolted joints for mild steel plate and composite laminate were analyzed by using FEA. The result shows that tensile stress and crushing stress is less for composite laminate compare to mild steel .It is concluded that Weight reduction of structure is also achieved for e-glass fiber structure. The stress concentration was reduced in composite laminate bolted joints compare to mild steel so this will improve strength of structure.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON EFFECT OF SHEAR CONNECTOR IN LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Composite construction is well established for some decades as a construction method. The light steel gives two advantages which are cheaper and lighter. One of the important parameters which affects the ultimate strength of the composite section is the bond at the interface of the steel
and the concrete which relies on the shear forces existing between the steel section and the concrete core where mechanical connectors are provided. Based on the literature survey, Stud connectors are to be used in this experimental work, because of its excellent load carrying capacity and better
ductility.
Experimental Testing Of Partially Encased Composite Beam ColumnsIJERA Editor
The past few decades have seen outstanding advances in the use of composite materials in structural
applications. There can be little doubt that, within engineering circles, composites have revolutionized
traditional design concepts and made possible an unparalleled range of new and exciting possibilities as viable
materials for construction.
In addition to the well-known advantages of composite columns, partially encased composite columns offered
simplified beam-to-column connection as well as reduced or omitted shuttering thus achieved more cost
effective construction. Some companies have patented these new types of partially encased composite column
made of light welded steel shapes; moreover, the Canadian Institute of Steel construction CISC has recognized
and codified this type of columns.
In This paper, Partially Encased Composite Beam Columns is introduced; experimental studies are made on five
partially encased beam columns to investigate the behavior of eccentrically loaded partially encased composite
columns using different parameters
Effect of Imperfection on Shear Behaviour of Hybrid Plate Girder IJMER
The influence of initial imperfection of plates on the shear resistance of hybrid plate girder
fabricated using slender plate elements is studied. Nonlinear finite element analysis was performed to
compute the ultimate shear strength of hybrid girder. Imperfection analysis was performed by varying
the magnitude of imperfection on web panel of hybrid plate girder to compare the variation in ultimate
shear strength. The study was also done by varying the yield strength and slenderness ratio of web panel.
The result of the study indicates that the ultimate shear strength of hybrid plate girder decreases with
increase in the magnitude of initial imperfection. The effect of imperfection on shear strength was
significantly high for plate girder with low web slenderness ratio and high yield strength of web panel.
The maximum lateral as well as the vertical deflection at ultimate strength state of the model increases
with increase in magnitude of imperfection
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Similar to Finite Element Analysis of Composite Deck Slab Using Perfobond Rib as Shear Connection System under Vertical Loading (20)
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Finite Element Analysis of Composite Deck Slab Using Perfobond Rib as Shear Connection System under Vertical Loading
1. Omid Monshi Toussi Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 4) January 2016, pp.72-74
www.ijera.com 72 | P a g e
Finite Element Analysis of Composite Deck Slab Using Perfobond
Rib as Shear Connection System under Vertical Loading
Omid Monshi Toussi*, Payam Sarir **
*( Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Kassel, Germany)
** (Department of Civil Engineering, Shanghai JiaoTong University, China)
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, the composite decks are very common to use in composite or steel construction. In this case of study
the composite slabs have been investigated numerically by Finite Element Method (FEM). Five composite slabs
were analyzed using finite element software LUSAS. The deflection of each model were obtained and compared
with experimental test. Results showed a good agreement with the experimental data and indicate that the
perfobond rib is appropriate shear connector for the bridges decks.
Keywords - Composite Slab Deck, Deflection, Finite Element (FE) Analysis, Interface, LUSAS
I. INTRODUCTION
In civil engineering, composite structures exists
when two materials are bound strongly that act as a
single unit from a structural point of view. This is
called composite action. One example is the steel
beams supporting concrete floor slabs. If the beam
and slab are not connected strongly together, then the
slab contributes nothing to the load carrying
capability of the beam [1].
One common application of composite structures
is the design of steel box beam whereby concrete is
placed on steel sheeting which carries the
construction loads and act compositely with concrete
slabs upon hardening of concrete. Profiled sheeting
acts as the tensile reinforcement; which could be
removed and light mesh reinforcement is generally
placed in the concrete for temperature, shrinkage,
cracks and fire [2]. The steel sheeting acts also as a
permanent formwork and when placed in a cellular
configuration, has an additional advantages to allow
the passage of electrical and communication services.
The commonly used of this method is in the building
industry [1, 2].
There are many experimental studies of
perfobond ribs in composite construction which some
of them study the behaviour of perfobond shear
connectors using push-out test. In recent years also
there are some studies focused on the analysis of
perfobond shear connection between steel and
lightweight concrete. This study by using finite
element software and utilizing the sample model of
Kim et al (2006), tried to estimate the deflection of
composite slab deck under vertical loading with
different thicknesses. Additionally, discussed the
interaction behaviour between steel sheeting and
concrete using the interface element in FE software.
II. COMPOSITE SLAB
Generally, composite slabs failure under the
bending is divided in three major modes. Mode 1 is
flexure failure which is generally happened in a long
and thin slab. Mode 2 is the vertical shear failure
which is close to support due to high concentrated
load where the slab must be very short and thick.
Mode 3 is the horizontal shear failure which is more
common to happen for majority of composite slab
systems under the vertical loads (Porter and Ekberg
1978). The behavior of composite action between
concrete and steel in the slabs are depended to some
factors which are shear connectors, steel thickness,
condition of supports and slab thickness. The shear
connectors are generally combined to steel sheeting
shape, indentation or embossments on steel profile
[4].
III. FINITE ELEMENT MODEL
According to the experimental study and push-
out test, the influence of the holes is negligible on the
ultimate shear capacity and end-slip and the
maximum difference was less than 7% (Kim et al
2006). For this reason, in the numerical study the
holes were not modeled and it is assumed the
maximum composite action between concrete and
steel sheeting. The FE model is showed in Fig. 1. The
steel sheeting and concrete were modeled in software
using 3D solid continuum element. For the
constitutive model, the concrete model 64 was
employed for the concrete in compression and
tension, and a Von Mises model was used for the
steel sheeting and perfobond.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Omid Monshi Toussi Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 4) January 2016, pp.72-74
www.ijera.com 73 | P a g e
Fig 1. Finite Element Model
In order to simulate the interaction between steel
profiled and concrete and due to crack propagation,
the three dimensional interface element is selected for
the numerical study. This element is adequate for
modelling bonded joints or contacts where
delamination and crack propagation is likely to occur.
The material specification which was used for
interface element is indicated in Table 1.
Table 1. Material Specification of Interface Element
Description Value
Fracture Energy 4,000 N/m
Initiation Stress 2,500 N/m2
Relative Displacement 0.75x10-8
For loading condition according to the experimental
study, two global distributed loads are applied on the
top of FE model surface through a 20mm thickness
timber plate with dimension of 250 mm × 500 mm.
Load increment procedure is set in software to
simulate the real loading condition and to reduce the
elapsed time of the analysis. The unit load was
applied in the vertical direction near to shear span
(Ls= L/4) which is around 875 mm from support. The
starting load factor set as 1N and slab was loaded up
to the maximum load factor or until the maximum
number of increments achieved.
IV. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
As indicated in Fig 2. in FE model the ultimate
load of proposed composite slab is about 1199 KN
which is compatible with the experimental result
1211 KN. The vertical displacement at mid- span of
proposed slab in experimental observation at ultimate
load is 27.3 mm while the numerical model
displacement is around 28.6 mm at mid-span. The
results are summarized in Table 2.
Fig 2. Comparison of FE model and Experimental
Test Result
Table 2. FE results and Experimental results for
Composite Slab
Description FE
Result
Experimental
Result
Ultimate Load
(KN)
1198 1211
Displacement at
mid span(mm)
28.6 27.3
Five composite slabs with various thicknesses of
concrete and the same material properties of sample
have been modeled to investigate the effect of
concrete thickness on displacement at mid-span of
deck. The thicknesses of the slabs were analysed is
165 mm, 180 mm, 200 mm, 250 mm and 270 mm.
According to the analysis, the five composite slabs
with various thicknesses of concrete were failed
under the vertical loading which was caused
increasing of the cracks at the interface between steel
sheeting and concrete. Results showed that, the
thickness of concrete is significant factor on the
vertical displacement at mid span. In additional the
horizontal shear resistance of the composite slab is
changed directly by changing the thickness of the of
the composite steel-concrete deck slab.
The horizontal shear resistance of composite
decks can be estimated by using a semi-empirical
method, so-called the m-k method [5, 6]. For this
case of study, the width of composite slab is 1000
mm as b and the Ls is equal to 875 mm (L/4 ), also
dp which is the depth form top of the deck to centroid
of the steel sheeting, k and m factor are obtained
from the test data as 0.1936 and 0.0008, respectively.
According to the equation, the value for the this
composite slab is around 0.83 N/mm2 which is
approximately 1.9 times greater than the required
horizontal shear strength of 0.44 N/mm2 .
V. DEFLECTION OF COMPOSITE SLAB
The maximum deflection is occurred in the
middle of composite slab deck. The deflection of
composite slabs with the thickness of 165 mm and
200 mm, which have been obtained from the FE
models, were indicated in the Fig 3 and 4.
3. Omid Monshi Toussi Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 4) January 2016, pp.72-74
www.ijera.com 74 | P a g e
Fig 4. Deflection of Composite Slab with 165mm
Thickness
Fig 5. Deflection of Composite Slab with 200mm
Thickness
VI. CONCLUSION
- In this study, the deflection of slab with perfobond
rib as a shear connection system under vertical
loading has been studied. The results show that the
thickness of concrete has significant effect on the
deflection at mid-span. When the thickness of
concrete in slab increased the deflection at mid-span
decreased accordingly.
- The horizontal shear resistance in the slabs with
different thicknesses is more than the required shear
resistance based on Euro code Part 4 [7] and all of
them are in the safe range.
- The interface element properties are depending on
the geometry of the composite slab. In this case of
study, an appropriate interface element in numerical
modelling by LUSAS software has been proposed to
model the shear bond between the concrete and steel
sheeting for the composite slab system.
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[2] Kim. Y. H., Jeong Y. J. Steel-Concrete
Composite Bridge Deck Slab with Profiled
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[3] Porter, M. L., and Ekberg, C. E. Behavior of
Steel-Deck-Reinforced Slabs. Journal of the
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[4] Redzuan Abdullah. Experimental Evaluation
and Analytical Modeling of Shear Bond in
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Polytechnic Institute and State University,
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[5] Kim Y. H, Jeong Y. J. Kim T. H, Park S.K.
Structural Performance of Steel-Concrete
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[7] Euro Code Part 4. Design of Composite Steel
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