Modern scientific and technological move towards concrete production is aimed at achieving sustainable and affordable concrete construction. This move has led to the search for non-conventional local supplementary cementitious materials (SCM’s) including the possibility of using industrial and agricultural based pulverized and combustible wastes in concrete construction. In this study, an experimental investigation was conducted on the potential use of sheanut shells ash, derived from the combustion of sheanut shells – an agro-based waste, as partial replacement of cement in concrete. The cement content in the concrete mix was partially replaced 0%, 10% and 20% by mass with sheanut shells ash. The effect of the ash on setting time and workability were examined. Five concrete cubes were prepared for each of the replacement levels from which three cubes were randomly selected from each replacement level and tested for compressive strength at three stages of curing age (14, 28 and 90 days). There were high and minimal reductions in the compressive strengths of the experimental cubes over the control cubes at the 14 and 28 curing age respectively. However, there was a significant increase in strength of the experimental cubes over the control cubes at the 90 days curing age. Though the ash has an improved increasing effect on strength, the findings will limit it use in situations where long term strength development is required.
Mechanical Strength of Concrete using Bottom Ash as Fine AggregateVISHNU VIJAYAN
Vishnu Vijayan, Achu V, Riyana M S ,Mechanical Strength of Concrete using Bottom Ash as Fine Aggregate, International Journal of Current Engineering And Scientific Research, April 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4, p-ISSN: 2393-8374,o-ISSN: 2394-0697; GICID: n/d; DOI: 10.21276/ijcesr.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Improvement of the Index and Compaction Characteristics of Black Cotton Soil ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The expansive soil obtained from Baure in Yamaltu Deba Local Government Area was rich in clay mineral (montmorillonite), unstable and difficult to use for construction purposes. The soil treated with up to 12% palm kernel shell ash (PKSA an agro – waste) by weight of dry soil to improve index properties and compaction characteristics of the soil using PKSA. Index tests were carried out to classify the natural soil, while the moisture-density relationships were determined by compaction tests on the natural and treated soils using three energy levels viz, British Standard light (BSL), West African Standard (WAS) and British Standard heavy (BSH). BCS used in the study was classified as A-7-5 (20) using the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and CH group in the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). Tests results show that specific gravity of the soil increased from 2.29 for the natural to 2.34 at 12% treatment. Liquid limit decreased from 76.2% for natural to 73.4% at 10% PKSA content. Plastic limit increased from 40% for the natural soil to 47.1% at 12% PKSA content treatment. Maximum dry density (MDD) values decreased from 1.44Mg/m3, 1.5Mg/m3 and 1.65Mg/m3 for the natural soil to 1.38Mg/m3 at 10%, 1.45Mg/m3 at 10% and 1.56Mg/m3 at 6% PKSA content for BSL, WAS and BSH compaction energy levels respectively. On the other hand, optimum moisture content (OMC) value decreased from 28.5% and 22.4% for the natural soil to 22.4% and 21.0% at 12% PKSA content for BSL and WAS energies respectively while the value for BSH energy increased from 18.2% to 19.0% at 8% PKSA content. Results show that PKSA is suitable for the improvement of the index properties and compaction characteristics of BCS; and its beneficial use will reduce the attendant disposal problem on the environment.
Brick kilns are usually used to manufacture bricks (building blocks) in Bangladesh which have many drawbacks. They pollute the environment by emitting black C to atmosphere. Moreover, fertile topsoil of agricultural lands are usually used for brick making by fixed chimney kilns.
Mechanical Strength of Concrete using Bottom Ash as Fine AggregateVISHNU VIJAYAN
Vishnu Vijayan, Achu V, Riyana M S ,Mechanical Strength of Concrete using Bottom Ash as Fine Aggregate, International Journal of Current Engineering And Scientific Research, April 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4, p-ISSN: 2393-8374,o-ISSN: 2394-0697; GICID: n/d; DOI: 10.21276/ijcesr.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Improvement of the Index and Compaction Characteristics of Black Cotton Soil ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The expansive soil obtained from Baure in Yamaltu Deba Local Government Area was rich in clay mineral (montmorillonite), unstable and difficult to use for construction purposes. The soil treated with up to 12% palm kernel shell ash (PKSA an agro – waste) by weight of dry soil to improve index properties and compaction characteristics of the soil using PKSA. Index tests were carried out to classify the natural soil, while the moisture-density relationships were determined by compaction tests on the natural and treated soils using three energy levels viz, British Standard light (BSL), West African Standard (WAS) and British Standard heavy (BSH). BCS used in the study was classified as A-7-5 (20) using the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and CH group in the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). Tests results show that specific gravity of the soil increased from 2.29 for the natural to 2.34 at 12% treatment. Liquid limit decreased from 76.2% for natural to 73.4% at 10% PKSA content. Plastic limit increased from 40% for the natural soil to 47.1% at 12% PKSA content treatment. Maximum dry density (MDD) values decreased from 1.44Mg/m3, 1.5Mg/m3 and 1.65Mg/m3 for the natural soil to 1.38Mg/m3 at 10%, 1.45Mg/m3 at 10% and 1.56Mg/m3 at 6% PKSA content for BSL, WAS and BSH compaction energy levels respectively. On the other hand, optimum moisture content (OMC) value decreased from 28.5% and 22.4% for the natural soil to 22.4% and 21.0% at 12% PKSA content for BSL and WAS energies respectively while the value for BSH energy increased from 18.2% to 19.0% at 8% PKSA content. Results show that PKSA is suitable for the improvement of the index properties and compaction characteristics of BCS; and its beneficial use will reduce the attendant disposal problem on the environment.
Brick kilns are usually used to manufacture bricks (building blocks) in Bangladesh which have many drawbacks. They pollute the environment by emitting black C to atmosphere. Moreover, fertile topsoil of agricultural lands are usually used for brick making by fixed chimney kilns.
A REVIEW OF SOIL STABILIZATION USING POLYPROPYLENE AND WHEAT HUSK FIBERAM Publications
Soil is extremely complex, heterogeneous substance which has been subjected to varieties of nature. Properties of soil do not change only with location to location but also with respect to depth, climate and drainage condition of soil. Soil stabilization is the process by which strength properties of soil can be improved with the use of adding some materials like polypropylene, wheat husk fiber, copper slag etc. There is a rapid increase in waste quantity of plastic fibers, if this waste can be utilize for stabilization of soil than problem of solid waste can be resolve and also cost of soil stabilization can be reduced. This study presented a review of literature on soil stabilization using polypropylene and wheat husk fiber.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF BRIQUETTING MOLDEkwueme Henry
A project on biomass briquetting mold for conversion of biomass waste to briquetting.
Biomass briquettes are cooking fuels form from biomass for the reduction of the use of firewood in rural area mostly.
How can bamboo help restore degraded land? With over 30 million hectares spread across the world (FAO 2010), bamboo offers a naturally abundant, strategic tool for poverty alleviation, environmental protection and climate change mitigation. A fact sheet, produced by INBAR and the Global Landscapes Forum.
An Overview of Rha And Scba Clay BricksIJERA Editor
Burnt clay brick is one of the major and widely used building units in construction around the world. The manufacturing of burnt clay bricks using waste materials can minimize the environmental overburden caused by waste deposition on open landfills and would also improve the brick performance at low production cost leading to more sustainable construction. These wastes utilization would not only be economical, but may also help to create a sustainable and pollution free environment. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the waste addition produced from two major crops: sugarcane and rice in clay bricks manufacturing.
A brief fact about brick kiln of Bangladesh and how it's effect on our environment. This is a part of Masters assignment and I am the part of that job.Some parts are edited by myself.
Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Sintered Fly Ash Aggregate in ...ijtsrd
"There is heavy demand for the building materials in the domestic market, which is becoming scarce day by day. Presently in India the power sector depends on coal based thermal power station, which produce a huge amount of fly ash approximately to be around 200 million tones annually. The mass utilization of fly ash in concrete, essentially focused on sintered fly ash aggregate replaced by natural coarse aggregate is thought of in this investigation. Anupriya T | Jayapal A ""Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Sintered Fly Ash Aggregate in Concrete"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21679.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/21679/experimental-study-on-mechanical-properties-of-sintered-fly-ash-aggregate-in-concrete/anupriya-t"
In this era of concrete, let's understand the impact on the environment and revive the old technique, construction and make the environment pollution-free.
Dinner by Design brings together internationally celebrated designers and local talent to create three-dimensional dining installations that awe, inspire and delight. These extraordinary dining environments — from the lavish and romantic to the outrageous and whimsical — set the stage for two days of fun and fascination.
Visit Us : http://www.matthewmccormick.ca
A REVIEW OF SOIL STABILIZATION USING POLYPROPYLENE AND WHEAT HUSK FIBERAM Publications
Soil is extremely complex, heterogeneous substance which has been subjected to varieties of nature. Properties of soil do not change only with location to location but also with respect to depth, climate and drainage condition of soil. Soil stabilization is the process by which strength properties of soil can be improved with the use of adding some materials like polypropylene, wheat husk fiber, copper slag etc. There is a rapid increase in waste quantity of plastic fibers, if this waste can be utilize for stabilization of soil than problem of solid waste can be resolve and also cost of soil stabilization can be reduced. This study presented a review of literature on soil stabilization using polypropylene and wheat husk fiber.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF BRIQUETTING MOLDEkwueme Henry
A project on biomass briquetting mold for conversion of biomass waste to briquetting.
Biomass briquettes are cooking fuels form from biomass for the reduction of the use of firewood in rural area mostly.
How can bamboo help restore degraded land? With over 30 million hectares spread across the world (FAO 2010), bamboo offers a naturally abundant, strategic tool for poverty alleviation, environmental protection and climate change mitigation. A fact sheet, produced by INBAR and the Global Landscapes Forum.
An Overview of Rha And Scba Clay BricksIJERA Editor
Burnt clay brick is one of the major and widely used building units in construction around the world. The manufacturing of burnt clay bricks using waste materials can minimize the environmental overburden caused by waste deposition on open landfills and would also improve the brick performance at low production cost leading to more sustainable construction. These wastes utilization would not only be economical, but may also help to create a sustainable and pollution free environment. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the waste addition produced from two major crops: sugarcane and rice in clay bricks manufacturing.
A brief fact about brick kiln of Bangladesh and how it's effect on our environment. This is a part of Masters assignment and I am the part of that job.Some parts are edited by myself.
Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Sintered Fly Ash Aggregate in ...ijtsrd
"There is heavy demand for the building materials in the domestic market, which is becoming scarce day by day. Presently in India the power sector depends on coal based thermal power station, which produce a huge amount of fly ash approximately to be around 200 million tones annually. The mass utilization of fly ash in concrete, essentially focused on sintered fly ash aggregate replaced by natural coarse aggregate is thought of in this investigation. Anupriya T | Jayapal A ""Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Sintered Fly Ash Aggregate in Concrete"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21679.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/21679/experimental-study-on-mechanical-properties-of-sintered-fly-ash-aggregate-in-concrete/anupriya-t"
In this era of concrete, let's understand the impact on the environment and revive the old technique, construction and make the environment pollution-free.
Dinner by Design brings together internationally celebrated designers and local talent to create three-dimensional dining installations that awe, inspire and delight. These extraordinary dining environments — from the lavish and romantic to the outrageous and whimsical — set the stage for two days of fun and fascination.
Visit Us : http://www.matthewmccormick.ca
Mechanical Properties of Sustainable Adobe Bricks Stabilized With Recycled Su...IJERA Editor
In the pursuit of cheaper and more sustainable building materialsto meethousing demands in developing countries like Cameroun, the mechanicalproperties ofadobe bricks which have been stabilized with recycled sugarcane fiber waste were investigated. Laboratory experiments were conducted using sugarcanefiber waste stabilized adobe brick specimens with fiber proportions of 0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 1.2%, 2% and 3% by weight.Fiber stabilization increased compressive strength by 58.61% for 3% bricks, reaching 4.79 MPa.Further, 3% fiber stabilized bricks shrunk by 7.49%, while the non-stabilized bricksshrunk by 12.13%. Also, 3% bricks lasted for one week before deterioration when immersed in water, while the non-stabilized bricks lasted for only a few hours. The findings confirmed that sugarcane fiber waste stabilized adobe bricks have improved strength, durability and stability. The use of abandoned sugarcane fiber waste in adobe bricks will contribute to the development of more durable, sustainable and stronger adobe brick structures, as well as reduce the environmental and economic challenges associated with the disposal of sugarcane waste.
Stabilising Earth Brick with Palm Kernel Oil Residue for Construction of Low Cost Housing by Yalley PP* and Badu E in Advancements in Civil Engineering & Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative Analysis of Coconut shell Concrete to Traditional ConcreteIJRTEMJOURNAL
It is found that so many wastes which can be used in traditional concrete like e-wastes, rubber
tyre waste, glass waste etc. The coconut shell is also a main waste which can be used in traditional concrete.
Generally, coconut shells are used in traditional concrete in the form of viz., coconut shell aggregate and
coconut shell fiber. This paper describes coconut shells are used as replacement of coarse aggregates. The
compressive and flexural strength test where taken on 10%, 20% and 30% replacement of coarse aggregate to
coconut shells. It is observed that the compressive strength of concrete is reduced in some extent and the
flexural strength also reduced as replacement of coconut shell is increased, but the 10% replacement is possible
to use in construction work and 20% and 30% replacement are possible to use for less important construction
work under some conditions.
It is found that, workability of concrete is increased than traditional concrete as percentage replacement is
increased. Total cost of concrete is get reduced by replacement of coarse aggregate to coconut shells. The
volume of concrete is also increased as replacement is increased, hence, the total quantity of concrete required
is getting reduced and the cost is again getting reduced. This paper supports the “SWACHHA BHARAT
ABHIYAN” carried by our Hon. Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Finally, this paper concluded that, the Coconut Shell is possible to use for construction work as coarse
aggregate under some conditions economically. It is majorly used for construction of small huts, watchman
cabin, farm house in forest areas and small houses etc.
Comparative Analysis of Coconut shell Concrete to Traditional ConcreteCompara...IJRTEMJOURNAL
It is found that so many wastes which can be used in traditional concrete like e-wastes, rubber
tyre waste, glass waste etc. The coconut shell is also a main waste which can be used in traditional concrete.
Generally, coconut shells are used in traditional concrete in the form of viz., coconut shell aggregate and
coconut shell fiber. This paper describes coconut shells are used as replacement of coarse aggregates. The
compressive and flexural strength test where taken on 10%, 20% and 30% replacement of coarse aggregate to
coconut shells. It is observed that the compressive strength of concrete is reduced in some extent and the
flexural strength also reduced as replacement of coconut shell is increased, but the 10% replacement is possible
to use in construction work and 20% and 30% replacement are possible to use for less important construction
work under some conditions.
It is found that, workability of concrete is increased than traditional concrete as percentage replacement is
increased. Total cost of concrete is get reduced by replacement of coarse aggregate to coconut shells. The
volume of concrete is also increased as replacement is increased, hence, the total quantity of concrete required
is getting reduced and the cost is again getting reduced. This paper supports the “SWACHHA BHARAT
ABHIYAN” carried by our Hon. Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Finally, this paper concluded that, the Coconut Shell is possible to use for construction work as coarse
aggregate under some conditions economically. It is majorly used for construction of small huts, watchman
cabin, farm house in forest areas and small houses etc.
Partially Replacement of Clay by S.T.P. Sludge in Brick ManufacturingAM Publications
In many countries, sludge is a serious problem due to its high treatment costs and the risks to environment and human health. The sludge presents increasingly difficult problem to cities of all sizes because of the scarcity of suitable disposal sites, increasing labour costs, and environmental concerns. The study investigated the use of water treatment sludge incorporated with clay. In this study bricks were produced with sewage sludge additions ranging from 20, 25, 30 and 40% by dry weight respectively and compare produce brick with regular brick. Bricks with a sludge content of up to 40 % were capable of meeting the relevant technical standards. However, if bricks with more than 30 % sludge addition are not recommended for use because they are brittle in nature and easily broken even when handled gently as well as colour is not as per the requirement. Also from this investigation me can solve disposal problem completely and also construct and economical structure with easy designing.
Partial Replacement on Cement with Flyash and Cowdung Ashijtsrd
The usage of cement in concrete is rising day by day. Cement is mostly used in Civil Engineering filed due to the infra structures development and urbanization. The production of cement is emitting the carbon dioxide and effect the environmental problem like global warming, etc. The way to reduce carbon dioxide in cement by the waste material. The fly ash is massive waste disposal in power plants. Cow dung is a used for fuel in domestic proposes like cooking, etc. In current year’s engineers has start using the waste materials in structural component and decrease the rate of concrete. This material is under the category of eco friendly green materials under the carbon foot print and continuous alternate grow without harming the environment. The paper is revealed that the fly ash and cow dung is particle replaced with cement in concrete. The cubes are prepared by the dimension of 150 150 150 mm and M25 grade of concrete are used. The cubes are cure under the period of 7 days, 14days and 28 day. The cubes are tested through the compression testing machine. N. V. Manjunath | P. Karthikeyan | J. Kumaraguru | E. Sankar | S. Praveen "Partial Replacement on Cement with Flyash and Cowdung Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41281.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/civil-engineering/41281/partial-replacement-on-cement-with-flyash-and-cowdung-ash/n-v-manjunath
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Experimental Investigation of Sheanut Shells Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement for Sustainable and Affordable Concrete Production
1. Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering And Science
Vol.6, Issue 6 (July 2016), PP -21-27
Issn (e): 2278-4721, Issn (p):2319-6483, www.researchinventy.com
21
Experimental Investigation of Sheanut Shells Ash as Partial
Replacement of Cement for Sustainable and Affordable
Concrete Production
Zievie, P1
, Yalley, P. P2
, Saan, R.3
1,3
Department of Building Technology and Estate Management, School of Applied Science and Technology, Wa
Polytechnic, Wa, Ghana,
2
Department of Construction Technology Education, College of Technology Education, University of Education,
Winneba, Ghana,
Abstract: Modern scientific and technological move towards concrete production is aimed at achieving
sustainable and affordable concrete construction. This move has led to the search for non-conventional local
supplementary cementitious materials (SCM’s) including the possibility of using industrial and agricultural
based pulverized and combustible wastes in concrete construction. In this study, an experimental investigation
was conducted on the potential use of sheanut shells ash, derived from the combustion of sheanut shells – an
agro-based waste, as partial replacement of cement in concrete. The cement content in the concrete mix was
partially replaced 0%, 10% and 20% by mass with sheanut shells ash. The effect of the ash on setting time and
workability were examined. Five concrete cubes were prepared for each of the replacement levels from which
three cubes were randomly selected from each replacement level and tested for compressive strength at three
stages of curing age (14, 28 and 90 days). There were high and minimal reductions in the compressive strengths
of the experimental cubes over the control cubes at the 14 and 28 curing age respectively. However, there was a
significant increase in strength of the experimental cubes over the control cubes at the 90 days curing age.
Though the ash has an improved increasing effect on strength, the findings will limit it use in situations where
long term strength development is required.
Keywords: Sheanut shells ash, partial replacement, setting time, workability, compressive strength
I. Introduction
According to Abraham Maslow theory of motivation, one of the physiological needs of human beings
is shelter. But any time the issue of shelter or housing is tabled for discussions by policy makers, terms like
“housing deficit” and “housing inadequacy” dominate, but we actually live in a “housing desperate” world.
Research findings indicate that people who live in developed countries are “housing rich” but those living in
developing countries are “housing poor” and infact, “housing desperate” [1]. The global and national statistics
are horrifying. In the global picture, it had been reported that more than 1000 million people throughout the
world live in grossly inadequate housing while more than 100 million people have no housing whatsoever [2].
In the national front, it has been found that Ghana’s housing deficit stands at an estimated number of 1.7 million
units and is expected to double by the year 2025 if steps are not taken to address the situation [3].
The over dependence on conventional concrete materials, especially cement, which raw materials are
mostly imported, in concrete and mortars for housing in developing countries is largely responsible for the
continuous increase in housing cost. The importation of clinker and gypsum alone for the production of Portland
cement, used extensively in Ghana, costs the nation not less than 180 million US Dollars annually [4].
Therefore, it is advisable for developing countries to take cost and content of cement in concrete into
consideration and develop new technologies that would employ the use of local based supplementary
cementitious materials (SCM’s) through research to facilitate the provision of sustainable and affordable
concrete construction [4].
These supplementary cementitious materials according to Thomas (2002) include all pozzolans and
hydraulic materials that contribute to the properties of concrete through pozzolanic or hydraulic activity, or both
when used in conjunction with cement [5]. Pozzolans are defined as siliceous and aluminous material which do
not possess cementitious property in itself, but reacts in the presence of water with the lime at the normal
temperatures to form compounds of low solubility having cementitious properties [6]. Pozzolanic supplementary
cementitious materials that are commonly used in concrete production are fly ash, silica fume, calcined clay and
volcanic ash, while those SCM’s that are hydraulic in behavior are ground granulated blast furnace slag and fly
ash with high calcium contents [5].
In the olden days, the use of SCM’s as partial replacement of cement in concrete production to save
cost and modify some properties to suit specific requirements in some ancient civilized countries had been
2. Experimental Investigation of Sheanut Shells Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement for Sustainable…
22
reported. Historical reports indicate that the Romans added volcanic ash to concrete to save cost and also
allowed it to set under water while the Egyptians added horse hair and animal blood to concrete to make it less
liable to crack while it hardened and also to make it more frost resistant [7]. The potential use of fly ash in
concrete has been known almost since the start of the 19th
century [8], although it was not until the mid 1900s
that significant utilization of fly ash in concrete began following the pioneering research conducted at the
University of California, Berkeley [9].
Presently, the use of SCM’s in concrete production is geared towards the utilization of local based
industrial and agricultural by-products in the interest of providing sustainable and affordable concrete
construction to satisfy the housing needs of majority of the poor in developing countries [10], [11], [12] and
[13]. The concept of sustainable and affordable concrete construction was introduced in the UK where the
government sponsored many research projects concerning environmental issues, reduction in waste, use of
industrial and agricultural by-products, as well as recycling products of demolition. Sustainable and affordable
concrete construction is the prudent use of natural materials as constituents of concrete, so that they remain
available for future generations and be affordable to meet their housing needs. The increased in the awareness of
this principle has led to more research work aimed at optimum and prudent use of cement and its total or partial
replacement with by-products such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, etc [14]. It is in pursuance of this principle that
an attempt is made in this paper to investigate the pozzolanic reactive effect of sheanut shells ash (SSA) as
partial replacement of cement on concrete setting time, workability and compressive strength.
Sheanut shells ash (SSA) is an agro-based by-product derived from the combustion of sheanut shells as
a way of waste disposal during the processing of shea butter which is one of the most commonly used food
hydrocolloids in Ghana. The butter has many uses and applications; the matured fruit is edible and as such eaten
as a fruit; when refined, the oil is used for cooking, frying and even as a substitute for the more valuable dairy
butter. Due to its exceptional healing qualities, it is used globally as a body lotion, scalp and hair applications;
for high quality cosmetics and quite recently, in the aromatherapy industry [15]. The commercial use of the
shells and the shells ash has not been explored except that the ash is soaked and the soaked water squeezed out,
and used locally in making soap for washing and bathing purposes. The shea tree grows mainly in tropical
savannah regions of Africa and South America. Ghana produces about 200,000 tonnes of sheanuts annually and
according to [16] is the leading producer in the world followed by Burkina Fasso, Ivory Coast, Togo, Mali,
Benin and Nigeria in that order. Hence, the availability and affordability of the burnt shells ash in the study area
is guaranteed.
II. Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials Used
Sheanut shells ash (SSA) was used in this study as a supplementary cementitious material to partially
replace the cement content in the concrete. The ash was obtained from a local shea butter extraction waste
dumping/burning site at Fielmuo near Nandom in the Upper West Region of Ghana. Good quality natural river
sand and stones of up to 30mm nominal maximum size, sourced from a local construction site were used. Tap
water with the quality conforming to BS 3148: 1980, available in the laboratory supplied by the Ghana Water
Company Limited (GWCL) was used for all mixes [17]. Finally, “Ghacem”, a commercial ordinary Portland
cement brand produced in Ghana in conformity with BS 4027: 1986 specifications for Portland cement was used
[18].
2.1.1 Sheanut Shells Ash Chemical Analysis
The sheanut shells, for the purpose of this study refer to the outer hard covering of the nut (Fig 1). The
shells were subjected to control burning in the open air amidst constant turning up with a long metallic rod with
wooden handle, to ensure even combustion so as to improve the ash pozzolanic properties as recommended
[19]. The ash was left to cool and was sieved through a 325 mesh 45μm sieve to eliminate any un-burnt and
other unwanted matter from the fine powdered ash (Fig 2). The fine ash was parceled and sent to the Agro-
Forestry Department Laboratory of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, where
the chemical analysis was done using different methods as a guide with focus on pozzolanic and hydraulic
reactive properties.
Figure 1: Sheanut Shells Figure 2: Sieved Sheanut Shells Ash (SSA)
3. Experimental Investigation of Sheanut Shells Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement for Sustainable…
23
2.1.2 Aggregates Characteristics
The aggregates quality and suitability properties were investigated at the Wa Polytechnic Building
Technology laboratory. The sampling and testing were carried out in accordance with requirements of the
appropriate parts of the BS 882: 1992 [20]. The following characteristics were studied; specific gravity, water
absorption, fineness modulus, abrasion, flakiness index and elongation index.
2.2 Setting Time
Cementing materials in concrete mixes are expected to retain their plasticity for at least 30 minutes
from the time water is mixed to it [21]. The impact of ashes including fly ash on the setting behavior of concrete
has been studied. It has been found that high calcium ashes generally retard setting to a lesser degree than low
calcium ashes, probably because the hydraulic reactivity of ash increases with increasing calcium content [5].
Therefore, the test is meant to study the effect of the ash used on the setting behavior of the concrete.
The cement content in the test specimens was replaced 0%, 10% and 20% by mass with an equal mass
of sheanut shells ash (SSA) and labeled as A0 (control specimen), B10 and B20 (experimental specimen). The
water content needed to prepare the cement and SSA content test blocks to obtain the desired consistency for the
setting time test was determined through the standard consistency test using the Vicat apparatus in conformity
with BS 4550 – 3.5 specifications for the determination of standard consistency [22]. The test blocks were made
with the appropriate cement/SSA/contents and the required amount of water for each replacement level. The
blocks were then tested for the initial and final setting times using the initial set and final set needles
respectively in the Vicat apparatus in accordance with BS 4550 – 3.6 specifications for setting time test [22].
2.3 Workability Measurement
The effect of carbon contents in fly ash and other ashes on fresh concrete workability has been
investigated. Research findings indicate that finer and low carbon content ash reduces the water demand of
concrete while coarser and high carbon content ash increases the water demand. It is therefore recommended
that each 10% of ash content should allow for a water reduction or increase of at least 3% depending on the
fineness or coarseness and carbon content [5].
The slump testing method was used because of its simplicity and suitability for concrete mixes of
medium to high workabilities (25 – 125mm slump) using stones of up to 30mm nominal maximum size. The
preparation of the mix for the slump test was performed in accordance with BS 1881 – 125: 1986 specifications
for fresh concrete in the laboratory [23]. The required quantities of the materials for the mix were batched by
weight. Trial tests were conducted on concrete mixes with varied water contents in order to obtain an optimum
water content to produce the normal mix (A0) with a true slump. A water/cement ratio of 0.5 recorded a true
slump and was used for the normal mix (A0). The SSA is coarser and has a high carbon content of 4.25 (Table
4), hence a 5% increase of water content was allowed for at each replacement level. Therefore, a
water/cement/SSA ratio of 0.53 and 0.56 were used for the experimental mixes B10 and B20 respectively. The
mixing was done by hand in a clean head pan. The cement, sheanut shells ash (SSA) and sand were first mixed
in a dry state until they were thoroughly blended before the stones were added and the entire mixes turned
severally until the stones were uniformly distributed in the mix. Water was then added in two phases while the
mixing continued until a uniformed colour and desired consistency was achieved. The slumps for all the mixes
were measured using the slump cone.
2.4 Compressive Strength
The effect of partially replacing a certain mass of cement with an equal mass of low calcium fly ash has
been established. Studies found that as the level of replacement increases the early age strength decreases. Long
term strength development is improved when ash is used and at some age the strength of the fly ash concrete
will equal that of the cement concrete so long as sufficient curing is provided. Sufficient moulds measuring 150
x 150 x 150mm were available in the laboratory to enable all the cubes to be cast from the same mix in the same
day. This was aimed at eliminating discrepancies such as variations in temperature, water content, mix
proportion and compaction, which might have arisen if more than one day was used to cast the cubes. The cubes
were removed from the moulds the next day and marked A0, B10 and B20 for the 0%, 10% and 20% cement/SSA
contents replacements levels respectively and submerged in water for curing. Three cubes from each
replacement levels were randomly selected from the curing water after 14, 28 and 90 days of submission and
tested for the 14, 28 and 90 days compressive strength using the compression testing machine (Fig 3).
4. Experimental Investigation of Sheanut Shells Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement for Sustainable…
24
Figure 3: Concrete cube being crushed
III. Results and Discussions
3.1 Sheanut Shells Ash Chemical Compounds and Contents
The calcium, silica, aluminium, and carbon contents have been found to be the best indicators of how
the ash will behave in concrete, although other compounds such as iron, sulphate, magnesia and many others
can also affect the ash performance. The calcium content is useful in predicting how effective the ash will be in
terms of reducing the heat of hydration [24], controlling expansion due to alkali-silica reaction [25], and
providing resistance to sulphate attack [26]. Suitable percentage ranges and limits for compounds in ash for
concrete production have been established. Previous studies recommended the following ranges; calcium 1 –
8%, silica 30 – 60%, aluminium 15 – 30%, carbon 1 – 30% [6]. It has also been reported that low calcium fly
ash (< 8%) are pozzolanic and display no significant hydraulic behavior [5], the ASTM C618 specifications for
fly ash indicated that in addition to having pozzolanic properties the ash also has some cementitious properties if
the sum total of the percentages of the oxides (silica, aluminium and iron) is equals to or greater than 50% [27].
In Table 1, the results of the chemical analysis of the sheanut shells ash (SSA) are presented. It could be noticed
that the calcium content is 1.81%, far less than the 8% limit. Again, the total sum of the oxides (Si02 + Al203 +
Fe203) is 50.19%, slightly exceeding the 50% minimum limit. Thus, the SSA used in the study has both
pozzolanic and cementitious properties and may display no significant hydraulic behavior.
Table 1: Chemical Properties of SSA
Compounds Symbol Results (%) Test Method
Calcium Ca0 1.81 EDTA Titration
Silica Si02 29.01 Gravimetric
Aluminium Al203 20.05 spectrophometric
Carbon LOI 4.25 Gravimetric loss of weight on ignition
Iron Fe203 1.13 Spectrophometric
Magnesia Mg0 1.48 EDTA Titration
Sodium Na20 0.26 Flame photometric
Potassium K20 1.7 Flame photometric
Phosphorus P203 0.29 Spectrophometric
3.2 Aggregates Characteristics
The characteristics of the natural river sand and stones used in this investigation, determined using the
British Standards are presented in Table 2.
Table 2: Characteristics of the Aggregates used
Test conducted Stones Sand
Results BS Limits Results BS Limits
Bulk specific gravity 2.60 2.6 – 2.75 2.61 2.6 – 2.75
Apparent specific gravity 2.68 2.6 – 2.75 ----- ------
Water absorption 1.96% 20% max 11.6% 20% max
Fineness modulus 7.0 5.5 – 8.0 3.26 2.0 – 3.5
Abrasion strength 25.6% 40% max ------ -------
Flakiness index 12% 15% max ------ -------
Elongation index 9% 10% max ------ -------
3.3 Setting Time
Fig 4 presents the results of the setting time test conducted. There is a steady increase of setting time
from A0 to B20 for the initial and final setting times. The calcium content present in the SSA is low and as such
this outcome is expected because hydraulic reactivity in ash decreases with decreasing calcium content.
5. Experimental Investigation of Sheanut Shells Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement for Sustainable…
25
Figure 4: Setting behavior of SSA content in fresh concrete mix
3.4 Slump Test
The slump test results are given in Table 3 and Fig 5. The values indicate a steady decrease of slump
from 115mm for A0 to 57mm for B20 even though the water content was increased by 5% at each replacement
level. This is an indicative that SSA is coarse with high carbon content, hence the higher the SSA in the mix, the
more the water content required to achieve a true slump.
Table 3: Slump Test Results
Mix W/C Ratio Slump (mm) Collapse height (mm) Degree of workability
A0 0.50 115 185 High
B10 0.53 82 218 High
B20 0.56 57 243 Medium
Figure 5: Slump behavior of SSA content in fresh concrete mix
3.5 Compressive Strength
The compressive strength test results are given in Table 4 and the effect of curing age on long term
strength development presented in Fig 6. Early age compressive strength is reduced as the SSA content
increases.
Table 4: Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes (N/mm2
)
Cube 14 days 28 days 90 days
Values Mean Values Mean Values Mean
A0
18.71
18.58
19.02
18.77
23.16
22.13
22.53
22.61
26.76
27.29
26.13
26.73
B10
14.98
15.16
14.13
14.76
19.87
19.44
20.13
19.81
33.78
32.98
34.49
33.75
B20
9.82
10.80
10.49
10.37
17.42
16.93
17.96
17.44
30.31
29.33
30.36
30.00
6. Experimental Investigation of Sheanut Shells Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement for Sustainable…
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Figure 6: Effect of curing age on compressive strength
A high reduction of strength of 21% and 45% was observed for the B10 and B20 respectively over the A0
at the 14 days curing age. The reduction in strength narrowed to a minimum of 12% and 23% for the B10 and
B20 respectively over A0 at the 28 days curing age. However, there was a significant increase of strength of 21%
and 11% for the B10 and B20 respectively over A0 at the 90 days curing age (Figure 6)
The mean compressive strength values for A0, B10 and B20 at each curing age (14, 28 and 90 days) were
compared using a One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a confidence interval of 95%. A high level of
variability between the individual cement/SSA content replacement levels existed in all the three curing ages
(Table 5). The ANOVA results therefore suggest that there is a statistically significant difference in the
compressive strength among the replacement levels in all the curing ages.
Table 5: Summary of ANOVA Results – Compressive Strength (N/mm2
)
Cubes curing and testing ages (days)
14 28 90
N 9 9 9
Missing 0 0 0
F – value 262.745 81.805 89.266
P – value 0.000 0.000 0.000
Significant at 0.05 (P – value)
IV. Conclusions
The findings from the chemical analysis suggest that SSA possesses both pozzolanic and cementitious
properties, with very little or no significant hydraulic properties since the sum total of the oxides is slightly
greater than 50% as specified in ASTM C618 – 05. More time is required for SSA content concrete cubes to set
because of it low calcium content. Therefore, other chemical additives could be added to reduce the setting time
in situations where speedy work is required. SSA is coarser in nature with high carbon content and therefore,
will require more water content at higher replacement levels to achieve a true slump. The short term
compressive strengths of cement/SSA content concrete cubes were reduced whiles the long term strength was
higher than normal concrete at the 90 days curing age.
It is therefore concluded that SSA is a potential supplementary cementitious material (SCM) for
concrete construction in a bid to save the cost of materials in concrete production. Sheanut shells ash (SSA) can
be used in situations where long term strength is required. The wide search for cheap and local alternative
industrial and agricultural based waste materials as supplementary cementitious material for sustainable and
affordable concrete construction will enhance and promote the adoption and use of SSA as partial replacement
of cement in concrete.
Acknowledgement
The effort of Kele Chrysantus, a past student of the Department of Building Technology and Estate
management, Wa Polytechnic, Wa, Ghana, is acknowledged for the preliminary role played in this experimental
research. The kind support and co-operation extended by Napoleon Mensah, a Lecturer in the Department of
Science Laboratory Technology, Wa Polytechnic, who sent the sheanut shells ash to the Agro-Forestry
Department Laboratory of KNUST, Kumasi for the chemical analysis to be done, and Technicians in the
Building Technology Department Laboratory of the Wa Polytechnic, who assisted in the compressive test of the
concrete cubes, in all the endeavors of the authors is recorded with deep sense of gratitude.
7. Experimental Investigation of Sheanut Shells Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement for Sustainable…
27
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