The ripe fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae) (GJ) are widely used in chemical, food and medicinal
industries. Crocin and geniposide, the main constituents of GJ, have shown a diversity of biological activities
including sedative, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic. We propose some new bioactive chemicals could be
derived from geniposide. The optimum transformation condition of geniposide into geniposidic acid still
remains unclear. In order to develop a reactor, the information about the inherent reaction kinetics is required. In
a microreactor (V =62.8 mL), geniposide (0.01 mole/L, 20 mL) and NaOH (0.1 equivalent/L, pH=13, 10mL)
were left to react at 80, 70, 60, 50, and 40 oC and tracked with HPLC. Results indicated that the reaction obeyed
the pseudo-first order kinetics, the corresponding pseudo-first order rate constants ( 1 k ' ) were 11.064 h-1, 8.682
h-1, 2.400 h-1, 1.021 h-1, and 0.750 h-1, and the fractional conversions were 73.4%, 60.5%, 38.6%, 43.6%, and
51.8% at 0.50, 0.50, 0.833, 1.00, and 2.00 h. The energy of activation was 8.751 kJ mol-1. Conclusively, this
transformation obeys the pseudo-first order kinetics with a low energy of activation, 8.751 kJ mol-1. The
optimum transformations at 80oC and 70oC for 0.5 h were 73.4% and 60.5%, respectively.
Thermal and Physical Properties of Biofield Treated Bile Salt and Proteose Pe...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Bile salt (BS) and proteose peptone (PP) are important biomacromolecules being produced inside the human body. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physicochemical properties of BS and PP. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated). The control group remained as untreated, and biofield treatment was given to treated group. The control and treated BS and PP samples were characterized by particle size analyzer (PSA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). PSA results showed increase in particle size (d50 and d99) of both treated BS and PP as compared to control. Surface area analysis showed minimal decrease by 1.59%, in surface area of treated BS as compared to control. However, the treated PP showed increase (8%) in surface area as compared to control. DSC characterization showed increase in melting temperature of treated BS as compared to control. Whereas, DSC thermogram of treated PP showed decrease in melting temperature with respect to control. Moreover, the DSC of control and treated PP showed presence of exothermic peaks which were possibly due to protein aggregation. The treated PP showed higher exothermic transition temperature as compared to control. XRD analysis revealed slight reduction in crystalline nature of BS as compared to control. On the other hand, XRD data of control and treated PP showed an amorphous nature. TGA analysis of treated BS showed maximum thermaldecomposition temperature at 22°C which was higher as compared to control sample (106°C). This could be due to biofield treatment which may enhance the thermal stability of treated BS with respect to control. However, the TGA thermogram of treated PP showed decrease in maximum thermal stability as compared to control. The overall results showed that biofield treatment has significantly altered the physical and thermal properties of BS and PP.
7 synthesis, characterisation and antimicrobial activity of schiff base of 7 ...BIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: Compounds having 2-quinolone moiety are associated with interesting biological activities. In the present study, we synthesized Schiff bases of 7-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-quinolone and their antibacterial activity was evaluated by wells diffusion method. Schiff bases of 7-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-quinolone (1 to 5 named as Q2aa-Q2ae) were prepared by refluxing 7-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-quinolone with substituted aromatic aldehydes. The final test compounds were purified and characterized by IR, 1HNMR and Mass Spectral studies. M.P. of these compounds was confirmed by open capillary method instrument chemline cl 725. They were evaluated for antibacterial activity. Compounds were active against Klebsiella pneumonia and Enterococcus faecalis. While ciprofloxacin was used as standards.
Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Deriva...albertdivis
The Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods.
Thermal stability of two xylanases from Macrotermes subhyalinus little soldie...INNS PUBNET
The knowledge on thermal inactivation kinetics of enzymes is necessary to allow their adequate utilization as natural biopreservatives in the food industry and technology applications. In this work, the kinetics of thermal inactivation was studied for the previously purified and characterized xylanases Xyl1 and Xyl2 from Macrotermes subhyalinus little soldier. Samples of xylanases were treated at different time-temperature combinations in the range of 5-60 min at 50-65°C and the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for xylanases were calculated. The inactivation kinetic follows a first-order reaction with k-values between 0.0192 ± 0.0002 to 0.0405 ± 0.0003 and 0.0119 ± 0.0005 to 0.0418 ± 0.0004 min-1 for Xyl1 and Xyl2, respectively. Activation energy (Ea) and Z-values were estimated to 48.08 ± 1.84 kJ mol-1 and 43.47 ± 3.02°C for Xyl1, 75.52 ± 3.52 kJ.mol-1 and 27.77 ± 1.87°C for Xyl2. The catalytic reactions of both xylanases are endothermic due to positive enthalpy. The high value obtained for the variation in enthalpy of activation indicates that a high amount of energy is required to initiate denaturation, probably due to the molecular conformation of xylanases. All results suggest that both xylanases are relatively resistant to long heat treatments up to 50°C.
Synthesis, spectroscopic, magnetic properties and superoxide dismutase (SOD) ...IOSR Journals
Three new ternary copper(II) complexes formulated as [Cu(HIda)(bipy)] 1; [Cu(HIda)(phen)] 2; [Cu(HIda)(dmp)] 3; where HIda =N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2- iminodiacetic acid ; bipy = 2, 2’- bipyridine; phen = 1,10- phenanthroline; dmp = 2,9-dimethyl 1,10-phenanthroline, have been synthesized and characterized by partial elemental analysis, FAB-mass (m/z), EPR, UV-visible and CV measurements. The magnetic and spectroscopic data of all these complexes 1-3 indicate distorted octahedral geometry. The EPR spectra of these complexes in frozen DMSO solutions showed a single at g ca. 2. The trend in g-value (g||>g>2.0023) suggests that the unpaired electron on copper (II) has dx2–y2 character. The SOD activities of the complexes have been investigated. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of these complexes were also measured and discussed.
Thermal and Physical Properties of Biofield Treated Bile Salt and Proteose Pe...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Bile salt (BS) and proteose peptone (PP) are important biomacromolecules being produced inside the human body. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physicochemical properties of BS and PP. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated). The control group remained as untreated, and biofield treatment was given to treated group. The control and treated BS and PP samples were characterized by particle size analyzer (PSA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). PSA results showed increase in particle size (d50 and d99) of both treated BS and PP as compared to control. Surface area analysis showed minimal decrease by 1.59%, in surface area of treated BS as compared to control. However, the treated PP showed increase (8%) in surface area as compared to control. DSC characterization showed increase in melting temperature of treated BS as compared to control. Whereas, DSC thermogram of treated PP showed decrease in melting temperature with respect to control. Moreover, the DSC of control and treated PP showed presence of exothermic peaks which were possibly due to protein aggregation. The treated PP showed higher exothermic transition temperature as compared to control. XRD analysis revealed slight reduction in crystalline nature of BS as compared to control. On the other hand, XRD data of control and treated PP showed an amorphous nature. TGA analysis of treated BS showed maximum thermaldecomposition temperature at 22°C which was higher as compared to control sample (106°C). This could be due to biofield treatment which may enhance the thermal stability of treated BS with respect to control. However, the TGA thermogram of treated PP showed decrease in maximum thermal stability as compared to control. The overall results showed that biofield treatment has significantly altered the physical and thermal properties of BS and PP.
7 synthesis, characterisation and antimicrobial activity of schiff base of 7 ...BIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: Compounds having 2-quinolone moiety are associated with interesting biological activities. In the present study, we synthesized Schiff bases of 7-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-quinolone and their antibacterial activity was evaluated by wells diffusion method. Schiff bases of 7-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-quinolone (1 to 5 named as Q2aa-Q2ae) were prepared by refluxing 7-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-quinolone with substituted aromatic aldehydes. The final test compounds were purified and characterized by IR, 1HNMR and Mass Spectral studies. M.P. of these compounds was confirmed by open capillary method instrument chemline cl 725. They were evaluated for antibacterial activity. Compounds were active against Klebsiella pneumonia and Enterococcus faecalis. While ciprofloxacin was used as standards.
Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Deriva...albertdivis
The Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods.
Thermal stability of two xylanases from Macrotermes subhyalinus little soldie...INNS PUBNET
The knowledge on thermal inactivation kinetics of enzymes is necessary to allow their adequate utilization as natural biopreservatives in the food industry and technology applications. In this work, the kinetics of thermal inactivation was studied for the previously purified and characterized xylanases Xyl1 and Xyl2 from Macrotermes subhyalinus little soldier. Samples of xylanases were treated at different time-temperature combinations in the range of 5-60 min at 50-65°C and the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for xylanases were calculated. The inactivation kinetic follows a first-order reaction with k-values between 0.0192 ± 0.0002 to 0.0405 ± 0.0003 and 0.0119 ± 0.0005 to 0.0418 ± 0.0004 min-1 for Xyl1 and Xyl2, respectively. Activation energy (Ea) and Z-values were estimated to 48.08 ± 1.84 kJ mol-1 and 43.47 ± 3.02°C for Xyl1, 75.52 ± 3.52 kJ.mol-1 and 27.77 ± 1.87°C for Xyl2. The catalytic reactions of both xylanases are endothermic due to positive enthalpy. The high value obtained for the variation in enthalpy of activation indicates that a high amount of energy is required to initiate denaturation, probably due to the molecular conformation of xylanases. All results suggest that both xylanases are relatively resistant to long heat treatments up to 50°C.
Synthesis, spectroscopic, magnetic properties and superoxide dismutase (SOD) ...IOSR Journals
Three new ternary copper(II) complexes formulated as [Cu(HIda)(bipy)] 1; [Cu(HIda)(phen)] 2; [Cu(HIda)(dmp)] 3; where HIda =N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2- iminodiacetic acid ; bipy = 2, 2’- bipyridine; phen = 1,10- phenanthroline; dmp = 2,9-dimethyl 1,10-phenanthroline, have been synthesized and characterized by partial elemental analysis, FAB-mass (m/z), EPR, UV-visible and CV measurements. The magnetic and spectroscopic data of all these complexes 1-3 indicate distorted octahedral geometry. The EPR spectra of these complexes in frozen DMSO solutions showed a single at g ca. 2. The trend in g-value (g||>g>2.0023) suggests that the unpaired electron on copper (II) has dx2–y2 character. The SOD activities of the complexes have been investigated. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of these complexes were also measured and discussed.
Objective(s):
Nanotechnology and nanoparticles are increasingly recognized for their potential applications in aerospace engineering, nanoelectronics, and environmental remediation, medicine and consumer products. More importantly is the potential for the application of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in the treatment of diseases that require maintenance of circulating drug concentration or targeting of specific cells or organs the aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective role of Ag NP antioxidative biomarkers in rats. Ag NPs are used to investigate the potential risks for the environment and health.
Materials and Methods:
Rats received Ag NP, 5, 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg/day IP. After two week of treatment, the activity of enzymatic scavengers such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of blood samples were measured.
Results:
Ag NP in 5, 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg reduced activities of CAT, SOD and increased TAC in plasma.
Conclusion:
In this study, Ag NP with 500mg/kg induced activities of CAT, SOD and decreased TAC. It is concluded that antioxidative properties of Ag NP is dose dependent.
1 ijmpd jan-2018-2-immunological study in vivoAI Publications
The synthesis of a nanoparticules used in drug delivery plays an important role in determining its targeting specificity and efficacy in vivo. A conventional approach relies on the surface conjugation of a nano-sized particle with two functionally distinct types of molecules, one as a targeting ligand, and the other as a therapeutic agent to be delivered to the diseased cell. However, an alternative simplified approach can be used, in which a single type of molecule displaying dual function as both a targeting ligand and therapeutic agent is conjugated to the nanoparticle. In this paper, we evaluate the validity of this new strategy by using methotrexate(MTX) and xerogel- methotrexate, (xerogel-MTX), Naproxine(NAP.), xerogel-Naproxine (xerogel-NAP.) the aim in this paper to define the procedures of sample and the applicability of FTIR and AFM and UV-Visb. techniques towards the characterization of the surface details with sub-nanometer resolution in nanoparticles (NPs) modified by MTX. And NAP ligands. To reach this aim, we prepared and analysed xerogel, xerogel-NAP. Xerogel-MTX NPs functionalized on the surface with ligands having different chemical nature and composition and capable to provide to the NPs physical chemical properties required for specific application. We tested the resulted NPs in vivo, using the whit rats animals, engineered with direct against arteries Rheumatology inflammation, proceed the evolution of some immunity parameters during the period of treatments.
Antioxidant Activity of Indian Medicinal Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) cv. NjavaraIJAEMSJORNAL
A study was conducted to find out the antioxidant activity of medicinal rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Njavara. Two eco types of Njavara rice Njavara black (NB) and Njavara yellow (NY) were procured from RRS, Moncompu and one eco type of Hraswa was obtained from ARS, Mannuthy. Hraswa was treated as the control. Diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, reducing power assay, total antioxidant activity, total phenols, zinc and selenium (Se) were estimated. The results of the antioxidant properties revealed that for DPPH scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical activity NY had highest antioxidant activity. For superoxide radical scavenging activity, NB had the highest activity. Present investigation showed that as the concentration increased, the reducing power of all the rice varieties increased and the highest reducing power was shown by NB. NY had shown the highest total antioxidant activity. Present study revealed that among the three rice varieties NB had the highest total phenol content. Zn content was slightly higher in NY than NB. The present study revealed that control variety Hraswa had the highest Se content.
One Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis Characterizations Of Silver Nanoparticles On R...IOSRJAC
Graphene-based nanocomposite have significant applicability in catalysis, electronics, medicine, and energy. In this report silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) - nanocomposite was prepared by a one-pot hydrothermal process using silver nitrate as a precursor. Under hydrothermal process Graphene oxide (GO) was reduced to reduced graphene oxide (RGO), without using chemical reagents. As synthesized (Ag-RGO) nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, UV Vis-spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope, and Raman spectroscopy. Antimicrobial activities of the composite were investigated against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The results demonstrate that Ag-RGO nanocomposite was a strong bactericide against Gram-negative bacteria. Antioxidant activity was evaluated for bare GO, Ag and Ag-RGO nanocomposite by DPPH radical scavenging assay. It was observed that Ag/RGO nanocomposite has enhanced antioxidant activity than bare GO and Ag.
Determination of 8-Hydroxy-2 Deoxyguanosine in Pseudomonas Fluorescens Freeze...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Oxidative DNA damage is involved in the f cell death induced by freeze-dried powder during storage. Cell 8-hydroxy-2’deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) is widely accepted as a biomarker of the “freeze-dried bacteria” oxidative DNA damage. The aim of this study was to introduce a method for determination 8-oxodG in cell freeze-dried samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. In the tested range of 0.5 µmol L-1 to 1.0 nmol L-1, the calibration curve was linear (r2=0.9995) and the limit of detection was 0.05 µmol L-1. The used method did not allow highlighting the presence in the samples of the 8OH within the limits of detection. A more successful method (more sensitive) would be needed to detect possibly the 8OH.
ABSTRACT- The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity and anti-bacterial activity of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate
and methanol extract obtained from the whole part of Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss (Asteraceae). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of these extracts
were determined as gallic acid and rutin equivalents, respectively. Total antioxidant activity, reducing power of these extract were evaluated as ascorbic
acid and gallic acid equivalents, respectively. ABTS free radical scavenging activity is expressed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
(TEAC). The antibacterial activity of the extract was investigated by disc diffusion method. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate
activity against E. coli and S. aureus.
Key words: Jurinea dolomiaea; Total phenolic; Total flavonoid; Total antioxidant; Free radical scavenging activity; Antibacterial activity.
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND ANTIANDROGENIC E...Dr. Pradeep mitharwal
The present paper deals with synthesis and characterization
of some new chromium (III) Schiff base complexes using microwave irradiation
technique as well as conventional heating. The S∩N donor benzothiazolines, 1-
(2-furanyl) ethanone benzothiazoline (Bzt1N
∩
SH), 1-(2-thienyl) ethanone
benzothiazoline (Bzt2N
∩
SH) and 1-(2-pyridyl) ethanone benzothiazoline
(Bzt3N
∩
SH) were prepared by the condensation of ortho-aminothiophenol with
respective ketones in ethanol.
Synthesis and Anti-Inflammatory activity of Sulpha/substituted 1,2-Diazolesinventionjournals
A Novel compound namely N1 (3 Nicotinoyl) 3,5 dimethyl-4-(N-4-sulfamoyl-azo)-1,2-diazoles has been synthesized by two step processes. Synthesis of N1 -4-sulfamoylphenylhydrazono-3,5-dimethyl propane-1,3-dione and sulfonamide, which interacting with 3-Nicotinoyl hydrazine to form final compound. The newly synthesized compound N1 -(3-Nicotinoyl)-3,5-dimethyl 4-(N1 -4-sulfamoyl phenyl azo) 1,2-diazoles was screened for antiinflammatory activity
Studies on Biofield Treated p-Dichlorobenzene | Omicsonlinedeeptimishra10
The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of p-dichlorobenzene.
Spectroscopic Characterization of Disodium Hydrogen Orthophosphate and Sodium...albertdivis
Disodium hydrogen orthophosphate is a water soluble white powder widely used as pH regulator and saline laxative. The sodium nitrate is a highly water soluble white solid, used in high blood pressure, dentinal hypersensitivity, and production of fertilizers. The present study was aimed to investigate the impact of biofield treatment on spectral properties of disodium hydrogen orthophosphate and sodium nitrate.
Biofield Treatment Impact on 1,2,4-Triazoledeeptimishra10
The biofield treatment has improved the growth and production of agriculture crops and significantly altered the phenotypic characteristics of various pathogenic microbes. Additionally, biofield treatment has substantially altered the medicinal, growth and anatomical properties of ashwagandha.
The Opportunity of Using Wind to Generate Power as a Renewable Energy:"Case o...IJERA Editor
The demand ofsustainable energy is increased daily by expanding our cities and creating new cities and suburbswith huge towers besides increasing in population,moreover the environment and human life is threatening by the pollutions resulted from energy generation. For this reason the researchersattracted todevelop renewable energy and explore its large benefits and unit capacity. Wind power is one of the clean renewable energy resources.Therefore the importance of implementing this resource in Kuwait draws our attention to make this research to emphasis on the technical and economic aspects due to acceptable environmental conditions. Whereas, in some areas of the world, such as in Japan, has some geographical and electrical restrictions such as power fluctuating for land wind generation. And the introductionof large amount of wind power generation tends to be extremely difficult and even impossible in some location. This research is aimed to concentrate on the visibility of utilizing the wind energy as complementary source for the existing steam and gas turbine power stations in Kuwait, furthermore point out the economical perspectives that will guide us to take the right decision. The location of wind farms is very important in this aspect where we cannot build such projects inside the cities between buildings besides meeting the minimum requirements for economic generation. The study prove to us that even at a location which is almost close to the inhabitants buildings ( Kuwait airport ) can get accepted results the historical data was collected from the weather station at internet. The implementation of wind turbine farms is foreseen to be economic in generation for long run and encouragestepping up toward putting the infrastructure design. Furthermoreit is an opportunity for creating new job vacancies.
A report on Groundwater quality studies in Malwa region of Punjab, MUKTSARIJERA Editor
Punjab is the most cultivated state in India with the highest consumption of fertilizers. Muktsar district is one of them. Economy of the district is based on the Agriculture crops and 80% population of the district is engaged in Agriculture. Sri Muktsar Sahib is situated in the cotton belt of Punjab. Paddy, Wheat, Sugarcane, Oilseeds, Pulses and vegetables are also cultivated in this area. This paper highlights the analysis of groundwater quality parameters and compares its suitability for irrigation and drinking purpose. Water samples were collected from hand-pumps at different depth in October 2010. . Water samples were analysed for almost all major cations, anions, dissolved heavy metals and turbidity. parameters like total hardness, EC, magnesium ratio, were calculated on the basis of chemical data. A questionnaire was also used to investigate perception of villagers on taste and odour. The heavy metals studied in industrial area of Muktsar were Mercury, arsenic and lead. Comparison of the concentration of the chemical constituents with WHO (world health organization) drinking water standards of 2004 , ICMR limits and various classifications show that present status of groundwater in Muktsar is not suitable for drinking. Higher totalhardness (TH) and total dissolved solids at numerous places indicate the unsuitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation. Results obtained in this forms baseline data for the utility of groundwater. No clear correlation between the quality parameters studied here and perceived quality in terms of satisfactory taste response were obtained at electrical conductivity values higher than the threshold minimum acceptable value.
in September 2014, the Buffalo History Museum unveiled its first exhibit of Hispanic history in the Buffalo, NY area. Here are the exhibit panels. Many thanks to Casimiro Rodriguez and the Hispanic Heritage Council.
Objective(s):
Nanotechnology and nanoparticles are increasingly recognized for their potential applications in aerospace engineering, nanoelectronics, and environmental remediation, medicine and consumer products. More importantly is the potential for the application of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in the treatment of diseases that require maintenance of circulating drug concentration or targeting of specific cells or organs the aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective role of Ag NP antioxidative biomarkers in rats. Ag NPs are used to investigate the potential risks for the environment and health.
Materials and Methods:
Rats received Ag NP, 5, 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg/day IP. After two week of treatment, the activity of enzymatic scavengers such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of blood samples were measured.
Results:
Ag NP in 5, 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg reduced activities of CAT, SOD and increased TAC in plasma.
Conclusion:
In this study, Ag NP with 500mg/kg induced activities of CAT, SOD and decreased TAC. It is concluded that antioxidative properties of Ag NP is dose dependent.
1 ijmpd jan-2018-2-immunological study in vivoAI Publications
The synthesis of a nanoparticules used in drug delivery plays an important role in determining its targeting specificity and efficacy in vivo. A conventional approach relies on the surface conjugation of a nano-sized particle with two functionally distinct types of molecules, one as a targeting ligand, and the other as a therapeutic agent to be delivered to the diseased cell. However, an alternative simplified approach can be used, in which a single type of molecule displaying dual function as both a targeting ligand and therapeutic agent is conjugated to the nanoparticle. In this paper, we evaluate the validity of this new strategy by using methotrexate(MTX) and xerogel- methotrexate, (xerogel-MTX), Naproxine(NAP.), xerogel-Naproxine (xerogel-NAP.) the aim in this paper to define the procedures of sample and the applicability of FTIR and AFM and UV-Visb. techniques towards the characterization of the surface details with sub-nanometer resolution in nanoparticles (NPs) modified by MTX. And NAP ligands. To reach this aim, we prepared and analysed xerogel, xerogel-NAP. Xerogel-MTX NPs functionalized on the surface with ligands having different chemical nature and composition and capable to provide to the NPs physical chemical properties required for specific application. We tested the resulted NPs in vivo, using the whit rats animals, engineered with direct against arteries Rheumatology inflammation, proceed the evolution of some immunity parameters during the period of treatments.
Antioxidant Activity of Indian Medicinal Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) cv. NjavaraIJAEMSJORNAL
A study was conducted to find out the antioxidant activity of medicinal rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Njavara. Two eco types of Njavara rice Njavara black (NB) and Njavara yellow (NY) were procured from RRS, Moncompu and one eco type of Hraswa was obtained from ARS, Mannuthy. Hraswa was treated as the control. Diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, reducing power assay, total antioxidant activity, total phenols, zinc and selenium (Se) were estimated. The results of the antioxidant properties revealed that for DPPH scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical activity NY had highest antioxidant activity. For superoxide radical scavenging activity, NB had the highest activity. Present investigation showed that as the concentration increased, the reducing power of all the rice varieties increased and the highest reducing power was shown by NB. NY had shown the highest total antioxidant activity. Present study revealed that among the three rice varieties NB had the highest total phenol content. Zn content was slightly higher in NY than NB. The present study revealed that control variety Hraswa had the highest Se content.
One Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis Characterizations Of Silver Nanoparticles On R...IOSRJAC
Graphene-based nanocomposite have significant applicability in catalysis, electronics, medicine, and energy. In this report silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) - nanocomposite was prepared by a one-pot hydrothermal process using silver nitrate as a precursor. Under hydrothermal process Graphene oxide (GO) was reduced to reduced graphene oxide (RGO), without using chemical reagents. As synthesized (Ag-RGO) nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, UV Vis-spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope, and Raman spectroscopy. Antimicrobial activities of the composite were investigated against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The results demonstrate that Ag-RGO nanocomposite was a strong bactericide against Gram-negative bacteria. Antioxidant activity was evaluated for bare GO, Ag and Ag-RGO nanocomposite by DPPH radical scavenging assay. It was observed that Ag/RGO nanocomposite has enhanced antioxidant activity than bare GO and Ag.
Determination of 8-Hydroxy-2 Deoxyguanosine in Pseudomonas Fluorescens Freeze...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Oxidative DNA damage is involved in the f cell death induced by freeze-dried powder during storage. Cell 8-hydroxy-2’deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) is widely accepted as a biomarker of the “freeze-dried bacteria” oxidative DNA damage. The aim of this study was to introduce a method for determination 8-oxodG in cell freeze-dried samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. In the tested range of 0.5 µmol L-1 to 1.0 nmol L-1, the calibration curve was linear (r2=0.9995) and the limit of detection was 0.05 µmol L-1. The used method did not allow highlighting the presence in the samples of the 8OH within the limits of detection. A more successful method (more sensitive) would be needed to detect possibly the 8OH.
ABSTRACT- The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity and anti-bacterial activity of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate
and methanol extract obtained from the whole part of Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss (Asteraceae). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of these extracts
were determined as gallic acid and rutin equivalents, respectively. Total antioxidant activity, reducing power of these extract were evaluated as ascorbic
acid and gallic acid equivalents, respectively. ABTS free radical scavenging activity is expressed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
(TEAC). The antibacterial activity of the extract was investigated by disc diffusion method. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate
activity against E. coli and S. aureus.
Key words: Jurinea dolomiaea; Total phenolic; Total flavonoid; Total antioxidant; Free radical scavenging activity; Antibacterial activity.
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND ANTIANDROGENIC E...Dr. Pradeep mitharwal
The present paper deals with synthesis and characterization
of some new chromium (III) Schiff base complexes using microwave irradiation
technique as well as conventional heating. The S∩N donor benzothiazolines, 1-
(2-furanyl) ethanone benzothiazoline (Bzt1N
∩
SH), 1-(2-thienyl) ethanone
benzothiazoline (Bzt2N
∩
SH) and 1-(2-pyridyl) ethanone benzothiazoline
(Bzt3N
∩
SH) were prepared by the condensation of ortho-aminothiophenol with
respective ketones in ethanol.
Synthesis and Anti-Inflammatory activity of Sulpha/substituted 1,2-Diazolesinventionjournals
A Novel compound namely N1 (3 Nicotinoyl) 3,5 dimethyl-4-(N-4-sulfamoyl-azo)-1,2-diazoles has been synthesized by two step processes. Synthesis of N1 -4-sulfamoylphenylhydrazono-3,5-dimethyl propane-1,3-dione and sulfonamide, which interacting with 3-Nicotinoyl hydrazine to form final compound. The newly synthesized compound N1 -(3-Nicotinoyl)-3,5-dimethyl 4-(N1 -4-sulfamoyl phenyl azo) 1,2-diazoles was screened for antiinflammatory activity
Studies on Biofield Treated p-Dichlorobenzene | Omicsonlinedeeptimishra10
The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of p-dichlorobenzene.
Spectroscopic Characterization of Disodium Hydrogen Orthophosphate and Sodium...albertdivis
Disodium hydrogen orthophosphate is a water soluble white powder widely used as pH regulator and saline laxative. The sodium nitrate is a highly water soluble white solid, used in high blood pressure, dentinal hypersensitivity, and production of fertilizers. The present study was aimed to investigate the impact of biofield treatment on spectral properties of disodium hydrogen orthophosphate and sodium nitrate.
Biofield Treatment Impact on 1,2,4-Triazoledeeptimishra10
The biofield treatment has improved the growth and production of agriculture crops and significantly altered the phenotypic characteristics of various pathogenic microbes. Additionally, biofield treatment has substantially altered the medicinal, growth and anatomical properties of ashwagandha.
The Opportunity of Using Wind to Generate Power as a Renewable Energy:"Case o...IJERA Editor
The demand ofsustainable energy is increased daily by expanding our cities and creating new cities and suburbswith huge towers besides increasing in population,moreover the environment and human life is threatening by the pollutions resulted from energy generation. For this reason the researchersattracted todevelop renewable energy and explore its large benefits and unit capacity. Wind power is one of the clean renewable energy resources.Therefore the importance of implementing this resource in Kuwait draws our attention to make this research to emphasis on the technical and economic aspects due to acceptable environmental conditions. Whereas, in some areas of the world, such as in Japan, has some geographical and electrical restrictions such as power fluctuating for land wind generation. And the introductionof large amount of wind power generation tends to be extremely difficult and even impossible in some location. This research is aimed to concentrate on the visibility of utilizing the wind energy as complementary source for the existing steam and gas turbine power stations in Kuwait, furthermore point out the economical perspectives that will guide us to take the right decision. The location of wind farms is very important in this aspect where we cannot build such projects inside the cities between buildings besides meeting the minimum requirements for economic generation. The study prove to us that even at a location which is almost close to the inhabitants buildings ( Kuwait airport ) can get accepted results the historical data was collected from the weather station at internet. The implementation of wind turbine farms is foreseen to be economic in generation for long run and encouragestepping up toward putting the infrastructure design. Furthermoreit is an opportunity for creating new job vacancies.
A report on Groundwater quality studies in Malwa region of Punjab, MUKTSARIJERA Editor
Punjab is the most cultivated state in India with the highest consumption of fertilizers. Muktsar district is one of them. Economy of the district is based on the Agriculture crops and 80% population of the district is engaged in Agriculture. Sri Muktsar Sahib is situated in the cotton belt of Punjab. Paddy, Wheat, Sugarcane, Oilseeds, Pulses and vegetables are also cultivated in this area. This paper highlights the analysis of groundwater quality parameters and compares its suitability for irrigation and drinking purpose. Water samples were collected from hand-pumps at different depth in October 2010. . Water samples were analysed for almost all major cations, anions, dissolved heavy metals and turbidity. parameters like total hardness, EC, magnesium ratio, were calculated on the basis of chemical data. A questionnaire was also used to investigate perception of villagers on taste and odour. The heavy metals studied in industrial area of Muktsar were Mercury, arsenic and lead. Comparison of the concentration of the chemical constituents with WHO (world health organization) drinking water standards of 2004 , ICMR limits and various classifications show that present status of groundwater in Muktsar is not suitable for drinking. Higher totalhardness (TH) and total dissolved solids at numerous places indicate the unsuitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation. Results obtained in this forms baseline data for the utility of groundwater. No clear correlation between the quality parameters studied here and perceived quality in terms of satisfactory taste response were obtained at electrical conductivity values higher than the threshold minimum acceptable value.
in September 2014, the Buffalo History Museum unveiled its first exhibit of Hispanic history in the Buffalo, NY area. Here are the exhibit panels. Many thanks to Casimiro Rodriguez and the Hispanic Heritage Council.
Permeability Evaluation in Pilaspi (M. Eocene - U. Eocene) FormationIJERA Editor
Studying the permeability in a particular formation will be our address in this paper, through collection of a set of data in relates to the past real core analyses by the oil operators and correlating them to our lab works on the samples of the same formation from Pilaspi formation (M.EOCENE - U.EOCENE) outcrop on Haibat Sultan Mountain near Taq Taq oil Field. Lab works were done in Koya University using most of reservoir lab equipments for getting and determining the most important properties like porosity and permeability on plug samples of that formation. The key study in this paper is oil well TT-02 in Taq Taq oil field. In this paper we will try to nominate and recognize the more active porosity type through measuring air and liquid permeability in our reservoir lab and show the effects of increasing flowing pressure on the permeability using saturated and dry core plug. Water and air were used as flowing fluids and two methods were used to measure the permeability; steady-state method, measures the permeability of a saturated Core plug under constant flow rate conditions and air permeability with (N2) for dry core plug.
Modification of Asphalt by the Use of Crumb RubberIJERA Editor
Health aspects enforced to ponder a study on asphalt which incorporate rubber crumbs to increase strength and flexibility of asphalt. Disposal of waste tires is a menace and it’s a serious problem globally because it is not easily biodegradable as these tires consume large spaces, open burning cause serious problems. By the use of rubber tires, this scrap is utilized efficiently and reduces the cost of asphalt to produce economical system. The asphalt is absorbed by the rubber particles which swells at high temperature allowing greater concentration of liquid asphalt. The partial replacement of crumb rubber in asphalt is 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (D05, D10, D15, and D20). The analysis of incorporated asphalt was done in hot mix asphalt. The generated results showed that the value for resilient modulus and creep stiffness is more as compared to the conventional asphalt and in the accumulated strain the values are much lesser which is positive approach.
A Review: Welding Of Dissimilar Metal Alloys by Laser Beam Welding & Friction...IJERA Editor
Welding of dissimilar metals has attracted attention of the researchers worldwide, owing to its many advantages and challenges. There is no denial in the fact that dissimilar welded joints offer more flexibility in the design and production of the commercial and industrial components. Many welding techniques have been analyzed to join dissimilar metal combinations. The objective of this paper is to review two such techniques – Laser welding and Friction stir welding. Laser beam welding, a high power density and low energy-input process, employs a laser beam to produce welds of dissimilar materials. Friction stir welding, a solid-state joining process, is also successfully used in dissimilar welding applications like aerospace and ship building industries. This paper summarizes the trends and advances of these two welding processes in the field of dissimilar welding. Future aspects of the study are also discussed.
Analysis of Seismic Performance of Rock Block Structures with STAAD ProIJERA Editor
From olden days until now in our construction filed unreinforced masonry blocks of rocks is used as foundation and super structure wall as load bearing structure. In which blocks are stacked, sometimes being mortared with various cements. Ancient civilizations used locally available rocks and cements to construct rock block columns, walls and edifices for residences, temples, fortifications and infrastructure. Monuments still exist as testaments to the high quality construction by historic cultures, despite the seismic and other potentially damaging geo-mechanical disturbances that threaten them. Conceptual failure modes under seismic conditions of rock block structures, observed in the field or the laboratory, are presented. Our proposed work is analytically is carried out with rock block of 1m by 1m with 200 mm rock block under seismic loading to find out the damaged caused by the Mw 6.7 and 6.0 earthquakes on that block subject to dynamic load. Finally graphical output has generated and suggested for safe construction with more seismic load on rock blocks.
A Study of A Method To Provide Minimized Bandwidth Consumption Using Regenera...IJERA Editor
Cloud storage systems to protect data from corruptions, redundant data to tolerate failures of storage and lost data should be repaired when storage fails. Regenerating codes provide fault tolerance by striping data across multiple servers, while using less repair traffic than traditional erasure codes during failure recovery. In previous research implemented practical Data Integrity Protection (DIP) scheme for regenerating-coding based cloud storage. Functional Minimum-Storage Regenerating (FMSR) codes and it construct FMSR-DIP codes, which allow clients to remotely verify the integrity of random subsets of long-term archival data under a multi server setting. The problem is to optimize bandwidth consumption when repairing multiple failures. The cooperative repair of multiple failures can help to further save bandwidth consumption when multiple failures are being repaired.
Dynamic Simulation of Chemical Kinetics in MicrocontrollerIJERA Editor
Arduino boards are interesting computational tools due to low cost and power consumption, as well as I/O ports, both analogs and digitals. Yet, small memory and clock frequency with truncation errors may disrupt numerical processing. This study aimed to design and evaluate the performance of a dynamic simulation based on ODEs in the Arduino, with three evaluated microprocessors; ATMEGA 328P and 2560, both 8 bits, and SAM3X8E Atmel ARM CORTEX – 32 bits. The study case was a batch reactor dynamic simulation. The Runge-Kutta 4th order algorithm was written in C++ and compiled for EPROM utilization. The output was a 115000bit/s serial connection. Processing time was almost identical for 8 bits architectures, while 32 bits was 25% faster. Without the serial connection the 8 bits architectures were 16 times faster and the 32 bits was 42 times faster. Error truncation was similar, since the floating points are done through software. The Arduino platform, despite its modest hardware, allows simple chemical systems simulation.
A nano-reference-system based on two orthogonal (molecular) micro-goniometers...IJERA Editor
The centrosome, because of 9-fold-symmetry of its orthogonalcentrioles and their circumferential polarity (non-equivalence of the nine centriolarblades,each one molecularly distinguishable), constitutes a biological discrete interface, composed of two orthogonal macromolecular protractors, capable of recognizing and decoding morphogenetic instructions, translating them and delivering targeted molecular complexes into their expected 3D real location in the cell: like an interface or a wiring device, the centrosome recognizes each targeting sequence, matches it with the corresponding receptor, soconnectingit with the correctly-oriented microtubule, directed and targeted towards the desired definite cortical compartment.Morphogenetic geometric instructions (DNA coded) are translated by the centrosome into actual locations in cells, and, as a consequence, macromolecules, labeled by DNA geometric signals, can be correctly delivered into their programmed cell locations. In addition, the centrosome (the most chiral and enantiomorphous cell structure) plays a geometric key role in left-right patterning: axial centriole circumferential polarity, if reversely oriented, constitutes a likely molecular base for bilateral symmetry.
Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Thermal Proper...wilhelm mendel
In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis. The FTIR results revealed that biofield treatment has caused reduction of amide group (amide-I and amide-II) stretching vibration peak that is associated with strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding in treated CEH as compared to control. However, no significant changes were observed in FTIR spectrum of treated CYP. The TGA analysis of treated CEH showed a substantial improvement in thermal stability which was confirmed by increase in maximum thermal decomposition temperature (217°C) as compared to control (209°C). Similarly, the treated CYP also showed enhanced thermal stability as compared to control. DSC showed increase in melting temperature of treated CYP as compared to control. However the melting peak was absent in DSC of treated CEH which was probably due to rigid chain of the protein. The surface area of treated CEH was increased by 83% as compared to control. However, a decrease (7.3%) in surface area was observed in treated CYP. The particle size analysis of treated CEH showed a significant increase in average particle size (d50) and d99 value (maximum particle size below which 99% of particles are present) as compared to control sample. Similarly, the treated CYP also showed a substantial increase in d50 and d99 values which was probably due to the agglomeration of the particles which led to formation of bigger microparticles. The result showed that the biofield treated CEH and CYP could be used as a matrix for pharmaceutical applications.
Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Thermal Proper...rachelsalk
In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis. The FTIR results revealed that biofield treatment has caused reduction of amide group (amide-I and amide-II) stretching vibration peak that is associated with strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding in treated CEH as compared to control. However, no significant changes were observed in FTIR spectrum of treated CYP. The TGA analysis of treated CEH showed a substantial improvement in thermal stability which was confirmed by increase in maximum thermal decomposition temperature (217°C) as compared to control (209°C). Similarly, the treated CYP also showed enhanced thermal stability as compared to control. DSC showed increase in melting temperature of treated CYP as compared to control. However the melting peak was absent in DSC of treated CEH which was probably due to rigid chain of the protein. The surface area of treated CEH was increased by 83% as compared to control. However, a decrease (7.3%) in surface area was observed in treated CYP. The particle size analysis of treated CEH showed a significant increase in average particle size (d50) and d99 value (maximum particle size below which 99% of particles are present) as compared to control sample. Similarly, the treated CYP also showed a substantial increase in d50 and d99 values which was probably due to the agglomeration of the particles which led to formation of bigger microparticles. The result showed that the biofield treated CEH and CYP could be used as a matrix for pharmaceutical applications.
In this study, ginkgo powder was used as the research object, and neutral protease and flavor protease were selected to study the degree of hydrolysis of ginkgo protein. Using single factor test and orthogonal test, the results show that the addition amount of neutral protease is 1.6mg/ml, pH is 7.0, enzymolysis temperature is 44 o C, and the reaction time is 4h, the best hydrolysis degree is 4.68%; flavor; The added amount of protease is 7.2mg/ml, pH is 6.5, enzymolysis temperature is 55 o C, and the reaction time is 6h. The best hydrolysis degree is 24.95%; finally, the ginkgo polypeptide is obtained by separation and purification by 3kDa filter membrane. The yield rate was 8.73%, and the obtained filtrate was concentrated by a rotary evaporator to prepare a polypeptide concentrate.
Spectroscopic Characterization of Disulfiram and Nicotinic Acid after Biofiel...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Disulfiram is being used clinically as an aid in chronic alcoholism, while nicotinic acid is one of a B-complex vitamin that has cholesterol lowering activity. The aim of present study was to investigate the impact of biofield treatment on spectral properties of disulfiram and nicotinic acid. The study was performed in two groups i.e., control and treatment of each drug. The treatment groups were received Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment. Subsequently, spectral properties of control and treated groups of both drugs were studied using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopic techniques. FT-IR spectrum of biofield treated disulfiram showed the shifting in wavenumber of C-H stretching from 1496 to 1506 cm-1 and C-N stretching from 1062 to 1056 cm-1. The intensity of S-S dihedral bending peaks (665 and 553 cm-1) was also increased in biofield treated disulfiram sample, as compared to control. FT-IR spectra of biofield treated nicotinic acid showed the shifting in wavenumber of C-H stretching from 3071 to 3081 cm-1 and 2808 to 2818 cm-1. Likewise, C=C stretching peak was shifted to higher frequency region from 1696 cm-1 to 1703 cm-1 and C-O (COO-) stretching peak was shifted to lower frequency region from 1186 to 1180 cm-1 in treated nicotinic acid. UV spectrum of control and biofield treated disulfiram showed similar pattern of UV spectra. Whereas, the UV spectrum of biofield treated nicotinic acid exhibited the shifting of absorption maxima (λmax) with respect of control i.e., from 268.4 to 262.0 nm, 262.5 to 256.4, 257.5 to 245.6, and 212.0 to 222.4 nm. Over all, the FT-IR and UV spectroscopy results suggest an impact of biofield treatment on the force constant, bond strength, and dipole moments of treated drugs such as disulfiram and nicotinic acid that could led to change in their chemical stability as compared to control.
The Role of Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes in the Development of Anthracnose Dis...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The ability of Colletotrichumtruncatum CP2 in producing pectinolytic and cellulolytic enzymes was evaluated by shake flask fermentations. The results of enzymatic activity experiment indicated that PG was the first cell wall-degrading enzymes detected and the activities obtained were higher (0.24±0.10 U/mL) than other enzymes, which appeared later and in lower amount. After the cell wall was degraded by the action of PG, further degradation of the cell wall was affected by pectin methylesterases, pectin lyase, pectate lyase and cellulases. The disparity in enzymatic activity at different intervals may suggest their specific role for pathogenesis at proper timings.
In-vitro antioxidant and GC-MS analysis ethanolic extract of poly herbal drugSkyfox Publishing Group
Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging free radicals, thus providing protection to human against
infections and degenerative diseases. Current research is now directed towards natural antioxidants originated from plants due to safe
therapeutics. Poly herbal drugs is used in Indian traditional medicine for a wide range of various ailments. To understand the mechanism
of pharmacological actions, antioxidant properties of the Poly herbal drugs extract were tested using standard in vitro models. The
ethanolic extract of Poly herbal drugs exhibited strong scavenging effect on superoxide, nitric oxide radical and reducing power radical
scavenging assay. The free radical scavenging effect of Poly herbal drugs extract was comparable with that of the reference antioxidants.
The data obtained in the present study suggests that the extract of Poly herbal drugs have potent Invitro antioxidant and Anti Diabetic
activity against free radicals, prevent oxidative damage to major biomolecules and afford significant protection against oxidative damage.
Research by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Tre...john henrry
Research on Trivedi Effect - In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis.to read more visit http://www.academicroom.com/article/evaluation-impact-biofield-treatment-physical-and-thermal-properties-casein-enzyme-hydrolysate-and-casein-yeas-t-peptone
Research by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Tre...Abby Keif
http://works.bepress.com/mahendra_trivedi/54/ - Research on Trivedi Effect - In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis.
ENHANCING ENERGY RECOVERY FROM RAW GLYCEROL VIA ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED ANAEROBIC...indexPub
Anaerobic digestion of crude glycerol derived from biodiesel production is being studied as an alternative to valorization through methane production. The high organic load (1800 g COD L-1 ) of crude glycerol can cause kinetic stress, leading to inhibition of methanogenic microorganisms. To overcome this issue, an alternative approach is the use of ultrasound energy, which promotes cell wall and membrane disruption and releases intracellular material that enhances biodigestion.
Performance evaluation of Effluent Treatment Plant of Dairy IndustryIJERA Editor
Dairy industry is among the most polluting of the food industries in regard to its large water consumption. Dairy
is one of the major industries causing water pollution. Considering the increased milk demand, the dairy
industry in India is expected to grow rapidly and have the waste generation and related environmental problems
are also assumed increased importance. Poorly treated wastewater with high level of pollutants caused by poor
design, operation or treatment systems creates major environmental problems when discharged to the surface
land or water. Various operations in a dairy industry may include pasteurization, cream, cheese, milk powder
etc. Considering the above stated implications an attempt has been made in the present project to evaluate one of
the Effluent Treatment Plant for dairy waste. Samples are collected from three points; Collection tank (CT),
primary clarifier (PC) and Secondary clarifier (SC) to evaluate the performance of Effluent Treatment Plant.
Parameters analyzed for evaluation of performance of Effluent Treatment Plant are pH, TDS, TSS, COD, and
BOD at 200C The pH, TDS, TSS, COD and BOD removal efficiency of Effluent Treatment Plant were 26.14 %,
33.30 %, 93.85 %, 94.19 % and 98.19 % respectively.
Thermal and Physical Properties of Biofield Treated Bile Salt and Proteose Pe...albertdivis
Bile salt (BS) and proteose peptone (PP) are important biomacromolecules being produced inside the human body. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physicochemical properties of BS and PP.
Isolation, in vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant activity and molecular docking ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Evaluation of Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Properties of Biofield Trea...rachelsalk
P-Hydroxyacetophenone (PHAP) is an aromatic ketone derivative that is mainly used in the manufacturing of various pharmaceuticals, flavours, fragrances, etc. In the present study, the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment was analysed on various properties of PHAP viz. crystallite size, surface area, melting temperature, thermal decomposition, and spectral properties. The PHAP sample was divided into two parts; one was kept as control sample while another part was named as treated sample. The treated sample was given the biofield energy treatment and various parameters were analysed as compared to the control sample by X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analyser, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ultravioletvisible (UV-VIS), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The XRD studies showed the decrease in crystallite size of the treated sample (61.25 nm) as compared to the control (84.18 nm); however the intensity of peaks in diffractogram was increased in treated sample. Besides, the surface area of treated sample was decreased by 41.17% as compared to the control. The TGA analysis revealed that onset temperature as well as Tmax (maximum thermal decomposition temperature) was increased in the treated sample. However, the latent heat of fusion (ΔH) was decreased from 124.56 J/g (control) to 103.24 J/g in the treated sample. The treated and control samples were also evaluated by UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy and did not show any significant alteration in spectra of treated sample as compared to the respective control. Hence, the overall results suggest that there was an impact of biofield energy treatment on the physical and thermal properties of PHAP sample.
Evaluation of Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Properties of Biofield Trea...wilhelm mendel
P-Hydroxyacetophenone (PHAP) is an aromatic ketone derivative that is mainly used in the manufacturing of various pharmaceuticals, flavours, fragrances, etc. In the present study, the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment was analysed on various properties of PHAP viz. crystallite size, surface area, melting temperature, thermal decomposition, and spectral properties. The PHAP sample was divided into two parts; one was kept as control sample while another part was named as treated sample. The treated sample was given the biofield energy treatment and various parameters were analysed as compared to the control sample by X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analyser, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ultravioletvisible (UV-VIS), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The XRD studies showed the decrease in crystallite size of the treated sample (61.25 nm) as compared to the control (84.18 nm); however the intensity of peaks in diffractogram was increased in treated sample. Besides, the surface area of treated sample was decreased by 41.17% as compared to the control. The TGA analysis revealed that onset temperature as well as Tmax (maximum thermal decomposition temperature) was increased in the treated sample. However, the latent heat of fusion (ΔH) was decreased from 124.56 J/g (control) to 103.24 J/g in the treated sample. The treated and control samples were also evaluated by UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy and did not show any significant alteration in spectra of treated sample as compared to the respective control. Hence, the overall results suggest that there was an impact of biofield energy treatment on the physical and thermal properties of PHAP sample.
Similar to The Inherent Reactor Kinetics for Transformation of Geniposidic Acid from Geniposide in a Microreactor (20)
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
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During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
The Inherent Reactor Kinetics for Transformation of Geniposidic Acid from Geniposide in a Microreactor
1. Chiu-Lan Hsieh et a.l Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 1( Part 1), January 2015, pp.42-65
www.ijera.com 42 | P a g e
The Inherent Reactor Kinetics for Transformation of Geniposidic
Acid from Geniposide in a Microreactor
Chiu-Lan Hsieh1
, Wang-Chi Hsieh2
, Ping-Xiao Lin2
, Robert Y. Peng3,4*
1Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Changhua University of Education, 1 Jin-De Road, Changhua, Taiwan
50007
2Day Spring Biotech Co., Ltd., 6F., No.128, Section 2, Chong-De Rd., Bei-Tun District, Taichung City 40653,
Taiwan.
3Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu County, Taichung
Hsien, Taiwan 43302
4Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xin St., Taipei 100
ABSTRACT
The ripe fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae) (GJ) are widely used in chemical, food and medicinal
industries. Crocin and geniposide, the main constituents of GJ, have shown a diversity of biological activities
including sedative, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic. We propose some new bioactive chemicals could be
derived from geniposide. The optimum transformation condition of geniposide into geniposidic acid still
remains unclear. In order to develop a reactor, the information about the inherent reaction kinetics is required. In
a microreactor (V =62.8 mL), geniposide (0.01 mole/L, 20 mL) and NaOH (0.1 equivalent/L, pH=13, 10mL)
were left to react at 80, 70, 60, 50, and 40 o
C and tracked with HPLC. Results indicated that the reaction obeyed
the pseudo-first order kinetics, the corresponding pseudo-first order rate constants ( 1 'k ) were 11.064 h-1
, 8.682
h-1
, 2.400 h-1
, 1.021 h-1
, and 0.750 h-1
, and the fractional conversions were 73.4%, 60.5%, 38.6%, 43.6%, and
51.8% at 0.50, 0.50, 0.833, 1.00, and 2.00 h. The energy of activation was 8.751 kJ mol-1
. Conclusively, this
transformation obeys the pseudo-first order kinetics with a low energy of activation, 8.751 kJ mol-1
. The
optimum transformations at 80o
C and 70o
C for 0.5 h were 73.4% and 60.5%, respectively.
Keywords: Fructus Gardeniae, geniposide, geniposidic acid, inherent reaction kinetics, microreactor.
I. INTRODUCTION
Fructus Gardeniae is the desiccated ripe fruits of
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae). This plant
grows widely in the southern China including mostly
the south part to the Yantze River. The harvest
seasons are Autumn and Winter. It can be
administered either fresh, scotched or baked. In
Traditional Chinese Medicine it has shown biological
activities covering cholagogue, sedative, diuretic,
anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects (Ni et al.,
2006) and usually it is used in a compound
prescription. As cited, the medicinal constituents of
which mainly involve gardenoside (Figure 1) (Paik et
al., 2001) geniposide (an iridoid glycoside) (GPS),
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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and genipinic acid (GNPA) (Lou and Qin, 1995;
Zhang, 1993; Yen, 1994; Hsu, 1996; Ting and Huang,
1998; Yeh and Zhang, 1999). Recently, Wen et al.
indicated the presence of these three principles in the
Fructus Gardeniae and the occurrence of GPS was
found to range within 4.12.1-7.13% (Wen et al.,
2011).
In food industries, its primary uses are attributed to
the yellow coloring chemicals like crocin (Hendry
and Houghton, 1996), blue color derivative like
Gardenia Blues (Paik et al., 2001) (Figure 1), and red
color derivative like Gardenia Red (Mori et al., 1999;
Dong, 2007; Lu et al., 2008) (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Struture of geniposide, geniposidic acid, genipinic acid and genipin. The alkaline hydrolysis of
geniposide (GPS) (reaction 1) yields geniposidic acid (GPSA) that can be deglucosylated (reaction 2) by
-glucosidase to produce genipinic acid (GNPA) and then Gardenia Red if coupled with some selected -amino
acids (reaction 3) (modified from Dong, 2007; Lu et al., 2008). The reaction path from geniposide to genipin
(GNP) by action of -glucosidase (reaction 4) and then to Gardenia Blues (reaction 5) is modified from Pike et
al., 2001.
Mori et al. produced the Gardenia Red starting
from geniposide. The first conversion step of which
involved the alkaline hydrolysis of geniposide (Mori
et al., 2007). The production of Gardenia Red also
has been demonstrated by Xie et al. (2011) in which
geniposidic acid (GPSA) was first deglucosidylated
using the enzyme mixture (the main enzyme
-glucosidase with activity unit of 45.2 Ug-1
was
obtained from Aspergillus niger) at pH 4.5 and a
temperature 40o
C to form GNPA, the latter then
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coupled with different kinds of amino acids to
produce Gardenia Reds (Xie et al., 2011) (Figure 1).
The reaction condition used was different from that
of Dong (2007). In the latter, the alkaline
demethylaion and the deglucosidylation of GPS was
completed in a single step using NaOH at pH 12 and
80o
C (Dong, 2007), while the hydrolysis with
-glucosidase was applied at 50o
C and pH 5.0 for a
reaction period of 48 h (Dong, 2007).
A diversity of medicinal effects have been cited for
geniposide acting as hepatic-protective (Peng et al.,
2003), antidiabetics (Xie and Jin, 2008) and
antithrombotic bioactivity (Suzuki et al., 2001).
The active form of geniposide is genipin (GNP)
(Figure 1), a deglucosidylated product of geniposide.
Animal study has revealed that many bioactivities are
associated with GNP in a dose dependent manner. As
the dose of pure GNP can be precisely controlled, its
clinical curative effects can be improved without
triggering its toxicity (Wang et al., 2009; Cao et al.,
2010; Lelono et al., 2009). In addition to the
biological effects already mentioned, GNP also
exhibits neurotoxicity inhibitory, (Yamazaki et al.,
2009) and antidepressant effects (Tian et al., 2010).
The naturally occurring GNP is rare, and more
importantly, GNP is quite unstable during isolation
and storage (Lu et al., 2008). Hence generally, GNP
is prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of GPS using
β-glucosidase (Figure 1) (Lu et al., 2008).
Apparently, the low productivity and high production
cost has limited the application of GNP (Lu et al.,
2008).
Considering the annual vast harvest of Fructus
Gardeniae around our local area and the amazing
therapeutic effects of GNP, we predict that a
diversity of bioactive compounds possibly could be
derived from GPS. In this present study we explored
the process optimization for the production of GPSA
adopting the alkaline hydrolysis (reaction 1 in Figure
1).
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Chemicals
Authenic geniposide was purchased from
Cheng-Du ConBon Bio-Tech CO., LTD (Su-Chuan,
China). Geniposidic (GPSA) (purity >98%) was a
product of Linchuan Zhixin Bio-Technology Co.,
Ltd., China).
2.2. Micro-Chemical Reactor
The microreactor used for this investigation
was manufactured by the Taichung Fine Machinery
Co., Ltd. (Taichung City, Taiwan). A specification of
this microreactor is indicated in the figure 2. This
micro-chemical reactor has an inner diameter of 40
mm; an inner effective height of 50 mm; a total
designed interior volume (TDIV) of 62.8 cm3
; an
effective working volume of 50.2 cm3
(= 80% of
TDIV); an optimum working volume of 35 – 50.2
cm3
(= 55.7%- 80% of TDIV) (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Schematic of micro-chemical reactor
used for investigation of inherent reaction
engineering.
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The specification of this microreactor is: an
inner diameter= 40 mm; an inner effective height =
80 mm; total designed interior volume (TDIV) = 62.8
cm3
; an effective working volume of 50.2 cm3
(=
80% of TDIV); an optimum working volume of 35
cm3
– 50.2 cm3
(= 55.7%- 80% of TDIV). M,
micromotor. St, stirrer. TC, temperature controller.
pHC, pH controller. Pm, micropump
2.3. Preparation of standard solutions
Geniposide (0.20 g) and geniposidic acid
(0.184g) were accurately weighed and respectively
dissolved in deionized water to make a final volume
of 50 mL. The stock solution was successively
diluted to 5.000 mM, 2.500 mM, 1.250 mM, 0.625
mM, and 0.3125 mM. An aliquot of 10 L of the
diluted solution was subjected to HPLC analysis to
establish the standard curve. The area under each
peak was integrated to obtain the concentration.
2.4. Microreactor to access the intrinsic reaction
kinetics
As a diversity of factors could affect the
reaction rate, i.e. (equation 1)
( , , )m h ikRate f R R R …….…………………….1
Here the ‘Rate’ is the overall reaction rate. mR
denotes the effect of mass transfer, hR is the effect
of heat transfer, and ikR is the effect of inherent
reaction kinetics. In order to avoid the interference of
mR and hR on the inherent kinetic behavior ikR ,
we performed this study using a microreactor. Since
the mass- and heat-transfer would occur
instantaneously, the transfer time can be greatly
reduced if a microreactor is used instead of a regular
larger reactors, like 500 L or a reactor volume > 1000
L. In this experiment, we used a microreactor having
a working volume of 50.2 cm3
(= 80% of TDIV)
(Figure 2), so that the intrinsic kinetic behavior can
be directly accessed. Hence, equation 1 is reduced to
equation 2:
( )ikRate f R ……………………………………2
2.5. Tracking the alkaline hydrolysis of geniposide
with HPLC
Briefly, 0.2 g of geniposide (MW = 388.37)
was dissolved in deionized water to make a final
volume of 50 mL (= 0.01 mole/L). To 20 mL of the
geniposide solution, 10 mL of NaOH (0.1
equivalent/L) was added. The mixture was
thoroughly agitated and left to react respectively at
80, 70, 60, 50, and 40 o
C. The sampling intervals
were 0, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, 25 min, 30
min, 40 min, 50 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min, 150
min, 180 min, 210 min, 240 min, 270 min, 300 min,
330 min, 360 min, 390 min, and so on up to 720 min
when needed. Each time 1 mL of aliquot was
transferred into the Eppendorf tube, 6 L of 6N HCl
was immediately added to suppress the pH value to
2.5 in order to terminate the reaction as soon as
possible. When the reaction ceased (This takes about
0.5 min.), 10 L of the sample aliquot was subjected
to HPLC analysis.
2.6. Kinetic analysis
For a second order reaction like this present
case (equation 3),
A + B ………………………………………........3
Where A represents genipoxide, B is NaOH and X is
the product geniposidic acid.
The rate equation in differential form is
2/ ( )( )dx dt k a x b x ………………..…..…4
Here x denotes the concentration of product
geniposidic acid, a is the concentration of geniposide,
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b is the concentration of [OH-
]. k2 is the rate
coefficient of the second order reaction (equation 4).
Integration of equation 4 leads to
0
0
2 0
/ ( )( )
[1/ ( )] [1/ ( )] [1/ ( )]
x
x
t
dx a x b x
b a a x b x dx
k dt
……
……………………………..5
Integration and rearrangement of equation 5 yields
equation 6:
2 1/ ( ) [ ( )]/[ ( )]
2.303/[ ( )] [ ( )]/[ ( )]
k t a b n b a x a b x
t a b og b a x a b x
…
………….…………………..6
In this type of alkaline catalyzed hydrolytic
reaction, NaOH in reality plays as a catalyst, the
concentration of which can be assumed to be
constantly unchanged during the whole course of
reaction, consequently equation 4 can be simplified
to equation 7:
2/ ( )( )dx dt k a x OH
……………….…….7
or
2/ ( )( )dx dt k a x K ………………….……....8
1/ '( )dx dt k a x …………………………......9
Equation 9 actually is a pseudo-first order kinetic
equation.
Where
21 'k k K ……………………………….…..…10
And 1 'k is termed ‘the pseudo-first order rate
constant’.
Integration of Eq. 9 leads to equation 11:
0
1/[ '( )]
x t
o
dx k a x dt ………………...…11
0 01[ ( )] '[ ]x t
n a x k t ………………………12
Or
1[ / ( )] 'n a a x k t …………………………..13
2.7. HPLC analysis
Hitachi HPLC (Hitachi High Tech, Tokyo, Japan)
equipped with an ultraviolet detector L-2400 (Hitachi
High Tech) and an L-2130 HTA pump was used for
tracking the kinetics of hydrolysis for transformation
of geniposide into geniposidic acid in alkaline NaOH
environment. The separation column (RP-18/RP-8
DNPH cartridge, ℓi.d. =1504.6 mm) packed with
Mightysil RP-18 GP Aqua 250-4.6 (5 μm) (Kanto
Chemical Co. Inc. Tokyo, Japan) was used for HPLC
analysis. The mobile phase was a mixture of 0.1%
H3PO4 and 25% methanol which was operated at a
flow rate 1.5 mL/min. The detector monitored the
effluents at UV 240 nm. The amount of the reactant
geniposide and the product geniposidic acid were
calculated from the calibration curve established with
the authentic chemicals (Xie et al., 2011).
2.8. Arrhenius equation to estimate the activation
energy
The van’t Hoff and Arrhenius equation takes the
form (equation 14)
/E RT
k Ae
……………………………………14
Where k is the rate constant, E is the activation
energy, R is the gas constant, T is the related Kelvin
temperature, and A is the proportionality constant
that involves the number of collision and the
probability function of the collision.
In order to test the Arrhenius equation (equation 14),
logarithm was taken at both sides to give equation
15:
( / )(1/ )nk nA E R T ……………….….15
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If the Arrhenius law applies, a plot of nk against
1/T will be a straight line, and the slope (which has
the unit of K) will be –E/R. Where the values of gas
constant R as commonly used is 8.31441 JK-1
mol-1
(SI unit).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. HPLC tracking of the alkaline hydrolysis
Figure 3 is the established calibration curves of
geniposide (GPS) and geniposidic acid (GPSA). The
retention time of geniposide and geniposidic acid on
the HPLC was 14.02-14.91 min and 3.99-4.37 min,
respectively (The variation of retention times
occurred due to the slight instability of the HPLC
column status during the experiment).
Figure 3a. HPLC of standard geniposide and geniposidic acid samples.
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Figure 3b. Standard curve for geniposide (GPS). Figure 3c. Standard curve for geniposidic acid (GPSA).
Figure 3. Establishment of the calibration curve for geniposide and geniposidic acid. a) HPLC of standard
geniposide and geniposidic acid. A) 5 mole/L. B) 2.5 mole/L. C) 1.25 mole/L. D) 0.625 mole/L, and E) 0.3125
mole/L. b) Standard curve for geniposide (GPS). c) Standard curve for geniposidic acid (GPSA).
The HPLC spectra indicated that both the reactant
(geniposide) and the product (geniposidic acid) were
rather resistant to dilute alkali (0.01 euivalent/L
NaOH = 0.01 mole/L) and heat treatment (Figure
4A-Fig. 4Z). At 80 o
C, the hydrolytic reaction
occurred very early at 5 min after exposure (Figure
4B). As can be clearly seen, the conversion
proceeded in one mole to one mole pattern without
any side reaction (Figure 4A-Figure 4H) and the
reaction was completed at 50 min when reaction was
conducted at 80 o
C (Figure 4J). The time required for
complete hydrolysis became longer when the
reaction temperature was reduced (Figure 4A-Figure
4Z).
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Figure 4a). Alkaline hydrolysis of geniposide at 80o
C
Figure 4a). Alkaline hydrolysis of geniposide at 80o
C (continued).
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Figure 4b). Alkaline hydrolysis of geniposide at 70o
C.
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Figure 4b). Alkaline hydrolysis of geniposide at 70o
C. (continued).
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Figure 4c). Alkaline hydrolysis of geniposide at 60o
C.
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Figure 4c). Alkaline hydrolysis of geniposide at 60o
C. (continued).
Figure 4d). Alkaline hydrolysis of geniposide at 50o
C.
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Figure 4d). Alkaline hydrolysis of geniposide at 50o
C. (continued).
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Figure 4d). Alkaline hydrolysis of geniposide at 50o
C. (continued).
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Figure 4e) Alkaline hydrolysis of geniposide at 40o
C.
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Figure 4e) Alkaline hydrolysis of geniposide at 40o
C. (continued).
Figure 4e) Alkaline hydrolysis of geniposide at 40o
C. (continued).
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Figure 4e) Alkaline hydrolysis of geniposide at 40o
C. (continued).
Figure 4. HPLC tracking for the alkaline hydrolysis for transforming geniposide into geniposidic acid.
a) At 80o
C tracked by HPLC analysis vs. reaction
time (in min). A) 0, B) 5, C) 10, D) 15 E) 20, F)
25, G) 30, H)40, I) 50, J) 60, K) 90, and L) 120.
b) At 70o
C tracked by HPLC analysis vs. reaction
time (in min). A) 0, B) 5, C) 10, D) 15 E) 20, F)
25, G) 30, H)40, I) 50, J) 60, K) 90, L) 120, and
M) 150.
c) At 60o
C tracked by HPLC analysis vs. reaction
time (in min). A) 0, B) 5, C) 10, D) 15 E) 20, F)
25, G) 30, H)40, I) 50, J) 60, K) 90, L) 120, M)
150, N) 180, O) 210, and P) 240.
d) At 50o
C tracked by HPLC analysis vs. reaction
time (in min). A) 0, B) 5, C) 10, D) 15 E) 20, F)
25, G) 30, H)40, I) 50, J) 60, K) 90, L) 120, M)
150, N) 180, O) 210, and P) 240, Q) 270, R) 300,
S) 330, T) 360, and U) 390.
e) At 40o
C tracked by HPLC analysis vs. reaction
time (in min). A) 0, B) 5, C) 10, D) 15 E) 20, F)
25, G) 30, H)40, I) 50, J) 60, K) 90, L) 120, M)
150, N) 180, O) 210, and P) 240, Q) 270, R) 300,
S) 330, T) 360, U) 390. V) 420, W) 450, X) 540,
Y) 630, and Z) 720.
3.2. Kinetic parameters obtained from the
alkaline hydrolysis of geniposide
The reaction parameters for the alkaline
hydrolysis of geniposide are listed in Table 1. The
initial concentration of geniposide varied from 4.15
to 4.70 mole/L due to the measurement errors (Figure
5, Table 1).
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Figure 5a). Hydrolysis of GPS in 0.1M NaOH at 80o
C. Reaction time: 2 h. (B) GPSA. (C) GPS.
Figure 5b). Hydrolysis of GPS in 0.1M NaOH at 70o
C. Reaction time: 2.5 h. (B) GPSA. (C) GPS.
Figure 5c). Hydrolysis of GPS in 0.1M NaOH at 60o
C. Reaction time: 5 h. (B) GPSA. (C) GPS.
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Figure 5d). Hydrolysis of GPS in 0.1M NaOH at 50o
C. Reaction time: 9 h. (B) GPSA. (C) GPS.
Figure 5e). Hydrolysis of GPS in 0.1M NaOH at 40o
C. Reaction time: 12 h. (B) GPSA. (C) GPS.
Fig. 5. Concentration vs. reaction time profile during the transformation of geniposide into geniposidic
acid. Reactions at a) 80o
C. b) 70o
C. c) 60o
C. d) 50o
C, and e) 40o
C.
To accurately measure the inherent kinetics, the
steady state reaction time was adopted for calculation
of the kinetic parameters, i.e. 0.0-0.5 h for the
reaction at 80o
C, and 0.0 to1.0 h for reaction at 50 o
C,
and 0.0 to 3.333 h for reaction at 40 o
C, etc. (Figure 5,
Table 1). As seen, the hydrolytic rate (Rhl) of
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geniposide occurred with one-to-one molar pattern
regarding the formation rate (Rf) of geniposidic acid
(Figure 5, Table 1), giving 8.298, 5.478, 4.320, 2.184,
and 0.450 h-1
for Rhl; and 7.902, 5.478, 5.360, 2.562,
and 1.452 h-1
for Rf, respectively, from which the
pseudo-first order reaction constants ( 1 'k ) of each
reaction temperature level were calculated (Equation
9, Table 1). The corresponding values of 1 'k were
11.064, 8.682, 2.400, 1.021, and 0.750 h-1
for
reaction at 80, 70, 60, 50 and 40 o
C, respectively
(Table 1).
Table 1. Reaction parameters operated at different reaction temperaturea
Reaction
temperature
80o
C
(353 K)
70o
C
(343 K)
60o
C
(333 K)
50o
C
(323 K)
40o
C
(313 K)
t, hb
00.5 00.5 00.5 01.0 03.333
Variation of a, (mole
L-1
)
4.701.25 4.301.70 4.402.70 4.702.65 4.152.00
Variation of x, (mole
L-1
)
03.95 03.30 02.60 02.65 03.65
a, (mole L-1
) 4.70 4.30 4.40 4.70 4.15
x, (mole L-1
) 3.95 3.30 2.60 2.56 3.55
(a-x), (mole L-1
) 0.75 1.00 1.80 2.14 0.60
Hydrolytic rate
of GPS, Rhl
(mole L-1
h-1
)
8.298 5.478 4.320 2.184 0.450
Formation rate
of GNPA, Rf
(mole L-1
h-1
)
7.902 5.478 5.760 2.562 1.452
k1’= Rhl/(a-x), (h-1
) 11.064 8.682 2.400 1.021 0.750
a
kinetic parameters evaluated in the linear region of the reaction.
b
t: reaction time interval for kinetic calculation.
3.3. Optimum cost efficient process conditions
Table 2 lists the optimum reaction time and its
related percent fractional conversion that can be
expected in the operation. The optimum reaction time
(ORT) is defined as the maximum time point that
could have steady and fast reaction kinetics, mostly
showing a straight slope in the concentration–time
(c-t) curve. Beyond the ORT, the reaction rate
prominently slowed down. The ORT was 0.5 h at 80
o
C and 70 o
C. While lower reaction temperature
required longer ORT like 0.833, 1.00, and 2.00 h for
systems operated at 60, 50, and 40o
C, respectively
(Table 2). Correspondingly, the expectant percent
fractional conversion at each ORT was 73.4% (at
80o
C) and 60.5% (at 70o
C), respectively. While the
reactions at temperature lower than 70o
C apparently
are cost inefficient due to too long the operation time
with too low percent yield (Table 2). Simultaneously,
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Table 2 compares the conditions of the optimum conversion with that of 100% conversion (Table 2).
Table 2. Cost-efficient reaction time compared with the complete conversion time.
Reaction
temperature
T, o
C
T, K
Parameters for cost-efficient conversion
80 70 60 50 40
353 343 333 323 313
Optimum reaction
time, h (min)
0.500
(30)
0.500
(30)
0.833
(50)
1.00
(60)
2.00
(120)
Optimum percent
conversion, (%)
73.4 60.5 38.6 43.6 51.8
Time required for 100 % conversion
100% complete
conversion
time, h (min)
1.50
(90)
2.333
(140)
4.017
(275)
9.00
(540)
10.00
(600)
3.4. The activation energy, E
The calculated reciprocal reaction temperatures
T (K-1
) (103
) were 2.83, 2.92, 3.00, 3.10, and 3.20
(K-1
) and the corresponding pseudo-first order kinetic
constants (in 1 'nk ) were 2.4073, 2.1613, 0.875,
0.0021, and -0.2877, converted to natural logarithm
to obtain 1.0440, 0.9387, 0.3802, 0.0010, and-0.1250,
respectively (Table 3). A plot of 1log 'k vs.
1
1/ ( )T K
yielded a straight line which showed a
slope (-E/R) of -0.4572103
K (Figure 6).
Table 3. Arrhenius parameters required for calculation of activation energy
Tr, o
C 80 70 60 50 40
Tr, K 353 343 333 323 313
1/T, K-1
0.00283 0.00292 0.00300 0.00310 0.00320
103
/T, (K-1
) 2.83 2.92 3.00 3.10 3.20
k1’= R/(a-x), (h-1
) 11.064 8.682 2.400 1.021 0.750
1 'nk 2.4037 2.1613 0.8755 0.0021 -0.2877
1
log 'k
1.0440 0.9387 0.3802 0.0010 -0.1250
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Figure 6. Plot of
'
1log k vs. 1/T (K-1
) to evaluate the activation energy. The slope of this line is
-0.4572103
K. The energy of activation (E) is the slope multiplied by -19.14 JK-1
mol-1
: E = (-19.14)
(-0.4572103
) = 8.751 kJ mol-1
.
Thus from Figure 6, the value of E could be
calculated from the slope -E/R of the Arrhenius
equation (Equation 15), i.e. by multiplication the
slope with -19.14 JK-1
mol-1
, the energy of activation
(E) was obtained:
E = (-19.14) (-0.4572103
) = 8.751 kJ mol-1
Obviously, this amount of energy of activation is
rather small compared to the common chemical
reactions that usually exhibit a range within 20-315
kJ mol-1
.
(e.g. CO2 + OH-
HCO3; A = 1e11, Ea = 315 kJ/mol,
depicted from CATC Home Page), implicating the
alkaline hydrolysis of geniposide could easily
undergo to the right hand side (i.e. geniposidic acid).
Conversely, the reverse reaction to the left side will
be also comparably easy.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The alkaline hydrolysis of geniposide to produce
geniposidic acid obeys the pseudo-first order kinetic
equation. The pseudo-first order kinetic constant
( 1 'k ) is temperature dependent, showing the values
of 11.064, 8.682, 2.400, 1.021, and 0.750 h-1
for
reactions operated at 80, 70, 60, 50 and 40 o
C,
respectively. The activation energy of this hydrolytic
reaction is very low exhibiting only a value of 8.751
kJ mol-1
, implicating easy reverse reaction. The
optimum reaction temperature and reaction time are
80 o
C and 70 o
C, and 0.50 h, and the corresponding
percent fractional conversions are 73.4 and 60.5%.
Based on this inherent chemical reaction parameter,
the scale-up of process reactor can be easily
furnished provided the parameters regarding the mass
transfer and mixing are available.
V. Acknowledgement
The authors thank the funding assistance of
Funding No. 1034064 Issued by The Day Spring
BioTech Co., Inc., Taiwan.
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