The document discusses the optimization of fermentation conditions for producing an exopolysaccharide (HZ-7) from Klebsiella sp. H-207 bacteria. The researchers optimized the culture medium and conditions to maximize HZ-7 yield. They characterized HZ-7's physical and chemical properties and found its average molecular weight was lower than other reported Klebsiella exopolysaccharides. Experiments showed HZ-7 can effectively adsorb low concentrations of hexavalent chromium from solution.
MSc MICRIOBIOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
mushroom is the fruiting body of fungi which is having different parts in its structure .
it can be considered as source of food or it is edibile if it is not toxic for human health after consumption .
Generally, organic acids are produced commercially either by chemical synthesis or fermentation. ... All organic acids of tricarboxylic acid cycle can be produced in high yields in microbiological processes. Among fermentation processes, the production of organic acids is dominated by submerged fermentation.
Halophiles (Introduction, Adaptations, Applications)Jamil Ahmad
Introduction
Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".
While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
Single Cell Protein -slideshare ppt
tag
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flowchart of single cell protein production
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single cell protein pdf
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Extremophilic organisms are organisms that can survive exremities that are detrimental for other forms of life. Here is a presentation that discuss such microorganisms in detail
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
Mechanisms and techniques used for Bioremediation which includes phytoremediation, Bacterial & fungal bioremediation. Examples of heavy metal pollution
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
MSc MICRIOBIOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
mushroom is the fruiting body of fungi which is having different parts in its structure .
it can be considered as source of food or it is edibile if it is not toxic for human health after consumption .
Generally, organic acids are produced commercially either by chemical synthesis or fermentation. ... All organic acids of tricarboxylic acid cycle can be produced in high yields in microbiological processes. Among fermentation processes, the production of organic acids is dominated by submerged fermentation.
Halophiles (Introduction, Adaptations, Applications)Jamil Ahmad
Introduction
Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".
While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
Single Cell Protein -slideshare ppt
tag
,
single cell protein slideshare
,
single cell protein
,
flowchart of single cell protein production
,
single cell protein pdf
,
single cell protein production ppt
Extremophilic organisms are organisms that can survive exremities that are detrimental for other forms of life. Here is a presentation that discuss such microorganisms in detail
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
Mechanisms and techniques used for Bioremediation which includes phytoremediation, Bacterial & fungal bioremediation. Examples of heavy metal pollution
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
4. An Overview of Sugarcane White Leaf Disease in Vietnam.pdf
exopolysaccharides
1. Optimization of Fermentation Conditions and
Properties of an Exopolysaccharide from
Klebsiella sp. H-207 and Application in Adsorption
of Hexavalent Chromium.
Li Qiang, Li Yumei, Han Sheng, Liu Yingzi,
SongDongxue, HaoDake, Wang Jiajia,
Qu Yanhong, Zheng Yuxia.
PLOS ONE. January 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 1.
PRESENTATION BY: GIDWANI MANISH N.
CHARLIE1
2. OUTLINE.
ABSTRACT.
INTRODUCTION.
MATERIALS AND METHODS.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.
Optimization of Medium for HZ-7 Production.
Optimization of Culture Conditions for HZ-7 Production.
Properties.
Adsorption Of Cr(VI)
Conclusion.
CHARLIE2
4. INTRODUCTION.
What Is EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE?
Uses.
Removal of Heavy Metal Pollutants.
Studies Carried out.
CHARLIE4
5. MATERIALS AND METHODS.
Micro-organism.
Media And Culture Conditions.
Quantification Of Exopolysaccharide.
Experimental Designs and Optimization.
Partial Purification Of HZ-7.
Chemical And Physical analysis of HZ-7.
Adsorption Of Cr(VI).
CHARLIE5
11. Conclusion.
the optimal medium for HZ-7 production was very
simple and cost-effective.
the average molecular weight of HZ-7 (1.946x 105Da)
was lower than the reported molecular weight of other
Klebsiella sp. Bacteria exopolysaccharides. (More than
2.06 x 106 Da)
HZ-7 can be applied to effectively adsorb low
concentration (20 mg/L) of Cr(VI).
CHARLIE11
12. REFERENCES.
Optimization of Fermentation Conditions and Properties
of an Exopolysaccharide from Klebsiella sp. H-207 and
Application in Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium.
Li Qiang, Li Yumei, Han Sheng, Liu Yingzi, SongDongxue,
HaoDake, Wang Jiajia,
Qu Yanhong, Zheng Yuxia.
PLOS ONE. January 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 1.
CHARLIE12
Received August 16, 2012; Accepted November 29, 2012; Published January 8, 2013
Funding: This workwas supportedby National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 31100088), andApplication and Innovation Program from the
Ministryof Public securityof thePeople’s Republic of China (Project No. 2010YYCXSDST054). The funders hadno role in studydesign, data collectionandanalysis,
decision to publish, or preparation of themanuscript.
The novel exopolysaccharide HZ-7 is produced by Klebsiella sp. H-207, and its fermentation conditions were optimized by
response surface methodology (RSM). In this study, the optimizedmedium consisted of sucrose 31.93 g/L, KNO3 2.17 g/L
and K2HPO4 5.47 g/L; while the optimized culture conditions consisted of seed age 13 h, with an inoculum size of 10.6%
and incubation temperature of 28.9uC. A maximum HZ-7 yield of about 15.05 g/L was achieved under the optimized
conditions using RSM and single-factor experiments. Next the exopolysaccharide HZ-7 was partially purified and
characterized. The resulting product showed good properties, such as high concentration of uronic acid (41.67%), low
average molecular weight (about 1.946105Da) and porous surface structure, were very advantageous to biosorption.
ThereforeHZ-7was applied toabsorbhexavalent chromium(Cr(VI)). Themaximumadsorptionefficiency (99.2%)whichwas
obtainedat an initial pHof 1.0 alongwithan initial Cr(VI) concentrationof 20 mg/L, was not affectedbyordinarymetal ions
and temperature. These data suggest Klebsiella sp. H-207 exopolysaccharide will be promising potential for industrial
application.
1.An exopolysaccharide-producing Klebsiella sp. H-207 isolated from an activated sludge sample. It was identified by analyzing its physiological and biochemical characteristics as well ingredients kept constant.as the 16S rDNA sequence (GenBank accession number one by one, which included inoculum size, seed age, medium
JX455816).
2. The medium for agar slant consisted of (g/L) yeast extract, 5peptone, 10; NaCl, 20; and agar, 20. The seed medium contained(g/L) sucrose, 10; KNO3, 4; NaCl, 0.1; KH2PO4,2;K2HPO4,5; (NH4)2SO4, 0.2 andMgSO4?7H2O, 0.2. The primary production medium (g/L) included sucrose, 20; KNO3, 3; NaCl, 0.1; KH2PO4,2;K2HPO4, 5; (NH4)2SO4, 0.2 and MgSO4?7H2O, 0.2. The initial pH of the mediumwas adjusted to 7.0–7.5. For seed preparation, a single colony of the strain H-207 inoculated into 50 mL of seed medium in a 250-mL flask incubated at 32uC with shaking at 180 rpm for 12 h. 10% (v/v) seed culture was transferred to 50 mL of medium in a 250-mL flask, and the flask was incubated at 32uC trials. with shaking at 180 rpm for 80 h
3. The fermentation brothwas centrifuged at 8,000 g for 30 min at 4uC. The supernatant was collected and dried in the oven at 50uC
Thus the yield of exopolysaccharide HZ-7 was determined represented as g/L dryweight.
4. Six carbon sources (glucose, sucrose, lactose,
maltose, soluble starch and dextrin), six nitrogen sources (yeast
Microorganism extract, peptone, urea, ammonium, (NH4)2SO4,NH4Cl KNO3) and two mineral salts (K2HPO4 and MgSO4?7H2O) were added to basal medium with the concentrations of the Six culture conditions were optimized one by one, which included inoculum size, seed age, medium volume, agitation rate, initial pH and temperature. After determining the significant factors, a three-level, three- Media and Culture Conditions factor Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to further study.
5. The fermentation broth was boiled for 30 min and then centrifuged at 8,000g for 30 min at 4uC. The supernatant was mixed with three volumes of chilled ethanol and left to stand at 4uC overnight. The resultant precipitate was collected centrifugation at 8,000 g for 30 min and then washed three times using 70% (v/v) ethanol. Then the precipitate was dissolved and dialyzed using deionized water. Finally, the main polysaccharide was obtained using Sephacryl column chromatography (16 mm6180 mm, Amersham, US) at a
flow rate of 0.2 mL/min.
6. total sugar content was determined by the phenol–sulphuric acid method , using glucose As STanDard. uronic acids and amino sugar were determined by the carbazole–sulphate reaction and the Elson–Morgan reaction with glucuronic acid and glucose amine as the standard solution, respectively [18]. The protein content was measured by the Bradford method with bovine serum albumin as a standard.
Element analysis was achieved with an elemental analyzer (Perkin-Elmer; CHNS/O-2400 II). with 2 mg of powdered samples at 1000uC of oven temperature for 3 min. Infrared spectra was recorded in the frequency range of 4000-400 cm21 by a Fourier transform (FT-IR) spectrophotom-eter (Thermo Electron, Nicolet IR200).prepared in the flowing manner: the sample pellets 2 mg was mixed with 200 milligram of dry potassium bromide (KBr),the mixture was pressed into a 16 mm diameter mold. electron microscope (SEM, LEO 1530, Germany) analysis was performed by the followingmethod: the sample was coatedwith thin layer of gold by means of ion sputter coating and then applied to scanning analysis with an accelerating voltage of 10 kV. The average molecular weight was determined by a high was 30 g/Lperformance liquid chromatography.laser light scattering (Wyatt, DAWN HELEOS) and refractive index detector (Agilent, G1362A). Samples were applied to TSKgel GMPWXL column (7.8 mm6300 mm) and eluted with0.2 mol/L NaCl at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min, with the columntemperature maintained at 35uC.
7. MgCl2 and AlCl3 were used as cation sources and the dosage along with the concentration were 5 mL and 1% (w/v), respectively. The initial pH was adjusted from 0.5 to 5. The
reaction temperature was varied from2 0 to 40uC, and the reaction time was varied from 10 to 80 min. The initial Cr(VI) concentration was varied from 20 to 280 mg/L. The Cr(VI) concentration was measured using the Diphenylcarbazide (DPC) method [20], using potassiumdichromate as the standard solution. The adsorption efficiency was calculated according to the following equation: where is adsorption efficiency, A540 and B540 represent absorbance values of the initial reaction solution and the final reaction solution.
