This document provides an overview of information and communication technology (ICT) and computers. It defines ICT and computers, describes the characteristics and limitations of computers, and outlines the history of early computing devices. The document also discusses types of computers like PCs, servers, and mainframes. Current trends in ICT that will shape the future include advances in artificial intelligence, the proliferation of internet of things devices, the rise of cloud computing, and the potential of quantum computing.

1. Living in
IT Era

2. OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the chapter the students will be able
to;
1. Define Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
2. Define what a Computer is
3. Enumerate the characteristics and limitation of computers
4. Enumerate the early computing devices and machines
5. Enumerate some trends in Information and
Technology (ICT)

3. WHAT IS

4. 1. Information and Communication
Technology (ICT):
Refers to the technologies used to manage,
process, and communicate information.

5. It encompasses various tools and
technologies,
1.computers
2.software applications
3.networks, and
5.telecommunications systems.

6. 2. What is a Computer?:
A computer is an electronic device
that processes data to perform tasks
according to predefined instructions.

7. It consists of hardware components,
such as:
1. central processing unit (CPU),
2. memory,
3. storage devices,
4. input devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse),and
5. output devices (e.g., monitor, printer).

8. 3. Characteristics of a
Computer:

9. Speed: Computers can perform
tasks much faster than
humans.
Accuracy: They can process large
volumes of data with high
accuracy.

10. Automation: Computers can execute tasks
automatically based on
programmed instructions.
Versatility: They can perform a wide range of
tasks by executing different
programs.
Storage: Computers can store vast amounts of
data for future use.

11. Storage:
~Volatile Memory
~None-Volatile Memory

12. Volatile Memory
Volatile memory is a temporary memory because
it can only hold the information until the device or
the computer runs on power.

13. Volatile Memory
RAM (random access memory) is a
computer's short-term memory

14. None-Volatile Memory
non-volatile storage is a type of computer memory
that can retain stored information even after
power is removed.

15. 4. Limitations of a
Computer:

16. Lack of Creativity: Computers cannot think
creatively or make decisions
independently.
Dependency on Instructions: They can only
perform tasks based on instructions
provided by programmers.

17. Vulnerability: Computers are susceptible to
hardware/software failures, viruses, and
cyber-attacks.
Inability to Understand Context: They lack
the ability to understand the context or
meaning behind data.

18. 5. History of

19. Ancient Times
Early Man relied on
counting on his
fingers and toes
(which by the way, is
the basis for our
base 10 numbering
system).

20. Roman Empire
The ancient
Romans
developed an
Abacus, the first
"machine" for
calculating.

21. logarithmic measurements
on a set of 10 wooden rods
and thus was able to do
multiplication and division
by matching up numbers
on the rods. These became
known as Napier’s Bones.
Industrial Age - 1600

22. William Oughtred, in England who invented the sliderule.
Using the concept of Napier’s bones, he inscribed
logarithms on strips of wood and invented the calculating
"machine" which was used up until the mid-1970s when
the first hand-held calculators and microcomputers
appeared.
1621 - The Sliderule

23. 1642 - Blaise
Pascal(1623-1662)
First calculating machines
1673 - Gottfried Wilhelm von
Leibniz (1646-1716)
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German
polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher,
scientist and diplomat who invented calculus in
addition to many other branches of mathematics
and statistics

24. 1725 - The Bouchon Loom
1728 - Falçon Loom
1745 - Joseph Marie Jacquard
(1752-1834)
Weaving operations were controlled by
punched cards tied together to form a long
loop. And, you could add as many cards as
you wanted. Each time a thread was woven
in, the roll was clicked forward by one
card. This idea of punched data storage was
later adapted for computer data input.

25. 1822 – Charles Babbage (1791-1871) and
Ada Augusta, The Countess of Lovelace
Charles Babbage is known as the
Father of the modern computer
(even though none of his computers
worked or were even constructed in
their entirety). He first designed
plans to build, what he called
the Automatic Difference Engine.
It was designed to help in the
construction of mathematical tables
for navigation.

26. 1943 – Colossus I The first really successful
electronic computer was
built in Bletchley Park,
England. It was capable of
performing only one
function, that of code
breaking during World War
II. It could not be re-
programmed

27. 1946 – ENIAC - J. Prosper Eckert (1919-1995) and
John W. Mauchly (1907-1980)
The first all electronic computer was
the Electrical Numerical Integrator and
Calculator, known as ENIAC. It was designed
by J. Prosper Eckert and John W. Mauchly of the
Moore School of Engineering at the University
of Pennsylvania. ENIAC was the first
multipurpose electronic computer, though very
difficult to re-program. It was primarily used to
computer aircraft courses, shell trajectories, and
to break codes during World War II.

28. 1951 – UNIVAC
The first practical electronic
computer was built by Eckert and
Mauchly (of ENIAC fame) and was
known as UNIVAC (UNIVersal
Automatic Computer). The first
UNIVAC was used by the Bureau
of Census. The unique feature of
the UNIVAC was that it was not
a one-of-a-kind computer. It was
mass produced.

29. 1958 - 1962 – Programming languages
From 1958-1962 many programming languages were
developed.
FORTRAN(FORmula TRANslator)
COBOL(COmmon Business Oriented Language)
LISP(LISt Processor)
ALGOL(ALGOrithmic Language)
BASIC(Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)

30. Late 1970s to early 1980s –
The Microcomputer Explosion
During this period many companies
appeared and disappeared,
manufacturing a variety
of microcomputers (they were
called micro to distinguish them
from the mainframes which some
people referred to
as real computers).

31. 1977 - The Apple II
The most successful of the early
microcomputers was the Apple II,
designed and built by Steve Wozniak.
With fellow computer whiz and business
savvy friend, Steve Jobs, they started
Apple Computer in 1977 in Woz’s garage.
Less than three years later the company
earned over $100 million. Not bad for a
couple of college dropout computer
geeks.

32. 1984-1989 In 1984 the Macintosh was introduced.
This was the first mass-produced,
commercially-available computer with
a Graphical User Interface. In 1989
Windows 1.0 was introduced for the
PC. It was sort of Mac-like but greatly
inferior. (Macintosh owners were know
to refer to it sarcastically as AGAM-
84 Almost as Good As Macintosh 84.)

33. Types of
Computers:
.

34. Personal Computers (PCs): Designed for
individual use, such as desktops and
laptops.
Servers: Used to store and manage data,
applications, and resources for networked
computers.

35. Mainframes: Powerful computers used by
large organizations for data processing and
high-volume transactions.
Supercomputers: High-performance
computers used for complex calculations and
simulations.

36. Current and Future Trends
in ICT:

37. Artificial Intelligence (AI): Advancements in AI are
enabling computers to perform tasks that require
human-like intelligence.
Internet of Things (IoT): The proliferation of
connected devices is transforming how we interact
with technology and the world around us.

38. Cloud Computing: Cloud-based services are
revolutionizing how data is stored, accessed, and
processed.
Quantum Computing: Emerging quantum computing
technologies promise to solve complex problems
exponentially faster than traditional computers.

39. Cloud Computing: Cloud-based services are
revolutionizing how data is stored, accessed, and
processed.
Quantum Computing: Emerging quantum computing
technologies promise to solve complex problems
exponentially faster than traditional computers.