Work environment risk factors causing day-to-day stress in occupational setti...myosh team
While chronic workplace stress is known to be associated with health-related outcomes like mental
and cardiovascular diseases, research about day-to-day occupational stress is limited. This systematic review includes
studies assessing stress exposures as work environment risk factors and stress outcomes, measured via self-perceived
questionnaires and physiological stress detection. These measures needed to be assessed repeatedly or continuously
via Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) or similar methods carried out in real-world work environments, to be
included in this review. The objective was to identify work environment risk factors causing day-to-day stress
A summary of External Validity, methods for evaluating external validity, Local Average Treatment Effects (LATE), Linear program theory model, and Mechanism Mapping
Work environment risk factors causing day-to-day stress in occupational setti...myosh team
While chronic workplace stress is known to be associated with health-related outcomes like mental
and cardiovascular diseases, research about day-to-day occupational stress is limited. This systematic review includes
studies assessing stress exposures as work environment risk factors and stress outcomes, measured via self-perceived
questionnaires and physiological stress detection. These measures needed to be assessed repeatedly or continuously
via Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) or similar methods carried out in real-world work environments, to be
included in this review. The objective was to identify work environment risk factors causing day-to-day stress
A summary of External Validity, methods for evaluating external validity, Local Average Treatment Effects (LATE), Linear program theory model, and Mechanism Mapping
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
How to Build a Dynamic Social Media PlanPost Planner
Stop guessing and wasting your time on networks and strategies that don’t work!
Join Rebekah Radice and Katie Lance to learn how to optimize your social networks, the best kept secrets for hot content, top time management tools, and much more!
Watch the replay here: bit.ly/socialmedia-plan
Content personalisation is becoming more prevalent. A site, it's content and/or it's products, change dynamically according to the specific needs of the user. SEO needs to ensure we do not fall behind of this trend.
Succession “Losers”: What Happens to Executives Passed Over for the CEO Job?
By David F. Larcker, Stephen A. Miles, and Brian Tayan
Stanford Closer Look Series
Overview:
Shareholders pay considerable attention to the choice of executive selected as the new CEO whenever a change in leadership takes place. However, without an inside look at the leading candidates to assume the CEO role, it is difficult for shareholders to tell whether the board has made the correct choice. In this Closer Look, we examine CEO succession events among the largest 100 companies over a ten-year period to determine what happens to the executives who were not selected (i.e., the “succession losers”) and how they perform relative to those who were selected (the “succession winners”).
We ask:
• Are the executives selected for the CEO role really better than those passed over?
• What are the implications for understanding the labor market for executive talent?
• Are differences in performance due to operating conditions or quality of available talent?
• Are boards better at identifying CEO talent than other research generally suggests?
Planning the Evaluation
Impact models
Types of inference and choice of design
Defining the indicators and obtaining the data
Carrying out the evaluation
Disseminating evaluation findings
Working in large-scale evaluations
In this presentation, Ilf Bencheikh will detail the importance of rigorous impact evaluation methods to assess the true effect of nutrition programs.
Once presented the methodological challenges, he will share the results of studies run by J-PAL researchers in the nutrition field, mostly in India and China. The learnings that will be drawn will be about the positive impact of well-conceived nutrition programs, but also about the right incentives to reach behavioral change. Scientific impact evaluation is a powerful tool to understand how people really behave and which are the best ways to help them improve their lives.
Intervention Mapping was developed to address questions about how and when to use...
Theory
Empirical findings from the literature
Data collected from a population
... to create an effective behavior or systems change intervention.
Intervention Mapping provides a systematic framework for decision making at each step of intervention planning, and evaluation
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
How to Build a Dynamic Social Media PlanPost Planner
Stop guessing and wasting your time on networks and strategies that don’t work!
Join Rebekah Radice and Katie Lance to learn how to optimize your social networks, the best kept secrets for hot content, top time management tools, and much more!
Watch the replay here: bit.ly/socialmedia-plan
Content personalisation is becoming more prevalent. A site, it's content and/or it's products, change dynamically according to the specific needs of the user. SEO needs to ensure we do not fall behind of this trend.
Succession “Losers”: What Happens to Executives Passed Over for the CEO Job?
By David F. Larcker, Stephen A. Miles, and Brian Tayan
Stanford Closer Look Series
Overview:
Shareholders pay considerable attention to the choice of executive selected as the new CEO whenever a change in leadership takes place. However, without an inside look at the leading candidates to assume the CEO role, it is difficult for shareholders to tell whether the board has made the correct choice. In this Closer Look, we examine CEO succession events among the largest 100 companies over a ten-year period to determine what happens to the executives who were not selected (i.e., the “succession losers”) and how they perform relative to those who were selected (the “succession winners”).
We ask:
• Are the executives selected for the CEO role really better than those passed over?
• What are the implications for understanding the labor market for executive talent?
• Are differences in performance due to operating conditions or quality of available talent?
• Are boards better at identifying CEO talent than other research generally suggests?
Planning the Evaluation
Impact models
Types of inference and choice of design
Defining the indicators and obtaining the data
Carrying out the evaluation
Disseminating evaluation findings
Working in large-scale evaluations
In this presentation, Ilf Bencheikh will detail the importance of rigorous impact evaluation methods to assess the true effect of nutrition programs.
Once presented the methodological challenges, he will share the results of studies run by J-PAL researchers in the nutrition field, mostly in India and China. The learnings that will be drawn will be about the positive impact of well-conceived nutrition programs, but also about the right incentives to reach behavioral change. Scientific impact evaluation is a powerful tool to understand how people really behave and which are the best ways to help them improve their lives.
Intervention Mapping was developed to address questions about how and when to use...
Theory
Empirical findings from the literature
Data collected from a population
... to create an effective behavior or systems change intervention.
Intervention Mapping provides a systematic framework for decision making at each step of intervention planning, and evaluation
PowerPoint slides used in a seminar held in the University of Calcutta to familiarise the members of Parthib Basu's Ecological Research Unit with the Centre for Pollination Studies Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation System.
NEED FOR RESEARCH
Research is a systemic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase the understanding of the phenomenon under study.
It strengthens pharmacist-provided services, builds the evidence base for developing and commissioning new services, improves patient care and contributes to health service knowledge.
Phase I studies: Are done on healthy volunteers who agree to take the study drug to help the doctors determine how safe the drug is and if there are any side effects. Usually a small number of subjects (20-100) participate in Phase I studies. Approximately 70% of new drugs will pass this phase.
Phase II studies: Measure the effect of the new drug in patients with the disease or disorder to be treated. The main purpose is to determine safety and effectiveness of the new drug. Usually several hundred patients participate. These studies are usually “Double-blinded, randomized and controlled”.
Phase III studies: also use patients with the disorder to be treated by the new drug. These studies are done to gain a more thorough understanding of the effectiveness, benefits and side effects of the study drug.
NEED FOR DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
Design of experiments (DOE) is defined as a branch of applied statistics that deals with planning, conducting, analyzing, and interpreting controlled tests to evaluate the factors that control the value of a parameter or group of parameters.
DOE is a powerful data collection and analysis tool that can be used in a variety of experimental situations.
1. PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
In pre-experimental research design, either a group or various dependent groups are observed for the effect of the application of an independent variable which is presumed to cause change.
It is the simplest form of experimental research design and is treated with no control group
2. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
The true experimental research design relies on statistical analysis to approve or disprove a hypothesis. It is the most accurate type of experimental design and may be carried out with or without a pretest on at least 2 randomly assigned dependent subjects.
The true experimental research design must contain a control group, a variable that can be manipulated by the researcher, and the distribution must be random.
3. QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
The word "quasi" means partial, half, or pseudo. Therefore, the quasi-experimental research bearing a resemblance to the true experimental research, but not the same. In quasi-experiments, the participants are not randomly assigned, and as such, they are used in settings where randomization is difficult or impossible.
This is very common in educational research, where administrators are unwilling to allow the random selection of students for experimental samples.
PLAGIARISM
The word Plagiarism is derived from the Latin word Plagiarius, which means abducting, kidnapping, seducing, or plundering.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. QUESTION
• Describe the usefulness of the pretest-posttest
(both one group and two group design) to
evaluation.
3. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this precise presentation one will acquire the
following knowledge.
• Meaning of evaluation.
• Meaning of experimental design as the method of data
collection.
• Kind of experimental designs which are feasible and appropriate
to the health settings: pretest-posttest (both one -group and
two- group design).
• Usefulness of pretest-posttest to evaluation.
4. DEFINITIONS
• Evaluation is the “final” step of the nursing process, but it is linked
to assessment, which is the first step. (Anderson et al 2011)
• Nursing practice is cyclic as well as dynamic, and, for community-
based interventions to be timely and relevant, the community
database, nursing diagnoses, and health program plans must be
evaluated routinely.
• The effectiveness of community nursing interventions depends on
continuous reassessment of the community’s health and on
appropriate revisions of planned interventions.
5. Cont..
Experimental Design is the method of data collection which can
provide an answer to the crucial questions:
• Did the program make a difference?
• Are health behaviors, knowledge, and attitudes changed as a result of
the program activities?
• Is the community healthier because of the programs offered?
• However, the problem with experimental studies in program
evaluation is that they require selective implementation, meaning that
people who participate are selected through a process such as random
assignment to a control group and an experimental group.
6. Cont..
• For many ethical, political, and community health reasons, selective
implementation is difficult to complete and is sometimes impossible.
• Despite these problems, the experimental study remains the best
method to evaluate summative effects (outcomes) of a program and
the only way to produce quantified information on whether the
program made a difference.
The following designs are the most feasible and appropriate to health
care settings.
– Pretest–Posttest One-Group Design.
– Pretest–Posttest Two-Group Design
7. 1.PRETEST–POSTTEST ONE-GROUP
DESIGN.
• Two observations are made,
- the first at Time 1 and
- the second at Time 2.
• The observation can be the prevalence of a health state (e.g., the
percentage of adults who exercise regularly, the teenage pregnancy
rate, cases of child abuse, and so on), knowledge scores, or other
important community health facts.
• Between Time 1 and Time 2, an experiment is introduced.
8. Cont..
• The experiment may be a planned program aimed at a target group,
such as teen sexuality classes, or with a community-wide focus, like a
crime-prevention program.
• The evaluation of the program is measured by considering the
difference between the health state at Time 1 and the health state
after the program at Time 2.
10. 2.PRETEST–POSTTEST TWO-GROUP
DESIGN
• The design has both an experimental group and a control group.
• At Time 1, an observation is made of both the experimental and
control groups.
• Between Time 1 and Time 2, an experiment is introduced with the
experimental group.
• At Time 2, second observations are made on both the experimental
and control groups.
• Program evaluation is the difference between Observations 1 and 2
for the experimental group when compared to the comparison group
(which has been selected to be as similar as possible to the
experimental group).
11. Cont..
Pretest–Posttest One-Group Design table.
Time 1 Time 2
Experimental Observation 1 Experiment Observation 2
Group
Control Group Observation 1 Observation 2
12. Cont..
• Will the pretest–posttest with a control group design eliminate the
effect of outside factors that occurred simultaneously with the
experiment and that might account for the change between
Observation 1 and Observation 2, the very problem that plagued the
pretest–posttest one-group design?
• The answer is yes, if the experimental and control groups are similar.
13. USEFULNESS TO EVALUATION
• An experimental design can yield data on whether a program has
produced the desired outcomes when compared to the absence of
such a program .
or alternatively
• whether one program strategy has produced better results with regard
to the desired outcomes than some other strategy.
NB: The experimental design is not useful for the evaluation of
program progress or program cost efficiency.
14. REFERENCE
• Anderson, E.T., McFarlane, J: (2011 ) Community As
Partner, Theory and Practice in Nursing, 6th Edition.