Exercise 4
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The document discusses the use of ellipsis in comparisons. It provides examples of sentences comparing two things where words are omitted from the second part of the comparison through ellipsis. Specifically, adjectives and verbs are commonly left out. It notes that the subjective case of personal pronouns should be used when they represent the second item in a comparison, even if the verb is omitted, as the pronoun is still the subject of the verb.
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![The use of ellipsis
The construction as followed by an adjective, followed by as, can also be combined with
longer phrases and clauses, as illustrated in the following examples.
Example:
New York is as distant from San Francisco as Boston is from London.
Music is as important to Cora as literature is to her brother.
In the first example, the distance of New York from San Francisco is being compared to the
distance of Boston from London. In the second example, the importance of music to Cora is
being compared to the importance of literature to her brother.
The preceding examples illustrate the use of ellipsis. The sentences could also be
written as follows. The words which would usually be omitted are enclosed in square
brackets.
• New York is as distant from San Francisco as Boston is [distant] from London.
Music is as important to Cora as literature is [important] to her brother.
In such sentences, the adjective in the second part of the sentence is usually omitted, in order
to make the sentence less awkward.
Ellipsis is also commonly used following a noun representing the second thing being
compared. For instance, in the following sentences, the final verbs are omitted.
Example:
He is as tall as his brother.
I am as good a swimmer as her sisters.
These sentences could also be written:
e.g. He is as tall as his brother is.
I am as good a swimmer as her sisters are.
In informal English, the final verb is usually not omitted following a personal pronoun
representing the second thing being compared.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/exercise-4-190319160717/85/Exercise-4-1-320.jpg)
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You have now explored in a practical way a number of different aspects of language and learning, including the difference between implicit and explicit knowledge of rules, rule discovery, the grammar of spoken and written English, phonology, and linguistic and communicative competence. I now want to turn to the significance of grammatical and communicative contexts for understanding words and grammatical structures. For example, in this unit you will study not only the grammar of the passive, but also the contexts in which it is used.
The unit begins with a look at what we can find out about a word in a dictionary and includes an activity to test your knowledge of grammar terminology. It finishes with a look at some of the reasons why words and patterns change over time and the question of what we consider to be 'correct' modern English.
Dictionaries can give teachers and learners an overall view of a word, with information about its many different aspects. So it's a good idea to get to enjoy using dictionaries. I'm therefore starting this unit with an activity to test your knowledge of what a dictionary can tell you about a word.
1. What information might a dictionary give about a word you look up (for example, its pronunciation)? Make a note of your ideas.
2. Now look up the word kneel in a dictionary and see what information is given. Summarize what you found.
Comment
1. Dictionaries can tell you about a word's:
pronunciation (including where the stress lies)
meaning(s)
word class(es)
different forms (for example past tense, plural)
usage
origin.
2. You could have found the following information about kneel:
how it is pronounced
that it is a verb
that it is intransitive (see below)
that it has alternative past tense forms: knelt or kneeled
that kneeled is used particularly in the United States
that kneel down is a phrasal verb
that it means fall or rest on the knees or a knee
that it comes from an old English word, cneowlian.
In a dictionary like Cobuild or The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, you will also find examples showing you how the word can be used: for example, He kneels beside the girl or Lottie knelt down to pray. We are also given the -ing form of the verb and an example: The kneeling figure was Mary Darling.
Transitive and intransitive verbs
A dictionary always tells you whether a verb is transitive or intransitive, that is, whether it can be followed by an object or not.
The verb 'lost' is transitive because we can put a noun after it. The verb yawned is intransitive because we can't put a noun after it.
Active and passive sentences
Sentences in English are either active or passive. Teachers of English need to understand the grammar of each of them and to be clear under what circumstances it is appropriate to use either the passive or the active. Let's start with the grammar.
Source: https://ebookschoice.com/words-and-their-context/
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Exercise 4
- 1. The use of ellipsis The construction as followed by an adjective, followed by as, can also be combined with longer phrases and clauses, as illustrated in the following examples. Example: New York is as distant from San Francisco as Boston is from London. Music is as important to Cora as literature is to her brother. In the first example, the distance of New York from San Francisco is being compared to the distance of Boston from London. In the second example, the importance of music to Cora is being compared to the importance of literature to her brother. The preceding examples illustrate the use of ellipsis. The sentences could also be written as follows. The words which would usually be omitted are enclosed in square brackets. • New York is as distant from San Francisco as Boston is [distant] from London. Music is as important to Cora as literature is [important] to her brother. In such sentences, the adjective in the second part of the sentence is usually omitted, in order to make the sentence less awkward. Ellipsis is also commonly used following a noun representing the second thing being compared. For instance, in the following sentences, the final verbs are omitted. Example: He is as tall as his brother. I am as good a swimmer as her sisters. These sentences could also be written: e.g. He is as tall as his brother is. I am as good a swimmer as her sisters are. In informal English, the final verb is usually not omitted following a personal pronoun representing the second thing being compared.
- 2. Example: I am as tall as he is. She is as good a swimmer as I am. However, in formal English, the final verb following a personal pronoun representing the second thing being compared is sometimes omitted. Example: I am as tall as he. She is as good a swimmer as I. The use of the subjective case As shown above, when a personal pronoun is used in a comparison to represent the second thing being compared, the subjective case of the pronoun should be used. The reason for this is that the pronoun is the subject of a verb, even when the verb is omitted by means of ellipsis. In informal English, the objective case of such personal pronouns is sometimes used. e.g. I am as tall as him. She is as good as swimmer as me. However, this use of the objective case is considered to be grammatically incorrect.
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